La narración y la descripción

en el presente

El presente

Las estructurasPresent (regular)

Present (irregular)

STEM-changing verbs

-UIR verbsSpelling-changing Verbs

Reflexive VerbsPronouns

And their location

The ProgressivePresent Participle

Expressions with TENER

In Spanish, verbs must be changed (conjugated) to match the person (subject) using the verb.

Remember: YOU MUST CHANGE THE VERBS TO MATCH THE SUBJECT!

The TWO easiest ways to lose points on a college paper: subject-verb agreement errors and noun-adjective agreement errors.

AR verb endings: o, as, a, amos, anER/IR verb endings: o, es, e, emos / imos, en

The Present Tense

Práctica

Irregular Verbs in Present tense

Some verbs are irregular (primarily in the YO form).You have to simply memorize these verbs.

1. CABER (to fit) - quepo / cabes / cabe / cabemos / caben

2. COGER(to grab)- cojo / coges / coge / cogemos / cogen

3. SABER(to know)- sé / sabes / sabe / sabemos / saben4. TENER(to have)- tengo /tienes / tiene /tenemos /tienen

5. VER (to see)- veo / ves / ve / vemos / ven6. CAER (to fall)- caigo / caes / cae / caemos / caen7. DAR (to give)- doy / das / da / damos / dan

Irregular Verbs in Present tense

1. HACER(to do/to make)- hago / haces / hace / hacemos / hacen2. PONER (to put/to set)- pongo / pones / pone / ponemos /

ponen3. TRAER (to bring)- traigo / traes / trae / traemos / traen4. SALIR (to leave)- salgo / sales / sale / salimos / salen5. VENIR (to come)- vengo / vienes / viene / venimos / vienen6. DECIR (to say/tell)- digo / dices / dice / decimos / dicen7. OIR (to hear)- oigo / oyes / oye / oímos / oyen8. SEGUIR (to follow)- sigo / sigues / sigue / seguimos / siguen9. VALER (to be worth)- valgo / vales / vale / valemos / valen10.CONOCER (to know)-

conozco / conoces / conoce / conocemos / conocen

Práctica

Stem-changing verbs change in a precise pattern in the following forms:Yo, tú, él/ella/Ud., and ellos/ellas/Uds.They do NOT change in the Nosotros

form.Common patterns for stem-changing verbs

are:E IE (comienza, entiende, cierra)O UE (duermo, muere, puede)E I (pide, repite, sirve)U UE (juega)

Stem-changing Verbs

Common Stem-Changing Verbs

EIE stem-changing verbs:CERRAR (to close) PERDER (to lose) PENSAR (to think)COMENZAR (to begin) PREFERIR (to prefer) SENTAR (to sit)ENTENDER (to understand) QUERER (to want) SENTIR (to feel)

OUE stem-changing verbs:VOLVER (to return) MORIR (to die) RECORDAR (to remember)CONTAR (to count/tell) PODER (can) ENCONTRAR (to meet)DORMIR (to sleep) MOVER (to move) MOSTRAR (to show)

EI stem-changing verbs:COMPETIR (to compete) PEDIR (to ask for/order) SEGUIR (to follow)CORREGIR (to correct) REíR (to laugh) SERVIR (to serve)ELEGIR (to elect) REPETIR (to repeat) SONREíR (to smile)

Práctica

-UIR verbs must change to maintain a nice sound in Spanish.

See the following pattern and note that the WE form does not change:

CONSTRUIR (to construct)-Construyo / construyes / construyeConstruimos / construyen

Recognize these common verbs as –UIR when you come across them:Atribuir, concluir, constituir, destruir,

distribuir, incluir, huir, influir, sustituir.

-UIR verbs

Práctica

Verbs ending in –ger or –gir change g to j in the YO form.Protejo, proteges, protege…Elijo, eliges, elige…

Verbs like this: coger, recoger, escogerSometimes you add a z in front of the co in

the YO form of the verb:Conozco, conoces, conoce…Ofrezco, ofreces, ofrece…

Verbs like this: aborrecer, agradecer, aparecer, crecer, desaparecer, establecer, merecer, nacer, obedecer, parecer, permanecer, reconocer, pertenecer

Spell-changing Verbs

Práctica

Reflexive verbs are conjugated with the reflexive pronouns (me, te, se, nos, se) that represent the same person as the subject.

Location of Pronouns:1. With the exception of affirmative commands,

reflexive pronouns precede the conjugated verb. Me baño en la bañera.

2. Reflexive pronouns follow and are attached to affirmative commands. ¡Levántate! ¡Siéntense!

3. Reflexive pronouns can be attached to infinitives and the present participle. Yo quiero ducharme. Ella está cepillándose.

Reflexive Verbs

In Spanish, there are two types of OBJECT pronouns: Direct object pronouns and indirect object pronouns. Both sets of object pronouns are placed exactly as reflexive pronouns are placed.

Direct Object Pronouns (me, te, lo/la, nos, los/las) answer the question “Whom or What?”.Ella lo compra. She buys it.

Indirect Object Pronouns (me, te, le, nos, les) answer the question “To/for whom and to/for what?”. Ella me lo compra. She buys it (for) me.

You CANNOT have “le lo” or “les los” in a sentence, so when 3rd person DOPs and IOPs are used in a sentence, use SE in front of the DOP.Ella se lo compra. She buys it (for) her.

Object Pronouns and Placement

Práctica

The Progressive tenseThe Present Progressive tense is a tense that gives

extra emphasis to an act that is actually in progress – an event that is occurring when the speaker is describing it (in the present or past).

FORMATION:This tense is normally made by combining a form of

the verb ESTAR (present or imperfect tense) with a Present Participle.

The Present Participle is equivalent to the “-ing” form of a verb in English (I am speaking).

To form the Present Participle, take the STEM of the verb and add “-ando” (AR verbs) or “iendo” (ER/IR verbs).

Estoy hablando. Ella está comiendo.

Práctica

Expressions with the verb TENER

The Spanish word, TENER (to have), combines with many other words to form commonly-used expressions.Tengo sed. = I’m thirsty.Tengo diez años. = I’m ten years old.Tengo calor. = I’m hot.Tengo frío. = I’m cold.Tengo hambre. = I’m hungry.Tengo miedo. = I’m scared/afraid.Tengo sueño. = I’m sleepy.Tengo suerte. = I’m lucky.Tengo razón. = I’m right.Tengo prisa. = I’m in a hurry.

TENER + QUE + Infinitive = to have to do something: Ella tiene que cepillarse los dientes.

Práctica