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8/12/2019 Electronics Circuits and Simulation Manual
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ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS AND SIMULATION LABORATORY
L T P
0 0 3
1. Series and Shunt feedback amplifiers - Frequency response, Input and output
impedance
calculation2. Class B Complementary symmetry poer amplifier
!bser"ation of the output a"e form ith cross o"er #istortion.
$odification of the circuit to a"oid cross o"er distortion.$easurement of ma%imum poer output.
#etermination of efficiency.
Comparison ith calculated "alues.
&. #ifferential amplifier usin' B().Construction of the circuit.
$easurement of #C collector current of indi"idual transistors.
*quali+ation of #C current usin' indi"idual emitter resistance / 1 !hms0
$easurement of C$.. #esi'n of oscillator
C 3hase shift4ein Brid'e !scillator
5artley and Colpitts !scilator.
. Class C )uned 6mplifier.
SIMULATION USING PSPICE / MULTISIM
1. #ifferentiatial amplifier
2. 6cti"e filter7 Butterorth IInd order 83F
&. 6stable, $onostable and Bistable $ulti"ibrator - )ransistor bias. #96 and 69# con"erter Successi"e appro%imation0
. 6nalo' multiplier:. C$!S In"ertors, ;6;# and ;!
Total: 45
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*%periment71 #ate7
S5* F**#B6C? 6$38IFI*
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1.1.AIM:
)o construct a "olta'e shunt feedback amplifier and to find its frequency
response ith and ithout feedback
1.2.APPARATUS REUIRED:
6pparatus Specification @uantity
)ransistor BC1A 1
esistors 1k,1k,22k,::k,k *ach one
Capacitor 1.:f,f 2,13oer supply -&0= 1
C! -20 $h+ 1
6F! -10 $h+ 1
Bread board 1Connectin' ires 6s required
1.3.T!EORY7
If the feed back si'nal applied is in phase ith the input si'nal and thus
increase the input is called as positi"e or re'enerati"e feed back amplifier. )he "olta'e'ain of the feed back is 'reater than open loop 'ain. If the feed back si'nal applied to the
input is out phase ith the input si'nal and thus the input si'nal decrease is knon as
;e'ati"e feed back. )he feedback is obtained throu'h resistor fconnected fromcollector to base .)he input "olta'e =i and the output "olta'e =o is 1 de'ree out of
phase ith each other.
I f D =i/=o0 fDf
o
RV D =o E
4hen E DfR
1
D feed back factor
1.4.PROCEDURE7
Connections are 'i"en as per the circuit dia'ram. By keepin' the output "olta'e constant if the frequency is "aried and
the correspondin' output "olta'e is noted.
)he eadin's are )abulated and the 'ain is con"erted to db usin' the Formula.
)he same procedure is repeted for both ith and ithout feedback.
)he response cur"e is plotted for each case and bandith is calculated.
.
S"#$%&%$at%o'(:
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vvcc 1= ) mAICQ &= ) mVVAhfeSvv TvCEQ 2-,12-,&,1,- ======
1.5 D#(%*' "+o$#,-+#:
Ba(# $-++#'t AI
I CQ
B
1
&
1& &
=
==
Coll#$t#+ R#(%(ta'$#
KI
VAR
CQ
TvC 1
1&
12-12-&
&
=
==
E%tt#+ +#(%(ta'$#
=+++=
+++=
-.::
0111&-011&1
0
:&&
E
E
EBCQCEQCCQCC
R
RK
RIIVRIV
B%a(%'* +#(%(ta'$#
=
+
+
+=
+
+
+=
KR
R
RR
RS
B
B
BE
E
:
-.::
-.::&1
&1
1
1
R#(%(ta'$# R1
A:.2
-.::0111&A.01:11
0
22
A&G.21A:.2
1:1
:&&:
1
&
1
=+++=
+++==
=
==
th
EBCQBEBBth
th
BCC
V
RIIVRIV
KR
V
RVR
R#(%(ta'$# R2
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== =+
==+
+=
KR
RRRR
R
R
RRRR
RR
RRR
B
B
C
2&G.C
:A.&
1:
122
2
2
221
&
2
&
21
21
21
21
=
=
=
2-
1&
12-&
&
&
CQ
Tie
I
Vh
FC
hzwheref
F
hfC
C
c
iec
C
:.1
:
:1.1
2-:2
1
21
==
=
=
=
%to-t ##,a$:
T# %'"-t %"#,a'$# %( *%#'
=+
=
+
=
=
1-
2-&A-
2-&A-
1:
1:
0
i
ie
iefBi
R
IIhKK
KK
parallelhparallelRRR
T# o-t"-t %"#,a'$# %( *%#'
=+=
=
G.GG
11
11
o
fCo
R
KK
KK
IIRRR
%t ##,a$:
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FC
fCX
RX
RX
ceiInputCapac
FfR
C
fCX
RX
ceciOutputCapa
IIRRR
RoR
!anceOutputimpe
RR
RRR
Rit"factore#en#itiv
KRhIIRR
IIRRIIRRhceRTran#re#i#
RancveRInputimpe!
i
i
ci
if
ci
ifci
of
o
co
of
co
cofof
of
iif
mm
f
m
m
iefB
fcfBie
m
iif
1C
2
1
1
tan
&020
1
2
1
1
tan
A.G1&-.-2
1&-.-2
&-.-2&:.1A
G.GG
&G.C:&:.1A
1-
&:.1A011
110
11
1
:&:.1:&2-&A-
0G.GG0&A-&
0
00tan
1
&
==
=
==
==
=+==
===
===
=+=+=
+=
=+
=+
=
=
1
tan
1
1
ECE
ECE
RX
RX
ceciB"pa##capa
=
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=
++
=
=
C.2A1
2
1
1
fe
Bie
EE
E
CE
h
RhIIRR
fcX
FC
R
fc
E
E
E
-C
12
1 1
=
=
1.6 C%+$-%t D%a*+a:
Q 1
R 1
1 k
R 2
2 2 K R 3
1 0 K
R 4
8 k
R 5
6 6 4
C 1
1 . 0 6 1 u f
C 2
5 0 u f
C 3
1 . 0 6 1 u f
0
V 1 CRO O/P
Vo
FO I/P
Vin
Vcc=10v
-
+
BC107
+ -
1.7 Ta-lat%o':
%to-t #,a$: 8%'9
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+#-#'$ %'!; O-t"-t %' olt( Ga%' %' ,B
%t #,a$ : 8%'9
+#-#'$ %'!; O-t"-t %' olt( Ga%' %' ,B
1.< R#(-lt:
)hus the feedback amplifier is desi'ned and bandidth is calculated
Bandith ithout feedbackD
Bandith ith feedbackD
*%periment no72 #ate7
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I;)*>6)!S,#IFF**;)I6)!S, C8I33*S, 6;# C86$3*S
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
H
2.1.AIM:
)o study the Inte'rator, #ifferentiator, )ime constants, Clipper,andClampers and obser"e their a"eforms.
2.2.APPARATUS REUIRED:
63366)
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If =ref, is made ne'ati"e, the entire output a"eform abo"e =ref,ill
'et clipped off.
)hr positi"e clipper can be easily con"erted into ne'ati"e clipper by simply re"erse thediode # and chan'in' the polatity of the reference "olta'e.
CLAMPER: )he clamper is also knon as #C inserter or0 restorer. )he circuit is
used to add a desire le"el to the output "olta'e. In other ords the output is clamped to a
desired #C le"el. If the clamped #C le"el is M"e it is called positi"e clamper. Similarly ifthe clamped #C le"el is /"e, then it is called ne'ati"e clamper. )he circuit clamps the
peak of the input a"eform means it is called peak clamper.
2.4. PROCEDURE7
* Connect the circuit as per the dia'ram
N Set input si'nal "olta'e ",1k5+0 usin' si'nal 'enerator.
N !bser"e the output a"e form usin' C!.
N Sketch the obser"ed a"e form on the 'raph sheet.
2.5. DESIGN PROCEDURE:
DIERENTIATOR:
For ) D , f D 1k5+, ) Df
1D 1ms, D C D 1%1-&
If C D .1 Jf, then DC
D 1k
For )K , then LC
L 1k
For )L , then K C
K 1k
=D I D C!t
!v D C
!t
!v
INTEGRATOR:
For ) D , f D 1k5+, ) Df
1D 1ms, D C D 1%1-&
If C D .1 Jf, then DC
D 1k
For )K , then LC
L 1k
For )L , then KC
K 1k
= D Ri!t
C
11
Di!tRC
1
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CLIPPER:
G%#'f D 1kh+
) Df
1D 1%1-&D C
6ssume C D .1 Jf, then D 1k
CLAMPER:
G%#'f D 1kh+
) Df
1D 1%1-&D C
6ssume C D .1 Jf, then D 1k
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
DIERENTIATOR:
0
V 2
+
O/PVo
_
freq=1khz
Vi=5vR 1
1 0 k
C 1
0 . 1 u
Mo,#l G+a":
D 1k
D 1k
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5v
5v
RC!
!i"e#$ec%
!i"e#$ec%
!i"e#$ec%
o
o
i
5vRC&&!
INTEGRATOR:
R 1
1 0 k
C 1
0 . 1 u
0
V 2
+
O/PVo
_
freq=1khz
Vi=5v
Mo,#l G+a":
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5v
5v
RC!
!i"e#$ec%
!i"e#$ec%
!i"e#$ec%
o
o
i
5v RC&&!
CLIPPER:
0
+
O/PVo
_
V 1
F R E Q = 1 k h z
V A M P L = 8 v
V O F F = 0 v
R 1
1 0 k
D 1
V 2
1 v
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Mo,#l G+a":
CLAMPER:POSITI8E CLAMPER:
0
+
O/PVo
_
V 1
F R E Q = 1 k h z
V A M P L = 5 v
V O F F = 0 v
D 1
R 1
1 0 k
C 1
0 . 1 u
Mo,#l G+a":
NEGATI8E CLAMPER:
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0
+
O/PVo
_
V 1
F R E Q = 1 k h z
V A M P L = 8 v
V O F F = 0 v
D 1
R 1
1 0 k
C 1
0 . 1 u
Mo,#l G+a":
2.6.TABULATION:
3articular =olts9di" $ultiplier 6mplitude )ime9di" $ultiplier )ime inms0
#ifferentiator
Inte'rator
Clipper
Clamper
2.7.RESULT:
)hus #ifferentiator ,Inte'rator, Clipper, Clamper
Circuits ere desi'ned and tested.
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*%periment no 7& Dat#:
R.C.P!ASE S!IT OSCILLATOR
3.1AIM:
)o desi'n and construct the C phase shift oscillator and to compare the theoretical and
practical frequency of the oscillator.
3.2APPARATUS REUIRED:
63366)
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3.5 DESIGN PROCEDURE:
=ccD1", IC@D1m6, =ce@D",ED1,SD1,6"D2G,=tD2m",hieD1.1k
FoD RRcRC
:2
1
+
Choose CD.1Jf,foD1k5+
FoD
( )
2
1
A.:1.2
1
+ RK
RF
D
R
*Ffo
A.:01.2
1
+
DR
*A.:
1-G1-
+
)akin' square on both sides
2R D
( )
R
K A.:
1-G1-2
+
2:MR
*A.0 D 1G102
:2M1.?D 1G102
:2M1.?-1G102D
1.k 01-G1-.,:0C.1C, 2
*
D HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH D .Ak
2 P:0
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D.Ak
&D-hie
D .Ak -1.1k
& D &.:k
=cc D =CM =C*M =* = *D=C*for min symmetric output
= *D1
CCV D.1=CC
=CC D2 =C M =*
2 =C D =CC- =*
=C D 2G. CCV
D. =CC
=CD ICC . % 1 D 1m6 % C
=* D .1 =CC D .1%1 D 1=
I** D 1= Q IC I*
* D*I
=1D
mA
V
1
1D 1?
S D
+
+
BE
E
RR
R
1
1
C D .k
* D 1?
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1 D
+
+BRK
K
1
111
11
B D ( )21
21
RR
RR
+
=thD hieIBM =B*M I **
D 1.1?01
11 &
M .A M 1% 1-&%1 % 1-&
=th D 1.A1
=th D =cc. ( ) ( )12
2
RR
R
+
=th 1 D. =cc. ( ) ( )12
2
RR
R
+1 D =cc.B
1 Dth
Bcc
V
RV.
DA1.1
111
&
D .Ak
1 D .Ak
C%+$-%t D%a*+a:
Q 1
C 1
0 . 0 1 u f
C 2
0 . 0 1 u f
C 3
0 . 0 1 u f
C e
5 0 u f
R 1
4 . k
R 2
5 8 k
R 2
1 2 k
R E
1 k
R 5
4 . k
R 6
4 . kR
3 . 6 k
0
C 4
0 . 0 1 u f
O/PVcc=10v
BC107
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Mo,#l G+a":
3.6 TABULATION
=olts"0 )imems0
=olta'edi"ision
$ultiplie 6mplitude )ime di"ision $ultiplier )ime period
3.7 RESULT 7)hus the C phase shift oscillator is desi'ned and constructed.
3ractical frequency of oscillation D HHHHHHHHHHHH)heoritical frequency of oscillation D HHHHHHHHHHHHHH
)imems0
6mplitude"0
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*%periment no7 #ate 7
D#(%*' a', (%-lat%o' o& D%&+#'t%al A"l%&%#+
4.1 A%:
)o desi'n, simulate and to study the output a"eform of differential amplifier for dual
output balanced output in the common mode and differential mode confi'uration.
4.2 A""a+at-( +#-%+#,
1.!rCad simulation softare
2.6 personal computer
&.3rinter
4.3 Ba(%$ T#o+:
C coupled amplifier cannot be used to amplify "ery hi'h frequency or #C si'nals.)he
differential amplifier is used in applications here response for #C to more number of
frequencies are required.It is also the basic sta'e of an inte'rated amplifier.In the
differential amplifier the difference beteen to si'nals are applied at its input.6n
differential amplifier is shon in fi'ure.
=D6d=s1-=s20 4here 6d is the 'ain of the differential amplifier. *ach si'nal is
measured ith response to 'round.6ny si'nal common to both the inputs ith ha"e no
effect on the input "olta'e.5oe"er in a practical differential amplifier,the output
depends not only upon the differtence si'nal =dD =s1-=s20, but also upon the difference
si'nal le"el called common mode si'nal =CD1R2=s1-=s20 .)hus the output "olta'e =o is
'i"en by =oD6d=d-6s=s here 6c is the common mode 'ain of the amplifier,hen
#IFF**;)I68 6$38IFI*
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bothe the inputs are applied to phase.#ifferential amplifier is characteri+ed by a fi'ure of
merit.)he common mode rteectiion ratio C$ is defined as C$D6dR6c.
For ideal differential amplifier the "alue of C$ should be infinity.
Similarly the differential mode 'ain 6d can be obtained by settin' =s1D=s2D =sR2 and
measurin' the output "olta'e =o1or =o2.)hen 6dD1R2=o1R =o20.
4.4 D#(%*' P+o$#,-+#
6dD1, 6cD.1,hfeD&,I*D1.2m6
#ifferential 'ain by 6dD erRc2
reDeI
mV2:
reD mA2.1
12: &
6dD2:A.21
cR
CD:.?
Common mode is 'i"en by
6cDEe Rr
Rc
2
2
+
.1DER+
:A.21
01-.:2 &
.1 )( ER2:A.21 + D1&
21.:AM2* D1&2*D12GGA.&&
D:GG.1:
*D:.G?
* : ?
4.5Ba(%$ C%+$-%t &o+ (%-lat%o' o& ,%&+#'t%al Mo,#:
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Q 3
2 ! 2 2 2 2
Q 4
2 ! 2 2 2 2
R 4
6 4 k
R 5
6 . 5 k
R 6
6 . 5 k
V 4
1 2 v
V 5
1 2 v
0
0
0
V 8
F R E Q = 1 k
V A M P L = 1 0 0 " v
V O F F = 0V #
F R E Q = 1 k
V A M P L = 5 0 " v
V O F F = 0
0
VV
V$V%
Coo' Mo,#:
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Q 1
2 ! 2 2 2 2
Q 2
2 ! 2 2 2 2
R 1
1 k
R 2
6 . 5 k
R 3
6 . 5 k
V 1
1 2 v
V 2
1 2 v
0
0
V 32 v
0
0
V
V$V%
4.6 P+o$#,-+#
1. !pen a T(ew pro+ectU in !rCad 3spice
2. Choose TAnalo, or mi-e! $ro+ectU and 'i"e T(ameU of the circuit and
TChoo#e.Create fol!er an! !irector"U onot #ave in pen!rive#0
&. 3lace components, >round/01 ,roun! onl"0 and supplies and connect the circuit as
shon in fi'ure.
. In the T$#pice iconU create simulation profileinherit from none0. Choose T)ime
domain transient0U. In this, un to time should be 1ms,Start sa"in' data after is
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and ma%imum step si+e 1ms.un the simulation usin' the Trun iconU.
.)he output a"eforms are shon belo.
D%&+#'t%al Mo,#:
Input a"eform =1
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Input a"eform =2
!utput a"eform
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Coo' Mo,#:
!utput a"eform
4.7 R#(-lt a', $o'$l-(%o'7
6 differential amplifier for common mode and differential mode confi'uration is
desi'ned and simulated in !rCad. )he results are recorded and a report is submitted.
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*%periment no7 #ate 7
D#(%*' a', (%-lat%o' o& =#%' B+%,*# O($%llato+
5.1 A%:
)o desi'n, construct and simulate the 4ein Brid'e !scillator
5.2 A""a+at-( +#-%+#,
1.!rCad simulation softare
2.6 personal computer&.3rinter
5.3 Ba(%$ T#o+:
4ein Brid'e !scillator is one of the most commonly used audio frequency oscillator.In
this ein brid'e circuit is connected beteen amplifier input output terminals.)he brid'e
has a series of C netork in one arm and a parallel C netork in adoinin' arm. In the
remainin' arms of the brid'e resistor 1 and fare connected the phase an'le criterion for
oscillations is that the total phase shift around the circuit must be made +ero or &:o.)his
condition occur only hen the brid'e is balanced i.e at resonant frequency only
frequency of oscillation occur.
FrDRC2
1
5.4 D#(%*' P+o$#,-+#
6s the !p-amp is used in non-in"ertin' mode 'ain is 'i"en by
6D
&
RRR + D&
=ccD V1
6D1M
&
R
RL&
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&
R
RL2 &R L2
Choose D.A?, &DG.?
Choose CD&.&nF,fD1?5+
Frequency of oscillaton fDRC2
1
D&
1&.&112
V1
D.?
Selected "alue KA.
5.5Ba(%$ C%+$-%t &o+ (%-lat%o'
& 1
u A 4 1
%3
$2
V %
V $4
O & '6
O ( 11
O ( 25
R 1
2 . 2 k
R 2
3 . 3 k
R 4
3 . 3 k
C 1
0 . 1 u f
C 2
0 . 1 u f
0
0
R 5
4 0 k
V 1
1 2 v 0
V 2
1 2 v0
V
5.6 P+o$#,-+#
1. !pen a T(ew pro+ectU in !rCad 3spice
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2. Choose TAnalo, or mi-e! $ro+ectU and 'i"e T(ameU of the circuit and
TChoo#e.Create fol!er an! !irector"U onot #ave in pen!rive#0
&. 3lace components, >round/01 ,roun! onl"0 and supplies and connect the circuit as
shon in fi'ure.
. In the T$#pice iconU create simulation profileinherit from none0. Choose T)ime
domain transient0U. In this, un to time should be 1ms,Start sa"in' data after is
1ms and ma%imum step si+e 1ms.un the simulation usin' the Trun iconU.
.)he output a"eforms are shon belo.
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5.7 R#(-lt a', $o'$l-(%o'7
)hus the ein brid'e oscillator circuit is desi'ned and constructed usin' pspicetechnique.
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*%periment no7: #ate 7
D#(%*' a', (%-lat%o' o& 2',o+,#+ B-tt#+=o+t Lo= "a(( &%lt#+
6.1 A%:
)o desi'n, simulate and plot the frequency response of a 2ndorder Butterorth 8o pass
filter
6.2 A""a+at-( +#-%+#,
1. !rCad simulation softare
2. 6 personal computer
&. 3rinter
6.3 Ba(%$ T#o+:
*lectronic filters are frequency selecti"e circuits and ha"e many applications. 8o pass
filters allo lo frequency si'nals to pass throu'h and block hi'h frequency si'nals.
Such systems for e%ample can be used in audio processin' systems. )he cutoff frequency
of the filter depends on the and C components and 'ain depends on the opamp 'ain
selection circuits. )he order of the filter is the number of C component pairs used. For
each pair, the 'ain reduction is 2dB9decade and therefore for the 2 ndorder system, the
fall in 'ain is dB9decade.
6.4 D#(%*' P+o$#,-+#
Specification#
Cutoff frequency D 1 ?5+
!rder of the filter D 2
>ain D 1.: dB
SinceCRpi
fcNNN2
1= a##umeC D .1 JF then
CfpiR
c NNN2
1=
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6.5 Ba(%$ C%+$-%t &o+ (%-lat%o'
0
V ) *
1 V + ,
0 V - ,
V
& 1
u A 4 1
%3
$2
V %
V $4
O & '6
O ( 11
O ( 25
C 1
0 . 1 u f
C 3
0 . 1 u f
0
0
R 5
1 . 6 k
V 6
1 2 v
0
V
1 2 v
0
R
1 . 6 k
R 8
1 0 k
R #
5 . 8 6 k
%*-+# 1.1 : 2',O+,#+ B-tt#+=o+t Lo= Pa(( %lt#+
6.6 P+o$#,-+#
1. !pen a T(ew pro+ectU in !rCad 3spice
2. Choose TAnalo, or mi-e! $ro+ectU and 'i"e T(ameU of the circuit and
TChoo#e.Create fol!er an! !irector"U onot #ave in pen!rive#0
&. 3lace components, >round/01 ,roun! onl"0 and supplies and connect the circuit as
shon in fi'ure :.1
. In the T$#pice iconU create simulation profileinherit from none0. Choose T6C
SeepU. In this,#tartin, fre2uenc"should be 'reater than and en! fre2uenc"
can be anythin'. Choose T30 point#U per decade so that the plot ill be lookin'
better.
. un the simulation usin' the Trun 4utton1 shon in fi'ure 'i"en belo.
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:. )he output is in "olta'e and it should be chan'ed to dB scale. So T6dd traceU
refer fi,ure 5670
%*-+# 1.2: A,,%'* T+a$# to a' #>%(t%'* Plot
A. In the trace, clickB89first and then choose V:C3'3;as shon in fi'ure 1.&
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%*-+# 6.3: P+o$#,-+# &o+ a,,%'* ,B a(#, t+a$#
. )he frequency response ill be plotted. )he &dB cutoff frequency is an important
parameter in filters. )he "alue can be measured or shon usin' a 3robe curser.
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%*-+# 6.4: +#-#'$ +#("o'(# a', 3,B $-to&& o& t# &%lt#+ %' o'# *+a"
G. )he Twin!owU icon is selected and Tcop" to clip4oar!U option is chosen. )hen set
the Twin!ow an! 4ac*,roun!U transparent. Chan'e hite to black. 3aste it in $S-
3aint and from there take to $S ord. )his procedure ill sho the "alues of
a%is clearly.
%*-+#6.5: P+o$#,-+# &o+ $o"%'* t# +#(-lt to MS?o+,
6.7 R#(-lt a', $o'$l-(%o'7
6 lopass 2nd order Butterorthfilter is desi'ned and simulated in !rCad. )he results are
recorded and a report is submitted.