Electricity and MagnetismElectromagnets and InductionElectric Current and MagnetismElectric MotorsElectric Generators and Transformers

Investigation: Electromagnetic ForcesKey Question:How does an electric motor work?Objectives:Build a simple electric motor.Describe the components required for an electric motor to work.Test the effects of changing different variables on the function of an electric motor.

Electric Current and MagnetismIn 1819, Hans Christian Oersted, a Danish physicist and chemist, and a professor, placed a compass needle near a wire through which he could make electric current flow. When the switch was closed, the compass needle moved just as if the wire were a magnet.

Electric current and magnetismElectric current is made of moving charges (electrons), which creates the magnetic field around a current-carrying wire Magnetism is created by these moving charges.

The magnetic fields of straight wireThe magnetic field lines are concentric circles with the wire at the center of the circles. The direction of the field depends on the direction of the current in the wire.

The magnetic fields of straight wireThe strength of the magnetic field near the wire depends on two factors:The strength is directly proportional to the current, so doubling the current doubles the strength of the field.The field strength is inversely proportional to the distance from the wire. (Decreasing the distance to the wire by half doubles the strength of the field.)

The magnetic fields of straight wireNear a straight wire, the north pole of a compass needle feels a force in the direction of the field lines. The south pole feels a force in the opposite direction. As a result, the needle twists to align its north-south axis along the circular field lines.

The magnetic fields of loops and coilsThe magnetic field around a single wire is too small to be of much use. There are two techniques to make strong magnetic fields from current flowing in wires:Parallel wires can be bundled together. (10 wires, each with 1 A of current, create a magnetic field 10X as strong as 1 wire carrying 1 A).A wire can be looped into a coil so the magnetic field is concentrated at the center.

The magnetic fields of loops and coilsThe most common form of electromagnetic device is a coil with many turns called a solenoid.A coil takes advantage of these two techniques (bundling wires and making bundled wires into coils) for increasing field strength.

Magnetic forces and electric currentsTwo wires carrying electric current exert force on each other, just like two magnets. The forces can be attractive or repulsive depending on the direction of current in both wires.

Electricity and MagnetismElectromagnets and InductionElectric Current and MagnetismElectric MotorsElectric Generators and Transformers

Investigation: Electromagnetic InductionKey Question:How does an electric generator work?Objectives:Explain how an electric generator works.Describe the relationship between the voltage output of a generator and the speed of the rotor.Modify the design of a generator to test the effects of different factors, such as the number of magnets and the orientation of the magnets.

Electric motorsElectric motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.The disk in the motor is called the rotor because it can rotate.The disk will keep spinning as long as the external magnet is reversed every time the next magnet in the disk passes by.One or more stationary magnets reverse their poles to push and pull on a rotating assembly of magnets.

Using magnets to spin a diskReversing the magnet in your fingers attracts and repels the magnets in the rotor, making it spin.

CommutationThe process of reversing the current in the electromagnet is called commutation and the switch that makes it happen is called a commutator.

Electric MotorsAll types of electric motors have three key parts:A rotating element (rotor) with magnets.A stationary magnet that surrounds the rotor.A commutator that switches the electromagnets from north to south at the right place to keep the rotor spinning.

AC and DC motorsMotors that run on alternating current (AC) electricity are easier to make because the current switches direction all by itselfa commutator isnt needed.

Electric motorsThe rotating part of the motor, including the electromagnets, is called the armature.It has 3 electromagnets that correspond to the 3 coils.

Electric motorsThe permanent magnets are on the outside, and they stay fixed in place.The wires from each of the three coils are attached to three metal plates (commutator) at the end of the armature.commutator

Electric MotorsAs the rotor spins, the three plates come into contact with the positive and negative brushes. Electric current flows through the brushes into the coils.

Electricity and MagnetismElectromagnets and InductionElectric Current and MagnetismElectric MotorsElectric Generators and Transformers

16.3 Investigation: Generators and TransformersKey Question:How do electricity and magnetism work together in generators and transformers?Objectives:Apply an understanding of electricity and magnetism to describe how generators and transformers function.

Electromagnetic InductionIf you move a magnet near a coil of wire, a current will be produced. This process is called electromagnetic induction, because a moving magnet induces electric current to flow.Moving electric charge creates magnetism and conversely, changing magnetic fields also can cause electric charge to move.

InductionCurrent is only produced if the magnet is moving because a changing magnetic field is what creates current.If the magnetic field does not change, such as when the magnet is stationary, the current is zero.

InductionIf the magnetic field is increasing, the induced current is in one direction. If the field is decreasing, the induced current is in the opposite direction.

Faradays law of inductionA moving magnet induces current in a coil only if the magnetic field of the magnet passes through the coil.

Faradays law of inductionMichael Faraday (17911867), an English physicist and chemist, was first to explain how moving magnets and coils induced voltage.Faradays found that the induced voltage is proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic field through the coil.

Faradays law of inductionFaradays law says the current in a coil is proportional to the rate at which the magnetic field changes.

Faraday's Law

GeneratorsA generator is a device that uses induction to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Electrical generatorsThe electrical energy created by a generator is not created from nothing.Energy must continually be supplied to keep the rotating coil or magnetic disk turning. In hydroelectric generators, falling water turns a turbine which spins a generator to produce electricity.

Producing and transporting energyHoover Dam is called a hydroelectric plant because it converts the energy of falling water into electricity. Using the potential energy of water is one way to produce electricity.

Energy flowWith each transformation (green arrows), some energy is lost to the system in the form of heat (red arrows).

Electricity from different resourcesA nonrenewable resource is not replaced as it is used. Any fossil fuel is an good example of nonrenewable resource.Besides their growing scarcity, burning fossil fuels produces sulfur oxide emissions that reduce air quality and may be accelerating climate change.

Electricity from different resourcesA renewable resource can be replaced naturally in a relatively short period of time. Falling water, energy from the Sun, wind energy, and geothermal energy are examples of renewable resources.

Geothermal, biomass and hydroelectric energyGeothermal power plants use Earths internal heat in the form of water or steam, to produce electricity.Biomass, such as organic material from plants or animals or municipal waste, can be burned to produce steam for a turbine.Impoundment and pumped storage hydroelectric power plants use falling water differently to generate electricity.

Electrical PowerAnything that uses electricity is actually converting electrical energy into some other type of energy.Utility companies charge customers for the number of kilowatt-hours (kWh) used each month.Recall that electrical power (in watts) is the rate at which electrical energy is changed into other forms of energy such as heat, sound, or light.

TransformersTransformers are extremely useful because they efficiently change voltage and current, while providing the same total power. The transformer uses electromagnetic induction, similar to a generator.

TransformersConsider the transformer between the outside power lines and your house:The primary coil is connected to outside power lines. Current in the primary coil creates a magnetic field through the secondary coil. The primary coils field is shown by the magnetic field lines (green arrows) The current in the primary coil changes constantly because it is alternating current.

TransformersAs the current changes, so does the strength and direction of the magnetic field through the secondary coil.The changing magnetic field through the secondary coil induces current in the secondary coil. The secondary coil connects to your homes wiring.The relationship between voltages and turns for a transformer is the result of two coils having a different number of turns.

TransformersIn the same changing magnetic field, a coil with 100 turns produces 10 times the voltage of the induced current as a coil with 10 turns.

A cell-phone AC adapter reduces the 120 V AC to the 6 V DC needed by the phones battery. If the primary coil has 240 turns, how many turns must the secondary coil have?Changing voltage in a transformerLooking for: no. of turns of the secondary coil.Given: voltage of each coil (120VAC and 6 VDC) and the no. of turns of the primary coil (240)Relationships: V1 = N1 Solve for N2 = V2 x N1 V2 N2V1Solution: 6 V x 240 = 12 turns120 V

************As the motor turns, the plates rotate past the brushes, switching the electromagnets from north to south by reversing the positive and negative connections to the coils. The turning electromagnets are attracted and repelled by the permanent magnets and the motor turn

******Consider a coil of wire rotating between two magnets

**When the coil is in position (A), the magnetic flux points from left to right. As thecoil rotates (B), the number of field lines that go through the coil decreases. As a result, the flux starts to decrease and current flows in a negative direction.At position (C), the largest negative current flows because the rate of change influx is greatest. The graph of flux versus time has the steepest slope at position (C), and that is why the current is largest.At position (C), no magnetic field lines are passing through the coil at all and therefore the flux through it is zero.As the coil continues to rotate (D), flux is still decreasing by getting more negative. Current flows in the same direction, but decreases proportionally to the decreasing rate of change (the slope of flux versus time levels out). At position (E), the flux through the coil reaches its most negative value. The slope of the flux versus time graph is zero and the current is zero. As the coil rotates through (F), the flux starts increasing and current flows in the opposite direction.

**Because the magnet near the coil alternates from north to south as the disk spins,the direction of the current reverses every time a magnet passes the coil. This creates an alternating current.

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