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What roles do virtual particles and broken symmetries play in common electrical systems?

A journey to an emission-free energy age by extractinglimitless energy from the quantum vacuum.

Welcome to the next industrial revolution!

Marcus Reid

Virtual particles in electromagnetism

Marcus Reid

Marcus ReidVirtual particles in electromagnetism

Marcus Albert Reid was born in 1968 in Cape Town, South Africa, and moved to Munich, Germany, in 1978. A self-taught inventor and researcher, Marcus has been working since 1998 in the field of ‘Asymmetric Electric Systems’.

He has originated several new ideas relating to energy conversion and propulsion. Marcus has also participated in developing a new schematic, theoretical approach that relates to the foundations of electromagnetism. His goal is to create an emission-free energy conversion technology that uses the energy within space-time as an external source of energy.

What roles do virtual particles and broken symmetries play in common electrical systems?

A journey to an emission-free energy age by extractinglimitless energy from the quantum vacuum.

Welcome to the next industrial revolution!

Marcus Reid


Marcus Reid

IX

Published by

Quantum Power Munich GmbH, Germany

Text © Marcus Reid 2014−2015, GermanyIllustrations © Matt Tweed 2014, UK

Funded by Charles Louis Strieber, USA

First edition 2014Co-produced by Charles Fraser, The Foundation For Common Good, UK

Second edition 2016Co-produced by Quantum Power Munich GmbH, Germany

Edited by Marc Cuthbert, UKPost-edited by Typefactory, Germany

Marcus Reid has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the

Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988.

www.vakuumenergie.de

All rights reserved. For permission to reproduce any part of this book in any form whatsoever, please contact the publisher.

ISBN 978-3-00-047216-9

VIII

Contents

Foreword XI

Introduction XIII

Chapter 1 − Virtual particles in electromagnetism 1

Chapter 2 − Energy conversion in electromagnetic systems 21

Chapter 3 − Classes of self-symmetrising power systems, SS1 and SS2 51

Chapter 4 − Asymmetric electromagnetic systems 63

Chapter 5 − Non-self-symmetrising resonance between two SS2-Power Systems 75

Chapter 6 − Experimental examples 79

Chapter 7 − Defining forces and energies in the phenomenon of time 97

Chapter 8 − What is vacuum energy? 113

Chapter 9 − Implications 117

Appendix 1 − Measurement data from the Reid-Cell 123

Appendix 2 − Experimental approaches to an asymmetric 133 electromagnetic system

Appendix 3 − Some thoughts on the significance of the broken 143 symmetries in biological systems

Acknowledgements 157

References 161

XI

The blue planet

It does not belong to us – we are only to borrow it for a while.

Mankind’s energy needs drain resources and pollute the environment. The energy-related ecological destruction of the planet has increased dramatically over the past 100 years. This cannot go on forever. We need to move to an emission-free and consumption-free source of energy. Solar, wind, hydroelectric or geothermic energy conversion methods can only be partial solutions, as they are either inconstant or not attainable.

There is, however, a powerful energy existent within seemingly empty space-time that is accessible anywhere. It is constant, unlimited and 100% environmentally friendly. To gain a true understanding of this energy, we need to challenge some of the most fundamental assumptions of physics.

This civilisation is on the cusp of a quantum leap in its evolution that comes with a paradigm shift in our perception of what energy is, and how we can access it. It will solve not only the global ecological crisis but also enable the developing countries to regain true sovereignty and complete self-sufficiency. It will supersede wars on oil, gas and water. It will save the planet.

It is our all responsibility to face this reality and communicate it to our families, friends, colleagues, politicians, entrepreneurs and engineers alike. Lets build a new world. The future is now.

X

Foreword

Nowadays, the scientific community has the opinion that there is no such thing as a ‘free lunch’. This terminology is used in relation to the law of conservation of energy, which states that energy can neither be created out of nothing, nor can it be lost. The problem with this view is that the energy that exists in the universe must have come into being from nothing during the big bang, since nothing existed before that time. This can only mean that it is possible, that ‘Something’ is created from ‘Nothing’, or that there is no such thing as a ‘Nothing’ domain in the sense of being no-thing at all.

For example, in quantum theories the nothingness of seemingly empty space-time is not considered to be an energy- and identity-free domain. According to these theories, space-time is filled with an unlimited and never-ending form of energy (virtual phenomena that are called virtual particles) that exists in every conceivable point in space.

A practical concept that has developed from this view is that material objects themselves are made up from this space-time energy, and are directly connected with it. As the energy density of seemingly empty space-time is practically infinite, the notion came about that visible particles, such as atoms, exist as an energetic pressure difference of infinite energy densities.

If this idea is applied to an empty car battery, for example, then there is an infinitely large electromagnetic field at the negative and the positive pole. If, however, one measures the voltage, then the display on the voltmeter will show 0 V. This is due to the infinitely high electrical fields at the negative and at the positive pole exactly cancelling each other out. If the battery is now charged, and subsequently a voltage of 12 V is measured, then an energy difference of 12 V has been created, describing an energetic pressure difference within the infinite energy density of space-time. Hence the electric voltage is a measure of the degree of an energetic pressure difference (broken symmetry) within the uniformly distributed infinite energy density of space-time.

Quantum theories show that it makes sense to assume that all forces and energies presuppose such an energy difference (asymmetrisation) of space-time. This means that all energy we deal with is derived from seemingly empty space-time in the first place. Subsequently, all systems that we know of are energetically open systems (quantum open systems), which exchange energy between the material aspect of, say, an electric system and space-time.

XIIIXII

At the same time, however, it is clear that the observable energy components are conserved. Therefore, it looks as though all known electromagnetic systems are in relation to the energetic exchange with space-time closed systems. This can only mean that although these systems are in reality energetically open, they just behave like closed systems.

The Research Laboratory for Vacuum Energy (RLV) has participated in developing a new schematic theory on electromagnetism using an idea which comes from quantum electrodynamics theory (QED), where the so-called virtual particle transfers and creates the electromagnetic interaction. This new model explains why electromagnetic systems behave like closed systems, meaning that it defines the mechanism that leads to the conservation of energy.

Leading on from this, a new theoretical and practical concept was developed showing how an electromagnetic system can be built, which also behaves like an energetically open system in relation to the energy contained within space-time. The result is an energy conversion system that extracts energy from space-time, and converts it into a useful form of energy.

Therefore, these new so-called ‘Asymmetric Electromagnetic Energy Conversion Systems’ are already showing that a kind of ‘free lunch’ does exist.

Now, just imagine that such a technology was to be introduced into the market.

We would have unlimited access to a form of emission-free energy at low cost, everywhere and at any time.

Many everyday goods could be manufactured significantly more cheaply.

Even the basis for greed per se could be removed, at least partially.

Impossible you say? Well, the belief that there is no ‘(quantum-)free lunch’ will not persist in the 21st century.

Introduction

Whenever a new electrical system is built, Maxwell’s equations are used in order to manage the flow of electromagnetic energy. However, these equations, which were first presented to the public in their original version back in the 1860s, are no longer up to date because they do not harmonise with modern scientific findings. Modern theories such as the QED theory show that the electromagnetic field may be seen as a broken symmetry of space-time and that the virtual particle transfers and creates the electromagnetic interaction. These ideas are simply not considered in the Maxwellian approach.

Virtual particles generate all electromagnetic forces and energies. As virtual particles simply pop into existence from seemingly empty space-time, one may conclude that space-time itself is the primary energy-carrying medium. This approach has far-reaching consequences regarding the entire energy conversion process in electromagnetic systems (as well as chemical and mechanical systems), and leads to a new understanding about where the energy that we deal with on a daily basis comes from in the first place.

The challenge with this view is to shift the point of perspective from the material aspect of the electromagnetic system into space-time. The entire space-time surrounding us is not empty, but filled by an invisible form of energy. And at those places where a volume of space-time is occupied by a mass, this invisible energy obtains a ‘visible’ or, in other words, a ‘mass-like’ characteristic.

Empty space-time can be seen like something that is filled with transparent water that is invisible to the eye. A mass existing within this space-time can be compared with an iceberg floating in this invisible sea of water where all that we can see is the iceberg. Both the iceberg and the water are made up of H2O, and the only difference between the non-observable liquid water and the observable solid iceberg is the differing state. This is similar to the transparent energy within space-time and the visible mass. Space-time energy exists everywhere, and where there is a mass, this space-time energy manifests or freezes into a visible (observable) form. Therefore, mass is a quality of space-time energy.

Applying this view to a common electrical circuit opens up the possibility of viewing the entire energy conversion process from the space-time point of view. Consequently, all electromagnetic systems are energetically open systems, with respect to the energy within space-time. However, they behave like closed systems and if one follows today’s established theory of how electromagnetic

XVXIV

systems function (Maxwell’s equations), then one must also view them as systems that are energetically closed with respect to the energy within space-time. It is the aim of this book to turn the tables and present a model that is based on a different point of view, that is, with space-time as the primary energy-carrying domain and the starting point of our perspective.

‘The first principles of things will never be adequately known. Science is an open-ended endeavour that can never be closed. We engage in science without knowing the first principles. It does in fact not start from first principles, nor from the end principles, but from the middle. We not only change theories, but also the concepts and entities themselves, and what questions to ask. The foundations of science must be continuously examined and modified; it will always be full of mysteries and surprises.’ 1 – A.O. Barut

Hmm, fascinating, a totally new construction …

PhysicscommunityE = mc 2

Time energy as asource of observable

energy

Established physical theories are like a gigantic castle built by numerous scientists who have accomplished truly masterful achievements. This castle, like any other building, has been built upon a foundation.

Due to the complexity of physics, the RLV did not want to attach another theory to this castle, and therefore decided to build something completely new. At present this may be just a little hut to start with, but it is at least standing on its own foundation.

The RLV is aiming for a fundamentally new approach that explains the energy conversion process in an electromagnetic system from the virtual particle (space-time) point of view. As soon as this is understood, it becomes clear that there exists an additional and new class of electromagnetic systems. It will also be shown that it is possible to utilise space-time as a source of energy in such a way that more real (observable) energy is output from the system than was previously input in an observable form. The missing energy comes from the virtual particles emanating from space-time. Independent tests prove that these experiments are a reality.

In this book a schematic model is presented that shows the energy conversion process in common electromagnetic systems from the virtual particle and broken symmetry point of view. In addition, it describes both a theoretical and practical approach to the extraction of an excess amount of observable energy from space-time. In this respect new terms and concepts have been developed.

Note: In this book, terminology is used which may already have a certain meaning in physics. For linguistic reasons, some of these terms have been used to express other meanings, which will become clear from the context.

Enjoy the read.

Marcus Reid Munich, 2016

1XVI

Chapter 1


32

This is exactly the way I know it; this makes sense.

Virtual particles in electromagnetismChapter 1

James Clerk Maxwell

In 1864, when James Clerk Maxwell presented his equations to the Royal Society in London, he united electricity and magnetism and assumed that there had to be an electric ether that exists everywhere in space. This ether would be the carrier for electromagnetic waves and energy, connecting electrical and magnetic sources.

‘Whatever difficulties we may have in forming a consistent idea of the constitution of the ether, there can be no doubt that the interplanetary and interstellar spaces are not empty, but are occupied by a material substance or body, which is certainly the largest, and probably the most uniform body of which we have any knowledge.’ 2 – Professor James Clerk Maxwell

Maxwell spoke of a ‘material’ substance. His statement about a material ether has lead to a peculiar situation. If the ether had a material characteristic, this would have important consequences, for example, in respect to the energy conversion process in electromagnetic systems.

Let us imagine a simple, ideal electric motor. In this motor the electromagnet is placed on the outside of the casing and the permanent magnet is connected to the rotating axis. As soon as electrical energy is supplied into the electromagnet, the electrical energy is converted into a magnetic field and, subsequently, this magnetic field exerts a force onto the permanent magnet and the axis begins to turn.

Let us now look at what happens in the air gap between the electromagnet and the permanent magnet with reference to Maxwell. Maxwell applied the notion of a material ether, so the electrical input energy is assumed to be directly converted into a mechanical form of energy.

Here is a comparison.

If the ether is meant to have a material characteristic, one could also insert a piece of material such as a sheet of rubber into the air gap. The rubber would then convert the electrical energy directly into a mechanical form of energy. When examining the behaviour of an electric motor, this idea of a material ether seems to be consistent with reality. What goes in at the front comes out at the back. Furthermore, the energy is conserved, since in an ideal system the mechanical energy exactly matches the amount of electromagnetic energy that has been put into the system. Hence, this seems to confirm the idea that the electrical energy put into the system is directly converted into a mechanical form of energy.

Following Maxwell, the electric input energy is converted directly into mechanical energy. Static force field between permanent magnet and electromagnet

Really? Do you truly believe this is

the case?

Squeezed piece of rubber

Of course, this also complies with the conservation of

energy, which says that energy is only converted from one form to another and it is

neither lost nor does it simply originate from nothing. This is very clear

– and 100% proven!

54

Virtual particles in electromagnetismChapter 1

However, there is a problem with this approach. There is neither a piece of rubber nor any other material object between the electromagnet and the permanent magnet. This situation has motivated a number of physicists to find out whether such a thing as a ‘material ether’ really exists. One such example was seen in 1887, when Michelson and Morley tried to find a material ether by conducting the famous ‘Michelson-Morley experiment’ – but without success.

Albert Einstein

Just a few years later when Einstein published his Special Theory of Relativity in 1905 and this theory did not require the presence of an ‘ether’, some physicists got the impression that one could do without it completely. Initially, Einstein assumed that space was totally empty. Soon after this, space became space-time, and the time flow of objects that moved through this space-time in a fast way was altered. The greater the speed and/or acceleration, the slower the time flows in the moving object. The slowing down of the time flow was said to be a characteristic of the space-time curvature, which impacts on the material object.

However, a completely ether-free world brought some diverse problems with it, because in fact there is an interaction between the material object and space-time. A few years after publishing the Special Theory of Relativity, Einstein introduced the General Theory of Relativity, which had a requirement for ‘metric ether’.

‘Space-time does not claim existence on its own, but only as a structural quality of the field.’ 3 – Professor Albert Einstein

Wow, this Einstein, an incredibly brilliant idea but somehow also quite abstract.

But how can space-time be bent when it is absolutely empty?

Something would have to be there, right?Interesting,

right?

Yes, it is amazing. But

if there is no material ether, what else could

there be in empty space?

Michelson-Morley experiment showing there is no material ether.

A curved space-time has an influence upon the time flow of observable particles.

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Chapter 1 Virtual particles in electromagnetism

‘We may say that according to the general theory of relativity, space is endowed with physical qualities; in this sense, therefore, there exists an aether. According to the general theory of relativity, space without an aether is unthinkable; for in such a space there not only would be no propagation of light, but also no possibility for the existence for standards of space and time (measuring-rods and clocks), nor any space and time-wise distances in a physical sense. But this aether may not be thought of as endowed with the quality characteristic of ponderable media, as consisting of particles which may be tracked through time. The idea of motion may not be applied to it.’ 4 – Professor Albert Einstein

Quantum theory

In fact a world without an ether does not make much sense, as information and electromagnetic energy move through space-time and interact with it. This implies that there must be a medium that carries these waves and energy through space-time. As scientists try to get a better understanding of what this carrier medium may consist of, they decided to divide the field in space-time into units; in other words, the field in space-time was quantised. The quantum field theories emerged from this idea.

According to quantum field theories, space-time is not empty but completely filled with so-called virtual particles, which just emerge into existence from ‘nothing’ and shortly thereafter disappear back into nothing. The concept behind the quantum field theories is that all forces and energies are created from the interaction between virtual and observable particles. Even matter itself receives its mass through an interaction with virtual particles (Higgs Boson).

‘The meaning of quantum fluctuations is that even empty space-time is filled with virtual particle pairs. These virtual particle pairs emerge from space-time, then the two charges move a little bit from each other and then again come together. After that they annihilate each other. One partner of the virtual particle pair has positive energy, while the other partner has negative energy.’ 5

– Professor Stephen Hawking

Space-time can be quantised into discrete units – each unit is a virtual particle. Virtual particles in space-time with a positive and negative charge

Just wait for it.

Look, polar virtual particles

are just emerging from nothing? Does this also mean that all forces and real energies are created by an energy which is created from nothing? That is

really mad. How can one reconcile this with the conservation

of energy?

I agree.

To divide space-time into units is a

good idea. One can also imagine how these units interact with

material objects.

98

Virtual energy

Remarkably, virtual particles possess a special form of energy. This energy has a quality, which exists only in a virtual form. Virtual means that this energy does not really (in an observable sense) exist unless a virtual particle is created directly at or within a real particle, such as an electron. In this case the ‘virtual energy’, as I call it, is transferred from the virtual particle to the electron. The electron can then be accelerated, and thereby the virtual energy converts into an observable form of energy (joule).

Quantum vacuum

In relation to the quantum field theories, the medium carrying the energy in space-time was given a new name: ‘the quantum vacuum’. The quantum vacuum (or simply the vacuum) is the modern-day ether that does not have material characteristics. In this book, for simplicity, I will use the terms ‘quantum vacuum’ and ‘space-time’ interchangeably. Using these terms, I do not only refer to Einstein’s space-time but simply to what the words ‘space’ and ‘time’ generally mean. With reference to Einstein’s space-time, one could say that it is a component belonging to the quantum vacuum. One can visualise the quantum vacuum as a multi-dimensional domain in which the less dimensional Einsteinian space-time is included.


Virtual particles are influenced by the presence of, for example, an electron. In space-time there exist two complimentary forms of energy: a virtual energy

form and an observable energy form.The quantum vacuum is like a multi-dimensional domain

that includes everything one can imagine.

Yes, that’s exactly how I see it.

So only when the virtual

particle makes contact with a real particle is a force

created on the electron, and when it is accelerated,

real energy is created from nothing.

Correct, and when the virtual particle

emerges in empty space-time at a certain distance from a mass, this form of

virtual energy simply dissolves into nothing as if nothing had happened.

So in an observable sense there is no energy in empty

space-time.Ok, so now

there are two kinds of energy: a virtual form of energy and

an observable form of energy.

This is really marvellous. In empty space,

in the quantum vacuum, everything you can

imagine already exists but only in a virtual form,

so therefore you cannot see it.

Correct! To our eyes, a quantum

vacuum is empty, but in reality it’s all happening in there.

Virtual particle for electromagnetism

Electron

Proton

Neutron Quarks

Virtual particle for the strong

interaction

Virtual particle for gravity

Virtual particle for the weak interaction

1110

‘The quantum electrodynamics theory attributes the electromagnetic interaction to the exchange with a particle, which is the photon. This process works in such a way, that an electron produces a photon, which then travels to another electron and thereafter disappears again into the vacuum.

During this process the photon produces an electromagnetic force… The exchanged photon which has caused the classic electromagnetic force is in reality a virtual photon.’ 7 – Professor Lisa Randall

As with all theories, the QED is a theory thought up by people. Therefore, a theory never really describes how the world truly is but rather how we see it. Because of this fact it is important that experiments are carried out in order to confirm that theories are as good as possible. And since the QED theory has been well validated, it is thought to be one of the best theories in physics.

Electromagnetic field

At first we only observe a single electron in an area of ‘empty’ space-time. This electron is surrounded by an innumerable swarm of virtual particles that continuously emerge from space-time, and shortly afterwards vanish again. Now, the electron does something to these virtual particles. The virtual particles have polarity, meaning they possess a positively and a negatively charged side. In my view, these polar virtual particles, which come into being directly at an electron, are rotated and aligned by the electromagnetic charge of the electron. The positive side of the virtual particle gets turned in the direction of the negatively charged electron, and consequently the negative side of the virtual particle is rotated away from the electron. Hence, when we measure an electron to see if it exists, we never in fact measure the electron itself, but merely the negatively charged sides of the virtual particles that surround the electron. Hence, all mass is surrounded by virtual energy or, it may be said, somehow isolated by it.

When a material object is examined with conventional methods, we may measure its mass or its electromagnetic field. The electromagnetic field of an electron can be conceived as an alignment process of locally appearing virtual particles progressing at the speed of light.

During this alignment process there is hardly any change to the position of a single virtual particle. All that moves is the alignment process itself, and not the virtual particles. The positioning of a virtual particle can be imagined


‘One can imagine the vacuum as an energy reservoir – virtual particles are those that emerge from the vacuum and momentarily borrow some of its energy. Their existence is fleeting and they disappear again into the vacuum taking the borrowed energy with them. Maybe this energy returns to its source or maybe it is transferred to particles at a different place … Hence virtual particles function as transmitters which influence the interaction of more durable, stable particles.’ 6 – Professor Lisa Randall

Quantum electrodynamics (QED)

The quantum electrodynamics theory (QED) was developed in the middle of the 20th century and it describes for the first time the physical mechanism of how the electromagnetic and weak interaction works. In QED the virtual particle transfers and creates the electromagnetic interaction.

Well, I am sorry. but this was only the

warm up round …

Really?! It has been proven

that the entire electromagnetic energy surrounding us comes

from nothing? And I was looking forward to a

relaxed book!

A virtual particle transmits and creates the electromagnetic interaction.

1312

to be positioned within a ‘frame’. This frame can be seen as a matrix from where the virtual particles emerge. A certain length and volume of a virtual particle alignment process in space-time can be considered as a classical photon. To visualise such a real photon as a doughnut-like alignment process, which is made up of many virtual particles, seems to be a good idea.

‘The connection between the field and its source charge has always been, and still is, the most difficult problem in classical and quantum electrodynamics.’ 8

– Professor D.K. Sen

As soon as a virtual particle manifests at an electron, it is rotated and aligned. The negative side of the first virtual particle will rotate the next virtual particle in a way that the positive side of the second virtual particle rotates to the negative side of the first virtual particle, and so on. This orientation process moves through space-time and as soon as a few virtual particles are aligned, the first virtual particle at the electron has disappeared again. This ongoing virtual particle alignment process represents the steady radiation of the electromagnetic field. Once the electromagnetic field has moved away from the source charge (for example, an electron) it exists independently from that charge as a function of space-time. The amount of aligned virtual particles decreases with the distance squared. This is also the reason why the electromagnetic force decreases with distance squared.


The electron acts as a trigger that brings order to the virtual particles in space-time. Virtual particles surround and isolate the observable particles.

So, when I look at a flower, I don’t actually see the material of

which the flower consists, but only the energy of the quantum vacuum, which

surrounds the flower’s atoms.That’s exactly it!

So, you cannot actually see the object

itself but rather the virtual particles around it?

Indeed, the real particles are,

in a way, shielded by the virtual particles.

A photon is made up of several aligned

virtual photons

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In empty space-time, where there are no source charges and fields, quantum fluctuations (virtual particles) emerge in a completely chaotic and evenly distributed way. I call this steady, ongoing process ‘virtual entropy’. ‘Chaotically distributed’ means that the orientation of the virtual particle’s charges point in a random direction. If you now place an electron into this empty space-time, it will start to align some of the virtual particles (order out of chaos). So one can view the electromagnetic field as a steady, virtual, counter-entropic process of space-time, proceeding at the speed of light, which decreases with the distance squared.

Virtual particles create force upon electrons.

I see. Close to the electron

many more virtual particles are aligned than at some

distance from it.

Yes, and due to the point-like

radiation, the e.m. interaction decreases with distance

squared.

Ok, so this is how the electromagnetic potential

flow moves through space-time. This view makes sense because one can easily imagine why

the strength of the electromagnetic interaction decreases with distance and why it moves

through space-time at a particular speed – the speed of light.

Correct. This seems to be how fast the virtual particles can be

turned and aligned.

The density of alignment events of virtual particles decreases with distance squared. For this reason, the electromagnetic interaction

decreases with distance squared as well.

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in experiments is the same for many decimal places, and it is known to be one of the most precise confirmations of a theory. Hence, it seems that the hypothesis that the electromagnetic interaction is transferred and created by virtual particles matches reality pretty well.

‘Not only the photon, but all bosons which are able to transfer an interaction do interact on their way to their destination with the vacuum. Pairs of virtual particles – the particle and its anti particle – are created and absorbed spontaneously from the vacuum. This process influences the net force of the interaction. Virtual particles have an influence on the boson and change the force of interaction. Calculations show that the force of the weak interaction and the interaction of the electromagnetic force, decline with distance.’ 9

– Professor Lisa Randall

If now a second electron is positioned near another electron, the aligned virtual particles, emerging directly in and at the second electron, will exert a force. With this picture in mind we observe another remarkable effect in relation to the virtual particle alignment process.

The quantum vacuum swallows energy

There is a special property in relation to the electromagnetic field, which is radiated from source charges. The electromagnetic field does not only decrease with distance squared, but there is an additional decrease. The quantum vacuum itself swallows a little bit of the electromagnetic field’s virtual energy. The mathematical description of this decrease compared to what is measured

An observable force occurs due to an energy difference between two unlimited virtual energy densities.

The virtual particle alignment process does not proceed through space-time in a perfect way.

Very interesting. Sometimes an alignment

process gets stuck and that’s why the electromagnetic field’s energy

literally gets lost to space-time.

What impresses me is the precise confirmation of

this field energy loss through the experiment. There really seems to

be something to these virtual particles.

I like this a lot. The electromagnetic force is created

by more virtual particles pointing in one direction than virtual particles

pointing randomly.

Yes, indeed, that is why I see the cause for the

creation of this force in a phenomenon, which could be described as an

energetic pressure difference within space-time.

Like charges repel


1918


Energy conservation?

This leads to an interesting thought. If we look at an ideal electric motor, when taking into account all losses through friction – heat and so on – the coefficient of performance is not exactly at 100%. Why is that? The magnetic field, which is located in the air-gap between the electromagnet and the permanent magnet, loses a little bit of its energy when moving through space-time. This decrease in energy has to be added to the regular decrease occurring due to the ‘distance squared’ rule, so some of the energy is literally lost to space-time. The consequence of this is hugely significant, as it suggests that the conservation of energy does not apply to any known electromagnetic, chemical or mechanical system. Even if the difference from the 100% mark is only very small and not of relevance in our daily life, it is an important issue in order to better understand where the energy that surrounds us actually comes from.

‘The fun only begins once you know the rules. Currently we are still busy reading the instruction manual of the universe.’ 10

– Professor Richard Feynman

Maxwell’s equations, which are still in use today, do not take into account modern findings from QED, nor do they consider the fact that there is no material ether. Having this in mind one may ask whether the Maxwellian equations still describe the energy conversion process in common electrical systems in a comprehensive way? When using the hypothesis of a non-material ether – as suggested by QED – a new possibility arises of how to describe the energy conversion process in an electromagnetic system.

Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetism needs an update!

Air-gap within electric motor

Small electromagnetic energy loss to space-time due to faulty rotation

events of virtual particles

Amazing! I thought that energy was

always conserved 100% in an ideal system.

Yes, one can look at it in one way or another.

Basic physics rules are not absolute; they have to be constantly renewed in line with the evolving state

of our consciousness. However, when taking into account the virtual energy within the quantum vacuum, there is no issue with the first law of thermodynamics, since we are

dealing with an energetically open system. Here one has to approach the subject of energy from

a different point of perspective.

Let’s do something new. Maxwell’s stuff

from the 1860s is really dated. If an electrical engineer today builds a new nuclear

power plant, he uses the Maxwellian equations. Why not use the most advanced theory

(QED) when it comes to common electric systems? A fresh approach

is overdue.

Right, back then they didn’t

even know about the electron. Electromagnetic energy was just a

kind of electrical fluid. And they were using a material ether …

It’s time for a change.Indeed it is!

The quantum vacuum swallows energy.

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Chapter 2

Energy conversion in electromagnetic systems

22 23

Energy conversion in electromagnetic systemsChapter 2

Haha, that’s funny. So I can

throw a rock at your head and say ‘it wasn’t me but the rock

and the local quantum vacuum’.

Not quite. You’re still responsible for

the bump on my head as you initiate the process, but you’re right in a way. Energetically, you don’t create the bump. The energy in your

muscles accelerating the rock would have nothing to do with the energy causing my bump, as

that is due to local virtual particles interacting with the rock as

it hits my head.

A B

‘… in dealing with force the tacit assumption is always made that the force is equal to zero unless some physical body is present … One of the most important characteristics of force is that it has a material origin …’ 12


The fact that a radiating electron permanently emits an electromagnetic potential flow poses a problem for physicists. This problem is sometimes called ‘the source charge problem’. As this steady potential flow can be transformed again into an observable energy at another source charge, one must ask the following question: why are the observable energy components (joules) conserved, despite the fact that the potential flows are not?

During the first decade of the 21st century some physicists came up with the following solution to that question. The idea is that if the impact of a force and energy at a second electron comes from the locally appearing virtual particles from space-time occupied by that electron, then this energy is balanced with the mass of the first (radiating) electron. In order not to violate the law of conservation of energy, a mathematical approach was developed that balances the created energy at a second electron with the mass of the first electron. 13 The equation works and the law of the conservation of energy applies, although the electromagnetic energy is created consistently from space-time (nothing) itself. This approach works because the electrons are finally in an energetic equilibrium in relation to the energetic exchange towards space-time.

This procedure not only makes sense mathematically, but also complies with what we observe – that the observable energy components are conserved in almost all known energy systems.

However, using this method, I feel that there exists another class of electromagnetic systems that is in disequilibrium in relation to the energetic exchange towards space-time.

If the space-time energy at a second electron is used without balancing it with the mass of the first (radiating) electron, then the system could create negentropy and an excess amount of observable energy. The reason why this procedure is legitimate is that the energy-radiating and -receiving electrons exist at different places in space and time, meaning that they may be seen as independent entities.

So what I suggest is, that the energy in space-time can be used in such a way that it is possible to create an electromagnetic system that is in disequilibrium in relation to its energetic exchange towards the quantum vacuum.

Electron (A) does not directly repel electron (B) and vice-versa; it is the virtual particle acting at and within the said electron.

Energy transfer

If space-time itself is the primary energy-carrying medium and a source charge, such as an electron, is just the initiator of an alignment process of virtual particles, then a first electron, which repels a second electron, has no immediate effect on the creation of energy at the second electron. The first electron is only the initiator of a causality chain that creates an environmental condition that later on enables the local creation of energy at the second electron. The energy accelerating the second electron does not derive from the first electron but rather emerges from the volume of space-time that is occupied by the second electron. Thus, it is the locally emerging virtual particles in and around the second electron that deliver the energy to accelerate it. So the electron only accelerates in relation to the local frame.

‘The existence of the positive charge, in some sense, distorts, or creates a “condition” in space, so that when we put the negative charge in, it feels a force. This potentiality for producing a force is called an electric field.’ 11


24 25


Such an ‘asymmetric electromagnetic system’ would behave towards the energy within space-time like an energetically open system, also called a ‘quantum open system’.

Energy flows indirectly

Strictly speaking, one could say that the sun does not actually emit energy in an observable sense. (I am currently ignoring the real particle emission from the sun and only taking into account the radiation.) In an observable sense, the observable energy (light and heat) is ‘lost’ at the sun’s surface. This energy now exists only in a potential form or, in other words, in a virtual form. Subsequently, the potential flow moves at the speed of light into space-time and a few minutes later it reaches earth. On earth, the sunlight hits my hand. On my hand, the sunlight is converted into heat and ‘hand’ light. Then, the ‘hand’ light proceeds to my eye.

What we see are merely those places where one potential flow is converted into another potential flow; in other words, where light and heat coming from the sun are transformed into sunlight (on the sun’s surface) and, subsequently, the sunlight is transformed into ‘hand’ light (on the hand). All that we can see is the sun and the hand. So what happens on the sun and on the hand? What we can see are those places where one potential flow is converted into another potential flow or, in other words, the potentials obtain an observable energy characteristic only in that moment when they are converted from one virtual form into another virtual form. This brings us one step closer to the definition of what ‘energy’ is. Energy is potential flow conversion or asymmetry conversion. More on that later.

In the model presented in this book, there exists no observable energy in space-time; for example, travelling from the sun to the earth. Each kind of field energy in space-time exists always in a virtual form before the interaction with an observable particle. Only in that moment when the field interacts with a real particle is the virtual energy from the vacuum converted into an observable force and/or energy.

This means that an observable photon is only created in that moment when a certain number of virtual particles do the same thing at the same time, such as exert a force onto an electron. Once a certain number of equally aligned virtual particles press upon an electron, a threshold is reached where an observable effect is created, say, when an electron is lifted to a higher shell. Why is observable energy conserved, despite the fact that the potential flows are not?

Observable energy only exists where a virtual particle interacts with an observable charge (mass).

So the entire world only consists of initiators

of causality chains? This would mean that there is no longer a transmission

of observable energy through space-time, but merely flows of information, which

arrive at a destination, and then the information transforms the virtual energy

into real energy – in other words, creates energy from nothing.

Fascinating!

Well, it’s like I said – the action is in

space-time!

Observable energy only exists where a virtual particle interacts with an observable

charge (mass)

Hand−eye potential flow

Sun−hand potential flow

The radiation of a virtual energy flow from the electron

is permanent. The creation of virtual energy flows is not

conserved.

The force and acceleration of the electron caused by the virtual particles creates observable

energy. In contrast to the virtual energy flows, observable energy

is always conserved.

Oh my goodness, I am beginning to

see that this point of view poses a few fundamental

questions.

Photon

26 27


In order to see the curvature of the earth, we have to shift our perspective and move away from the earth’s surface (a very difficult task). It is the same with the quantum vacuum’s energy topic. If we want to gain a better understanding about where the energy is coming from (of which literally everything is made up), we have to move our perspective from the observable mass aspect into the space-time domain. We have to try to understand that the material world we see is just an effect of the quantum vacuum’s energy. An atom’s energy does not come from the observable aspect of the atom itself, but from the virtual particles of the volume of space-time occupied by the atom.

Some physicists say: ‘You cannot understand the essence of the quantum theories.’ Well, if we cannot get any further with the usual way of thinking, then let’s completely change our point of perspective and try again.

A new way of looking at reality

A charged particle like an electron is a perpetual emitter of an electromagnetic potential flow and is therefore a permanent creator, or rather a consistent initiator of a virtual flow of energy. After all, the virtual flow of energy in space-time is disconnected from the electron as soon as the field has left it, and then it only exists as a property of space-time itself. So one can see the electromagnetic potential flow (electromagnetic field) as a ‘pre’-stage, or like a raw material for the creation of an observable energy. And, since the electromagnetic potential flow can be transformed again into an observable form of energy at another source charge, I would like to revisit the question: why are the observable energy components (joules) conserved, despite the fact that the potential flows are not?

This question shows that we can describe the cause for the conservation of energy in a completely different way. In order to answer this and other related questions, a fundamental shift in our perspective is required. Only when we change our point of view will we be able to see things that could not have been seen before. For example, the curvature of planet earth cannot be seen when standing on earth’s surface.

Shifting one’s point of perspective is sometimes a very difficult task.How reality appears depends on our point of perspective.

What kind of nonsense are they

talking about? The earth is flat – you only have to open

your eyes to see this! Yes, you’re absolutely right. What I

see is the truth!

Yes, indeed. Finally I can see the

curvature – earth seems to be a banana!

No, it’s not a banana, you have to change your perspective

even more …

Ah, ok. But how in hell am I supposed

to do that?

Well, I never said it was going

to be easy.

28 29


‘We cannot solve our problems with the same way of thinking that created them.’ 14 – Professor Albert Einstein

We need to shift our perspective from the observable mass aspect into non-observable space-time. Hence, we can imagine that there is a never-ending amount of energy everywhere in a virtual form and that matter itself consists of this virtual energy only. In this case everything we see is a result of an interaction between the energy in space-time and the observable material world. Matter is just a possible manifestation of virtual energy or, in other words, it is an energetic pattern consisting of virtual particles.

Broken symmetry

The electromagnetic field, which is emitted by an electron, can be seen as an alignment process of virtual particles. If several aligned virtual particles are looked at in a volume of space-time, we speak of a broken symmetry of space-time.

‘The asymmetry between opposite signs of electric charge is sometimes called particle − antiparticle asymmetry.’ 15 – Professor T. D. Lee

A broken symmetry in space-time represents an unbalanced distribution of the charges of the virtual particles. Since there are more virtual particles aligned closer to the electron than at some distance from it, the intensity of the force, which decreases with distance squared, declines in a smooth way. This means that directly at the electron, a constant number of alignment events take place, while at, say, a millimetre away from it, there is also a steady but smaller number of alignment events. Therefore, the declining distribution of a broken symmetry that is coming from an electron does not change. This can be compared to the ‘static’ aspect of the electromagnetic field. The dynamic aspect of the field results from the broken symmetry being made up of permanently and newly emerging virtual particles. Therefore, the electrostatic field has both a static and a dynamic aspect.

On the question of a static field actually being made of finer parts in continuous motion, in the words of Tom Van Flandern: ‘To retain causality, we must distinguish two distinct meanings of the term “static”. One meaning is unchanging in the sense of no moving parts. The other meaning is sameness from moment to moment by continual replacement of all moving parts. We can visualize this difference by thinking of a waterfall. A frozen waterfall is static in the first sense, and a flowing waterfall is static in the second sense. Both are essentially the same at every moment, yet the latter has moving parts capable of transferring momentum, and is made of entities that propagate. … So, are fields for a rigid, stationary source frozen, or are they continually regenerated? Causality seems to require the latter.’ 16 – Dr Tom Van Flandern

Broken symmetry = energetic pressure difference of space-time

The concept of a broken symmetry can be explained with the following example. Imagine a diver who is ten metres underwater. At ten metres underwater there is great pressure: ten tons per square metre. Thus, a weight of several tons is on the diver’s body. But the diver feels no pain; he does not even experience the pressure at all. Why is that? This is due to the balanced distribution (symmetrical

Many virtual particles that are aligned in the same direction can be compared to a more intensely curved space-time.

This looks like Einstein’s curved

space-time. The more virtual particles that are

aligned near an electron, the more space-time

is curved.

Correct – one can transfer the idea of a curved

space-time to electromagnetism and other forces; in other words, all fields

may be seen as a form of space-time curvature.

30 31


distribution) of the water pressure around his body, meaning that the water presses onto the diver’s body with the same intensity from all sides. If the diver now wants to make the water pressure visible, then he can only do that with the help of a pressure gauge. Within the pressure gauge, a pressure difference exists. This pressure difference is the key to converting the invisible (non-observable) water pressure into a visible or observable phenomenon. The pressure difference within the pressure gauge is comparable to the concept of a broken symmetry in space-time, which exists within a sea of an unlimited virtual energy density.

‘Since non observables imply symmetry, any discovery of asymmetry must imply some observable.’ 17 – Professor T. D. Lee

A broken symmetry is the key to transforming the non-observable or virtual form of energy within the quantum vacuum into a visible or observable form of energy. The broken symmetry in space-time represents a potential flow, which can create a real force and acceleration upon a real particle. Thus, a real force and energy only emerge when a broken symmetry interacts with a real particle. Just as the differences in water pressure inside and outside the pressure gauge cause the dial to move, the broken symmetry in space-time causes a source charge to move. So a virtual particle’s virtual energy receives an observable energy characteristic only when it interacts with an observable particle. That is how every atom receives its energy from the volume of space-time occupied by that atom.

Quantum-Vacuum and quantum vacuum

According to the usual interpretation of the quantum vacuum, the term describes a condition of lowest (observable) energy in space-time. However, that does not mean that there is no energy within the quantum vacuum. On the contrary, the quantum vacuum has an unlimited virtual energy density at each infinitesimally small point, and there is a simple reason why we cannot see this energy. This energy is invisible because it is completely evenly – symmetrically – distributed. Thus, the quantum vacuum describes a state of lowest (observable) energy because there is a state of maximum symmetry and, therefore, maximum virtual entropy. Meaning the charges of the virtual particles are orientated into any direction randomly.

The balanced distribution of a pressure can be compared to a symmetrical situation.

The unbalanced distribution of pressure can be compared to a broken symmetry.

Several tons of water on my body …? Wow, so why

doesn’t it hurt me?

It doesn’t hurt you because the

water is pressing onto your body from all sides with the same intensity.

Pain is an observable effect and it would only be created when a pressure

difference exists.

Your pressure gauge shows the

difference of the pressures inside the gauge and

around it.

Precisely. Oh no … let’s surface

again quickly!

So, if I had a normal air

pressure in front of my hand, like the air pressure that I have

on the beach, then my hand would probably be

ripped off?

Pressure difference= broken symmetry

Low air pressure

Membrane

High water pressure

32 33


‘An atom’s entire energy depends on the raw mass and the raw charge of an electron. The mass and charge appear in theoretic equations before thoughts turn to emission and absorption. Free electrons and electrons within atoms, however, constantly emit and absorb photons, which impact on the electron’s naked mass and electric charge, and thus, the measured raw mass and charge do not have the same value as given in the elementary particle table. In order to be able to determine the size of the observed values of the electron’s mass and charge (which are of course finite), we have to take into account the raw mass and charge (which are infinite). The entire energy of an atom is the sum of two terms which are both infinite: the raw energy is infinite because it is dependent on the infinite mass and charge and the shifting of energy … this too is infinite because it receives an energy contribution from virtual particles which possess an infinite amount of energy.’ 18 – Professor Steven Weinberg

Matter is made up of virtual particles

A real particle, such as an electron, exists as a broken symmetry of space-time. Thus, the atom itself only consists of virtual particles. That is why a mass represents a pressure difference of opposing and unlimited virtual energy densities. One could also say that a mass and observable energy is like a condensation of virtual energy.

‘Matter is built on flaky foundations. Physicists have now confirmed that the apparently substantial stuff is actually no more than fluctuations in the quantum vacuum.’ 19 – New Scientist, 20 November 2008

‘As we have seen, the Quantum Theory’s Uncertainty Principle means that even fields in apparently empty space are constantly subject to fluctuations, which possess an infinite energy density. Consequently, we have to subtract an infinite value in order to obtain the finite energy density observed in space-time.’ 20

– Professor Stephen Hawking

If an observable energy is to emerge from a virtual form of energy, then the quantum vacuum must be asymmetrised first. The asymmetrised quantum vacuum has the potential to create a real force and real energy in connection with a source charge (e.g, an electron). Therefore, symmetrical and asymmetrical quantum vacuums have very different characteristics. For this reason, I have decided to introduce an additional term: ‘Quantum-Vacuum’ (spelt with a hyphen). An asymmetric Quantum-Vacuum is able to create any imaginable force and observable energy upon a source charge (depending on the degree of broken symmetry).

The symmetrical and asymmetrical Quantum-Vacuum

Right, so this is where it all

happens, because here is a difference in vacuum energy pressures that

could occur in connection with an electron,

for example.

Here is the symmetric quantum

vacuum, and there is the asymmetric Quantum-

Vacuum.

Common quantum vacuum,symmetric space-time

Quantum-Vacuum,asymmetric space-time

34 35


If a real observable particle is made up solely of virtual particles, and is the result of a broken symmetry, then this means that matter exists only as a structural quality of the field itself. What we really see when we observe an atom is not the ‘energy’ itself (since virtual energy always stays invisible), but only the characteristic of one virtual energy form converting into another. Visibility is only the quality of the virtual energy conversion process itself. Thus, in order to make the virtual energy conversion process visible, the alignment process of the virtual particles has to move forward in a recursive and toroidal way. Or, to put it another way: in the moment that virtual energy (information) is integrated in a recursive way, information receives an observable energy characteristic.

‘Atoms and elementary particles are not real. They form, rather, a world of tendencies and possibilities instead of things and facts.’ 21

– Professor Werner Heisenberg

Mass seen as a toroidal alignment process of virtual particles

The Casimir plates break the symmetry of the quantum vacuum.

Plates far apartSymmetrical space-time

No force

Plates close togetherAsymmetrical space-time

Creation of an attractive force

Right, so all forces are created through these broken

symmetries.

Correct – the stronger the

broken symmetry, the greater the force.

So my bodyconsists of virtual

particles only?

That’s right. Earth, all stars and the tiramisu in your

fridge are made up of nothing more than virtual energy, which manifests itself

in an observable form.

Broken symmetry and the Casimir effect

As all forces and observable energies are created by virtual particles, every mass and observable energy is nothing but a pure quantum vacuum energy effect. An electrical engineer who usually uses a different (mechanistic) approach to this topic will most likely have a different view. This ‘established’ view suggests that energy only exists where there is a mass, and that a mysterious form of energy that is detached from the mass exists in empty space-time, and only plays a role in certain situations.

To measure this mysterious form of energy, the well-known Casimir effect can be used to make this space-time or vacuum energy visible. The Casimir experiment consists of two smooth uncharged plates arranged in parallel to each other. Just before they touch, the plates experience an attracting force. This attraction is created by a difference of energy densities, which exist between the inner and outer sides of the plates.

36 37


In the absence of atoms and fields, the geometrical structure of space-time is almost completely symmetrical. Hence there is a maximum of virtual entropy. However, if you position two smooth plates in space-time, then these plates break up this symmetry in a small way and the quantum vacuum’s virtual entropy is reduced a little. This small distortion in symmetry channels a tiny amount of energy from this now asymmetrised Quantum-Vacuum (i.e. the difference between two unlimited energy densities) and transforms it into an observable form of energy, namely the ‘vacuum energy’.

A common point of misunderstanding is that the vacuum energy is seen as something mysterious that is only of relevance in certain situations (as, for example, in the Casimir experiment). In my view it is, however, important to understand that the energy within the quantum vacuum is not mysterious at all, and that it does not only play a role in certain situations, but the fact of the matter is that the quantum vacuum energy is actually all that exists. Every force – observable energy and mass itself – is made up of quantum vacuum energy.

Passively and actively broken symmetry

One possible method to extract more energy from the Quantum-Vacuum other than by the Casimir effect (passive break of symmetry), would be to actively break the symmetry of the Quantum-Vacuum. A common electromagnetic field represents such an active break of symmetry; we can say that the ‘potential difference’ of the electric field (volts) is a measure of the degree of a broken symmetry. It is the same with the intensity of magnetic fields (Tesla) and does not depend on whether they are emitted by an electromagnet or a permanent magnet. The intensity of the magnetic field strength is also a measure for the degree of the Quantum-Vacuum’s broken symmetry.

‘... the discoveries made in 1957 (parity violation) established not only right-left asymmetry, but also the asymmetry between the positive and negative signs of electric charge.’ 22 – Dr Thomas Bearden

The energy conversion process in a mechanical spring

The following example shows that the virtual energy in the Quantum-Vacuum plays a fundamental role in all mechanical systems. A mechanical spring consists of atoms and molecules that are held together by electromagnetic binding forces. As the forces of the source charges (electrons and protons) upon each other are effects of broken symmetries, the mechanical stability of a material is based on the energetic interaction between the material aspect (atoms) and the Quantum-Vacuum.

In a mechanical spring, that is not under tension, the molecules are arranged in an ordered and ‘comfortable’ way. The molecules behave like many small permanent magnets that are in a row from the north pole to the south pole, then to the north pole and so on. If permanent magnets are arranged one after the other in a closed manner, then the individual magnetic fields ‘disappear’ and behave like one large magnet with one polarity at its ends.

As soon as the mechanical spring is put under tension, the molecules of the spring’s material are stretched apart a little, creating many small broken symmetries (open dipoles) in space-time between the molecules. These broken symmetries, which are made up of virtual particles, now create the mechanical tension of the spring in time. So the static mechanical tension is maintained by the Passively and actively broken symmetry

Sure, a battery breaks the

symmetry of space-time even more strongly than

two plates next to each other.

Exactly – the higher the electric

field, the stronger the broken symmetry. The voltage is a

measure of the intensity of the broken symmetry, or, similarly, a

measure for a steady virtual structuring process of the

Quantum-Vacuum.

Casimir platesPassively broken symmetry

Small force

Electric fieldActively broken symmetry

Stronger force

38 39


‘According to relativity, events that are simultaneous but occurring at different locations to one observer, may not be simultaneous to another. Hence the simultaneous disappearance and appearance of energy as seen by one observer will not be simultaneous for all. For some observers, energy would have disappeared at one location first and only some time later would it reappear at the other location, thus violating the law of conservation of energy during the time interval separating the two events.’ 23

– Professor Dilip Kondepudi and Professor Ilya Prigogine

It now becomes clear that the observable energy from the muscles that was responsible for putting the spring under tension has nothing to do with the created observable energy that came into being during the relaxation process of the spring. The observable input energy is not the cause of the output energy in an energetic sense. The energy that was put into the spring is just the creator of a broken symmetry, and is therefore only the initiator of a causality chain that later transforms the virtual energy within the Quantum-Vacuum again into an observable form of energy.

constantly and newly created virtual particles. This picture clearly shows that a static force requires a steady virtual energy flow within the Quantum-Vacuum.

When putting the spring under tension, the observable chemical energy in our muscles, which help us to pull the spring apart, only serves to create a dipolarity (asymmetry) in space-time. That is all. Thereby, the law of the conservation of energy is violated in a negative sense. The observable chemical input energy in the muscles is ‘lost’ to space-time in an observable sense, and, in return, a broken symmetry is ‘obtained’.

Later, when the mechanical tension of the spring is released, some work is being done. Thereby, the virtual energy from the Quantum-Vacuum transforms into an observable form of energy. This means that the Quantum-Vacuum’s consistent structuring process (virtual negentropisation process) is transformed into a limited amount of observable work. During the relaxing process of the spring, the asymmetries between the molecules ‘disappear’ and the spring’s tension declines steadily. Once the tension on the spring is completely relieved, the asymmetries between the molecules no longer exist. Now the conservation of energy is violated in a positive sense, as a certain amount of energy was literally created from the Quantum-Vacuum. The law of the conservation of energy can therefore only be applied in retrospect.

Mechanical spring not under tension

The material of the spring is held

together exclusively by electromagnetic binding forces – in other words, by a steady

alignment process of virtual particles.

Okidoki.

Closed magnetic fields

Mechanical spring under tension

That’s right. The energy from your arm has

been passed on to space-time and has, in an observable sense, been lost. In return,

you have bought a broken symmetry and therefore a steady potential flow that

keeps the tension of the spring upright in time.

Ok, the energy from

your arm, which pulls the spring apart, is, in an energetic sense, not stored in the spring. It’s just used to asymmetrise

the spring.

Open magnetic fields

40 41


The energy conversion process in a simple electric circuit

Let’s imagine a simple electric direct current circuit with a battery, two wires and a light bulb. The general opinion is that the battery supplies energy to the light bulb. The following thought experiment will show that this is in fact not the case. A battery, just like any power station, is not a supplier of observable energy, but rather a creator of a broken symmetry and a provider of electrons. That is all!

‘This has led to one of the greatest ironies in history: All the hydro-carbons ever burned, all the steam turbines that ever turned the shaft of a generator, all the rivers ever dammed, all the nuclear fuel rods ever consumed, all the windmills and waterwheels, all the solar cells, and all the chemistry in all the batteries ever produced, have not directly delivered a single watt into the external circuit’s load. All that incredible fuel consumption and energy extracted from the environment has only been used to continually restore the source dipole that our own closed current loop circuits are deliberately designed to destroy faster than the load is powered.’ 24 – Dr Thomas Bearden

The electrochemical potential difference in the battery breaks the symmetry of the quantum vacuum. This asymmetrised Quantum-Vacuum leads to a steady structuring process of virtual particles or, in other words, to a reduction in virtual entropy, which is expressed by the electric field. The higher the electric field, the greater the broken symmetry, and hence the greater the energetic pressure exerted by the virtual particles upon the electrons. The electric field in the example shown is like a wind that consistently exerts a pressure on the electrons (shown as sail boats).

‘A source of electrical energy does not increase the number of free electrons in a circuit; it merely produces a concerted pressure on any aimlessly moving electrons.’ 25 – Robert L. Shrader

As long as the electrical circuit is not closed, the electric wind will steadily blow on the electrons, which are located at the electrodes. The strength of the electric wind (voltage) determines the force on the sailing boats (electrons). In the moment that the electrical circuit is closed, the electrons will start to move through the circuit. The aligned virtual particles pushing the electrons through

the circuit are precisely those virtual particles that emerge directly in and around each electron. This means that the energy pushing each electron in the circuit comes from that volume of space-time occupied by the said electron, and not from the battery.

Open electrical circuit

Ah, I can sail, too. The stronger

the wind, the faster the boat will move.

That’s right, and it’s similar for the electrons.

If the voltage (wind) is higher, then the electrons (current) move in a

more effective way through the wires.

Electric field (voltage)

The battery only breaks the symmetry of space-time.

The energy that accelerates the electron does not come from the

battery, but from the aligned virtual particles and, therefore,

from local space-time.

42 43


Voltage

Light

Heat

Current

‘The charges on the surface of the wire provide two types of electric field. The charges provide the field inside the wire that drives the conduction current according to Ohm’s law. Simultaneously the charges provide a field outside the wire that creates a Poynting flux. By means of this latter field, the charges enable the wire to be a guide (in the sense of a railroad track) for electromagnetic energy flowing in the space around the wire. Intuitively one might prefer the notion that electromagnetic energy is transported by the current, inside the wires. It takes some effort to convince oneself (and one’s students) that this is not the case and that in fact the energy flows in the space outside the wire.’ 26

– Professor Mark A. Heald

‘Just how it is that the connections (of a conductor) to the energy source, say a battery, are at the ends of the wire, yet energy flows in through the sides (of the conductor), should be pondered by the reader.’ 27 – W. M. Schwarz

Let us for a moment consider electron flow through a circuit. As soon as the electrons move from the thicker wire into the thinner wire (the filament of the light bulb), they find themselves in a medium that has a greater resistance. A greater resistance is comparable to a narrower passage. Now a large number of electrons need to squeeze through this narrow passage, which creates greater vibrations within the filament. These vibrations cause a back and forth movement of the electrons on their atomic shells and lead to the emission of light and heat. During this process, the ‘electric wind’ is therefore transformed into light and heat. The emission of light and heat from the light bulb is symbolised by the splash of water from the bow of the sailing boat.

An electron converts the electric field into light and heat.The electron within the filament converts the electric field into light and heat.

Voltage

LightHeat

Filament of the light bulb

You can’t exactly compare the electric wind at an electron with

the wind that consists of air molecules. With an ordinary wind, one molecule presses onto the next and they all move like

a solid unit through space-time. With the electric wind, however, the virtual particles don’t move as a unit like air molecules; they actually

do not move at all. All that moves is the virtual particle alignment process. Hence, the energy for the acceleration of an electron

is always ‘created’ precisely from the virtual particle that appears out of local space-time exactly

at the electron.

Wow, now I understand. Energy is always created out of

Nothing, at the exact point where an observable particle is.

Just as the sailing boat transforms

wind into waves, the electron converts the electric field into light and heat.

Since the electric field, the radiated light and the heat all exist as broken symmetries of space-time,

one could say that the electron converts one broken symmetry into another broken symmetry. Since you only see an observable energy at the exact

point where the filament is, you could say: observable energy is the result of an asymmetry conversion

process.

44 45


And since the fl ow of electrons is powered by the (voltage) energy from the Quantum-Vacuum, one could say that this energy is both the supplier of energy to the light bulb, and the energy supplier that creates the chemical reaction.

The balanced distribution of electrons in the fi lament and in the battery is the reason why the observable energy components are conserved. If, let’s say, ten electrons travel in and out of the fi lament, an observable energy is created from the Quantum-Vacuum with the help of ten electrons. Simultaneously, ten electrons travel out of the battery at the negative pole and in again at the positive pole. This movement of electrons causes a chemical reaction, which de-asymmetrises the broken symmetry within the battery by ten electrons. The balanced distribution of electrons in the fi lament and in the battery enforces the conservation of the observable energies involved.

With this picture it becomes clear that the energy emitted from the fi lament does not come from the battery, but from the locally aligned virtual particles that are created and impacting at the said electron. As the virtual particles emerge from that volume of space-time where the relevant electron is located, the energy also emerges from precisely this location in space-time. In simple terms one could say: the energy emitted from a light bulb comes from the light bulb and not from the power station. Within the thicker wire that is located before and after the fi lament, the electrons only create small waves. These small waves symbolise the minimal warming of the wire and are representative of the typical losses within an electrical circuit.

As mentioned above, a battery does not supply energy to the light bulb but merely opens the door through which the space-time energy can fl ow. Strictly speaking, the current (electrons in motion) does not supply energy either; it only acts as a mediator that enables the conversion of the electric fi eld into light and heat. The example of the sailing boat (electron) makes this easier to understand. It is not the sailing boat itself that supplies the energy in the fi rst instance; it is the wind. Just as the sailing boat only helps to convert the wind energy into wave energy, the electron helps to convert the electric potential fl ow into another potential fl ow (light and heat). During this potential fl ow (asymmetry) conversion process, the potentials obtain an observable energy characteristic. This is what we see and consider as observable energy. Energy (joule) is asymmetry conversion!

The electrons fl owing out of the battery at the negative pole and fl owing back in at the positive pole generate a fl ow of ions and cause a chemical reaction. Unfortunately, the chemical reaction destroys the broken symmetry (electrochemical potential difference or input dipole) within the battery. The input dipole is destroyed once the chemical reactants have been depleted. During this process, the observable energy from the chemical reactants is passed on to the Quantum-Vacuum and is lost in an observable sense. The loss of the observable energy is expressed by a negative violation of the conservation of energy. The energy lost through the chemical reaction within the battery – minus the conventional losses – refl ects precisely that amount of energy which is created again within the fi lament of the light bulb and in the wires. As there is a positive violation of the conservation of energy within the fi lament and wires, the observable energy components are conserved.

In this thought experiment, the fl ow of electrons is not a result of the chemical reaction but rather the chemical reaction is caused by the electron fl ow.

Wire (waterway)

Electron (sailboat)

Electric wind (voltage) =

external energy input

Electric wind (voltage) from the Quantum-Vacuum channelled by

the broken symmetry.

Chemical reactants keep up the broken symmetry as long

as possible.

Ion fl ow creates chemical reaction which destroys the broken symmetry.

The chemical reaction destroys

the broken symmetry

external energy

(sailboat)(sailboat)

46 47


One can view the broken symmetry within a battery as an open door through which the energy from the Quantum-Vacuum flows in. As soon as the broken symmetry within the battery is symmetrised again, the electric voltage vanishes too. No wind, no sailing; no voltage, no current.

When a battery gets recharged, the electrons are simply moved in the opposite direction to when it was discharged, hence restoring the broken symmetry or dipolarity in the battery. Strictly speaking, during the charging process no (observable) energy is fed into the battery, since the number of the charge carriers (electrons) does not increase. The only thing that happens is that the charges are separated. This asymmetrising process happens within the battery by pushing the negative charges to the negative electrode and the positive charges to the positive electrode, without changing the number of the positive and negative charge carriers.

Energy conservation due to balanced distribution of electrons in the battery and in the load.

In every voltage source, the electric field is the primary energy supplier that enables the flow of current.

Broken symmetry in battery

has vanished.

Randomly orientated virtual particles do not create an electric field. No voltage, no current;

no wind, no sailing.

Empty battery

The number of electrons used to convert the virtual energy into an observable

energy in the light bulb is equal to the number of electrons used to destroy

the broken symmetry in the battery.

The electron motion in and out of the battery

creates an ion flow which destroys the broken symmetry

(input dipole) within the battery.

Separator

Separator

Full battery

‘Ere many generations pass, our machinery will be driven by a power obtainable at any point in the universe. This idea is not novel … We find it in the delightful myth of Antheus, who derives power from the earth; we find it among the subtle speculations of one of your splendid mathematicians … Throughout space there is energy. Is this energy static or kinetic? If static our hopes are in vain; if kinetic – and this we know it is, for certain – then it is a mere question of time when men will succeed in attaching their machinery to the very wheelwork of nature.’ 28 – Nikola Tesla

Well observed. I see that you can tell where

this is leading to.

Now I understand why energy is

conserved in this example. The number of electrons is automatically evenly distributed within

the light bulb and in the battery. The electrons destroy the input dipole within the battery, and the electrons extract

energy from local space-time in the light bulb. Thus, the energy from the lamp is derived from within the lamp. However, what would happen if the flow of electrons were directed in such a

way that more electrons flow through the light bulb than travel in and out of the battery? Wouldn’t it mean that

more observable energy would be created within the load than was lost before in

the power station?

Now it’s clear to me that the electric

field is the true and primary supplier of energy, not the electron! The electron merely

helps transform the electric potential flow into another flow of light and heat. If the electric potential flow has a permanent characteristic, and nature basically gifts us with such a steady virtual energy flow, then it may be

possible to utilise this energy so that the light bulb keeps on glowing without destroying the

broken symmetry in the battery at the same time.

Yes, it’s a brilliant idea. In this case the Quantum-

Vacuum would permanently furnish energy to the light bulb and there

would hardly be a chemical reaction in the battery. Such a technology

could start another industrial revolution.

48

Chapter 2

From the Quantum-Vacuum point of view, a car battery, for example, cannot be charged or discharged in an energetic sense. A completely ‘empty’ battery still has, in reality, two infinitely large electric fields at the negative and positive poles. However, as these infinitely large electric fields exactly cancel each other out the voltmeter will show zero volts. When recharging the battery, the evenly distributed charges within the electrolyte are simply separated again, and a difference is thereby created between two infinitely large electrical fields. It is this difference that is shown by the voltmeter. Hence, the number of volts is a measure of the degree of broken symmetry, and represents a difference of two infinite energy densities.

This example shows that due to the interaction with the Quantum-Vacuum, all electromagnetic systems are energetically open. They just appear to behave like closed systems due to the balanced distribution of energy towards the Quantum-Vacuum resulting in the conservation of the observable energy components.

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