Elements of Civil Engineering. (Lab Manual)

7/22/2019 Elements of Civil Engineering. (Lab Manual)

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DATE:

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PRACTICAL: 1

INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS


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1. INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING INSTRUMENTS

Object: To study various Surveying Instruments

a) I nstruments Used for L inear Measurements Chain or Tape

Arrows

Pegs

Ranging Rods

Offset Rods

Plumb Bob

Optical Square

Line Ranger

b) I nstruments Used in Angular M easurements

Prismatic Compass

Surveyors Compass

c) I nstruments Used in Ver tical Measurements

Leveling Staff

Dumpy Level

Theodolite

d) I nstruments Used for Measurement of area.

Planimeter


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CONCLUSION:

ASSIGNMENT:

Q1) Enlist uses of above mentioned Surveying Instruments:

GRADE:

SIGNATURE:


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PRACTICAL: 2

CHAINING AND OFFSET TAKING


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CHAINAGE DIAGRAM


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2. CHAINING AND OFFSET TAKING

OBJECT: To measure horizontal distance between two points by chaining and to

take perpendicular offsets

INSTRUMENTS: Metric Chain, Tape, Ranging rods, Arrows, Cross Staff, Line

ranger, Optical Square.

PROCEDURE:

Two chain men are required in this process. The chain men are called as

Leader and follower. The chain man at the forward end of the chain is called

leader and chain man at the zero or rear end of the chain is called as

follower.

Fix station A and B at some distance by fixing wooden peg to determine

horizontal distance between them.

Position of station A, and B is fixed by measuring their position from at least

three permanent objects and location sketch of station A and b are drawn.

The follower holds one handle of the chain in contact with peg at station A. The leader takes the other handle of the chain, arrows and ranging rod &

walks in the forward direction dragging chain with him.

After the chain is stretched completely along the line the follower steps on

one side of the line with the ranging rod touching the handle.

The follower directs the leader to stand exactly in the line. The leader puts a

scratch at the position & inserts an arrow. He then moves forward with the

chain handle with the remaining arrows and ranging rod till the follower

reaches the next arrow point.


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STATION A

LOCATION SKETCH

STATION B

LOCATION SKETCH


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During this procedure details which are along the side of the chain line are

located by lateral measurement with the help of offset and tape. The points

located are known as perpendicular offsets.

All the perpendicular offsets are measured till station B is reached.

All the measurements recorded in the field book.

CONCLUSION:

ASSIGNMENT:

Q1).Explain various sources and nature of errors in chain surveying.

GRADE:

SIGNATURE:


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PRACTICAL: 3

COMPASS SURVEY


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3. COMPASS SURVEY

OBJECT: Study of Prismatic Compass & to determine

fore and back bearing of survey line AB, BC, CA

Included Angles.

INSTRUMENTS: Tripod, Prismatic Compass, Ranging rods, Measuring Tapes,

Wooden Pegs, Hammer.

THEORY:

Fore Bearing: The bearing of a line measured in the direction of progress of

survey is called fore bearing.

Back Bearing: The bearing of a line measured in the opposite direction of

progress of survey is called fore bearing.

PROCEDURE:

TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENTS OF A PRISMATIC COMPASS

The Prismatic Compass is set up at a point say station A.

The following temporary adjustments are needed to be carried out at each set

Up of Instrument

Centering: Centering is the process of keeping the instrument exactly over

the station. It is carried out by dropping a piece of stone so that it falls on the

top of the pegs fixed at station point.

Leveling: Prismatic compass is leveled by means of ball and socket

arrangement so that the graduated ring may swing freely.


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Focusing the prism: The reflecting prism is adjusted to the eye sight of the

observer by rising or lowering then stud until the graduations are seen sharp

and clear.

CALCULATION OF FORE AND BACK BEARING

Suppose the bearing of line AB, BC, CA of a triangle is to be observed. Set

up the instrument at station A and carry out all the temporary adjustments.

Fix the ranging rod at B.

Turn the prismatic compass until the ranging rod at station B is bisected by

the horse hair when seen through the vertical slit above the prism.

When the needle comes to rest bisect ranging rod at B exactly and note the

reading. The reading observed is the Fore bearing of line AB i.e. Angle

measured with respect to north.

Now shift the prismatic compass at station B perform all temporary

adjustments and from station B bisect station A towards backward, the

reading observed in prismatic compass is the Back Bearing of line AB.

Now from the same setup of the instrument Bisect station C and note down

the reading of prismatic compass as fore bearing of line BC. Transfer the

instrument to station C to obtain back bearing of line BC. Similarly observe

Fore Bearing and back bearing of line CA.

Check the Difference of Fore bearing and back bearing of each line it should

be equal to 1800


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N

B

N

FB BB

A

C

OBSERVATION TABLE

STATION LINE LENGTH F.B B.B DIFFERENCE ANGLE CORRECTION CORRECTEDANGLE

CALCULATION:


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TO FIND INCLUDED ANGLES

Included Angles of a triangle are calculated from observed FB and BB ofline AB,BC,CA

Included angle is determined by following formula

= Back Bearing of Previous Line- Fore Bearing of next line

i.e. for triangle ABC

A= BB of CAFB of AB

B=BB of ABFB of BC

C=BB of BCFB of CA

Check: Sum of all included angles Should be Equal to (2n-4) x 900

CONCLUSION:

ASSIGNMENT:

Q1).What is local attraction? How it is detected?

GRADE:

SIGNATURE:


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PRACTICAL: 4

SIMPLE LEVELLING


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OBSERVATION TABLE

STATION B.S I.S F.S RISE FALL R.L. REMARK

B.S. - F.S. = RISE- FALL= LAST R.L.

FIRST R.L.=

Check: - B.S. - F.S. = Rise- fall= Last R.L. First R.L.

CALCULATION:


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4. SIMPLE LEVELLING

OBJECT: To find reduced level of various points by simple leveling.

INSTRUMENT: Dumpy level, Tripod, leveling staff, pegs, Hammer

PROCEDURE:

Simple leveling: - It is the simplest method of leveling used, when it is required

to find the difference in elevation between 2 points.

TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENT OF DUMPY LEVEL:

The Dumpy Level is fixed on the tripod at station say O.

Setti ng up the level

The tripod legs are adjusted at a convenient height. Any two legs of

the tripod are fixed on the ground by pressing the tripod into the

ground. The movement of the third leg is made in such a way that the

bubble remains in the center.

Leveling

The actual leveling is then done by moving foot screw on the leveling

head. Instrument s telescope is kept Parallel to two foot screws and

both the foot screws are either moved inward or outward till the

longitudinal bubbles is in the centre of its run.

The telescope is then turned through 900 so that the telescope is now

parallel to third foot screw. Now move third screw inward or outward

till bubble is in center. Then the telescope is brought in its original

position.

The procedure is carried out till the bubble remains in the center in

both the position.


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OBSERVATION TABLE

STATION B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L. REMARK

B.S. - F.S= LAST R.L. FIRST R.L=

CHECK: - B.S. - F.S. = RISE- FALL= LAST R.L. FIRST R.L.

CALCULATION:


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Removal of parallax

Focusing the eye piece

To focus so that the cross hairs for distinct vision hold a sheet of

white paper in front of objective glass, and move the eye piece till the

image of cross hair are seen distinct and sharp.

Focusing of objective glass

The telescope is then directed towards the staff held vertically at

bench mark (B.M.) say station A and by turning the focusing screw.

Parallax is removed by moving focusing screw till the image of staff

is seen distinct and clear.

HEIGHT OF INSTRUMENT METHOD

In this method the height of instrument is calculated for each setting

by adding Back sight to the elevation of bench mark i.e. = Reduced

Level (R.L.) of B.M. + B.S.

The R.L. of Intermediate points is calculated by subtracting the HI- IS(Intermediate sight).

The process is continued till the R.L. of last point is obtained by

subtracting the staff reading from height of last setting of instrument.

i.e. HI FS

Apply the arithmetic check to verify the calculation by height of

Instrument


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RISE & FALL METHOD

In rise & fall method, the height of Instrument is not at all calculated but the

difference of level between consecutive points is found by comparing the staff

readings on the two points for the same setting of the instrument. Rise and fall

is calculated using following formula.

BS-IS or BS-FS if +ve then Rise and if BS-IS or BS-FS is ve then fall i.e.

If the reading is positive then it is rise and if the reading is negative then the

reading is called fall. The figure for rise & fall worked out thus for all the points

give the vertical distance of each point above or below the preceding one, and if

the level of any one point is known then the level of the next will be obtained

by adding its rise or subtracting its fall, as the case may be.

CONCLUSION:

ASSIGNMENT:

Q1) .What are the different types of leveling?

GRADE:

SIGNATURE:


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PRACTICAL: 5

DIFFERENTIAL LEVELLING


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5. DIFFERENTIAL LEVELLING

OBJECT: To find difference of elevation between two points (too far away) by

differential leveling.

INSTRUMENTS: Dumpy Level, tripod, Leveling staff, pegs, etc.

PROCEDURE:

The Operation of leveling to determine the elevation of points at some

distance apart is called differential leveling. When two points are at such a

distance from each other that they cannot both be within range of the level at

the same time, the difference in elevation is not found by single setting but

the distance between the points is divided in stages by change points on

which the staff is held and the difference of elevation of each of succeeding

pair of such change points is found by separate setting up of the level.

TEMPORARY ADJUSTMENT OF DUMPY LEVEL:

The Dumpy Level is fixed on the tripod at station say O.

Setting up the level

The tripod legs are adjusted at a convenient height. Any two legs of the

tripod are fixed on the ground by pressing the tripod into the ground. The

movement of the third leg is made in such a way that the bubble remains in

the center.


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OBSERVATION TABLE

STATION B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L. REMARK

B.S. - F.S= LAST R.L. FIRST R.L=


CALCULATION:


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Leveling

The actual leveling is then done by moving foot screw on the leveling head.

Instrument s telescope is kept Parallel to two foot screws and both the foot

screws are either moved inward or outward till the longitudinal bubbles is in

the centre of its run.

The telescope is then turned through 900 so that the telescope is now parallel

to third foot screw. Now move third screw inward or outward till bubble is

in center. Then the telescope is brought in its original position.

The procedure is carried out till the bubble remains in the center in both the

position.

HEIGHT OF INSTRUMENT METHOD:

In this method the height of instrument is calculated for each setting by

adding Back sight to the elevation of bench mark i.e. = Reduced Level (R.L.)

of B.M. + B.S.

The R.L. of Intermediate points is calculated by subtracting the HI- IS

(Intermediate sight).

The elevation of change points (CP) is calculated by subtracting the HI- FS

(Fore sight).

For next setting of the instrument, the H.I. is obtained by adding the B.S and

R.L. of change point i.e. BS + RL (CP)

The process is continued till the R.L. of last point is obtained by subtracting

the staff reading from height of last setting of instrument. i.e. HIFS

Apply the arithmetic check to verify the calculation by height of Instrument


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OBSERVATION TABLE

STATION B.S I.S F.S RISE FALL R.L. REMARK

B.S. - F.S. = RISE- FALL= LAST R.L.

FIRST R.L.=


CALCULATION:


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RISE & FALL METHOD:

In rise & fall method, the height of Instrument is not at all calculated but the

difference of level between consecutive points is found by comparing the

staff readings on the two points for the same setting of the instrument. Rise

and fall is calculated using following formula.

BS-IS or BS-FS if +ve then Rise and if BS-IS or BS-FS is ve then fall i.e.

If the reading is positive then it is rise and if the reading is negative then the

reading is called fall. Rise & fall worked out thus for all the points give the

vertical distance of each point above or below the preceding one, and if the

level of any one point is known then the level of the next will be obtained by

adding its rise or subtracting its fall, as the case may be.

CONCLUSION:

ASSIGNMENT:

Q1) Explain Reciprocal Leveling?

GRADE:

SIGNATURE:


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PRACTICAL: 6

STUDY OF THEODOLITE


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6. STUDY OF THEODOLITE

OBJECT: To Study different components of Theodolite

INSTRUMENT: Theodolite

THEORY: The theodolite is an instrument designed for the measurement of

horizontal and vertical angles. Theodolite is the most precise instrument; it is also

used for laying off horizontal angles, locating points on the line, prolonging the

survey lines, establishing grades, determination of difference of elevation setting

out curves, observation of bearings etc.

TYPES OF THEODOLITE

The theodolites may be primarily of two types:

Transit Theodolite

Non Transit Theodolite

In a transit theodolite the telescope can be revolved through a complete

revolution about its horizontal axis in a vertical plane.

In non transit theodolite, the telescope is mounted in such a manner that the

line of sight cannot be reversed by revolving the telescope.

COMPONENTS PARTS OF A THEODOLITE:

Level ing head:It supports the main working parts of the instrument and screw

on the tripod. The head comprises of two parts:

Leveling base or tribrach fitted with leveling foot screws for leveling the

instrument.


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Movable head or centering arrangement for centering the vertical axis

accurately over the station.

Lower circular horizontal metal plate: It carries a circular graduated arc. It is

silvered and graduated from 00 to 3600 in a clock wise direction.

Upper circular hor izontal metal plate:The upper plate carries an index and

vernier to Read fine reading on the graduated horizontal circle.

Telescope:Fitted to a horizontal axis, it consists of eye piece and diaphragm at

one end and objective glass at the other end. The telescope has focusing screw

by which any Object can be bisected.

Cir cular graduated arc on a ver tical cir cle:It is attached to the horizontal axis

of the telescope. It is usually divided into 4 quadrants, but in some instruments

it is graduated from 00 to 3600 the sub divisions of the vertical circle are similar

to those of horizontal circle.

Vernier fr ame:carrying an index and verniers to measure vertical angles.

Lower clamp and lower tangent screw:A lower clamp, clamps the lower plate

and the lower tangent screw enables finely controlled circular motion of lowerplate.

Upper clamp and upper tangent screw:An upper clamp, clamps the upper

plate to lower one, and the upper tangent screw enables finely controlled

circular motion about vertical axis

Verti cal cir cle clamp and tangent screw:A vertical circle clamp, clamps the

vertical circle and its tangent screw enables a finely controlled circular

movement to be given to the combined telescope and vertical circle about the

horizontal axis.

Circular level:It is located on the top of tribrach

Plate level:It consist of plate bubble, which keeps the instrument parallel to

horizontal axis.


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Compass:A circular or trough compass may be mounted on the vernier plate

between the standards for observing bearings.

Tripod:Theodolite is mounted and fixed on the tripod for each set up. As tripod

has adjustable legs, theodolite can roughly leveled with the adjusting the legs of

tripod

CONCLUSION:

ASSIGNMENT:

Q1).What is the difference between transit and non-transit Theodolite?

GRADE:

SIGNATURE:


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PRACTICAL: 7

STUDY OF PLANIMETER


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PLANIMETER


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7. STUDY OF PLANIMETER

OBJECT: To Study Planimeter and to find constants of the Planimeter.

THEORY: A Planimeter is used by engineers for measuring area of any figure which

has been plotted to scale particularly when the boundaries are irregular or

curved. Planimeter is largely used for finding the area of contours in

determining the capacity of storage reservoirs.

CONSTRUCTION OF PLANIMETER:

The Planimeter consists of two arms, the tracing arm and anchor arm. The

tracing arm is of adjustable length and has a tracing point which is moved

round the periphery of the area to be measured.

The amount by which tracing arm is moved is known on the wheel or roller

which has its axis parallel to the tracing arm. The wheel has a roller divided

into 100 equal parts and 1/100th of drum division is read from the vernier

having graduations from 0 to 9. The complete revolution of the wheel is

recorded from 0 to 9. While taking the reading on the planimeter, the reading

will be in 4 digits. Let the reading be 4.375

The 1st digit (4) is read on the disc.

The second digit (3) is read on the rolling wheel (main scale).

The third digit (7) is read on the rolling wheel (main scale).

And the last digit (5) is read on the vernier scale besides the main scale of

rolling wheel.

Setting of tracing arm:The setting arm has calibrations on it and which

facilitates the setting of tracing arm to given scale of the plan or map.


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The adjustment which is to be made on the tracing arm as per scale of figure

is given by the manufacturer. The multiplying and additive constants are

also provided by manufacturer.

While rotating the tracing arm round the periphery of the plan, the anchor

point may be kept inside or outside the plan depending on the size of the

figure. For large area the anchor arm is kept inside the figure for small area

the anchor arm is placed outside the area.

PROCEDURE:

Make the adjustments of the tracing arm as per scale of the plan.

The anchor is placed inside or outside of figure such that the tracing point

can be conveniently moved on the periphery of the plan.

Any point on the periphery of the plan can be taken as the starting point and

from where the tracing point moves along the periphery and closes back.

Before the start of tracing work the initial reading (I.R) is recorded and the

final reading (F.R) at the end of tracing is noted down.

While moving the tracing point around the periphery it is necessary to note

down the number of times the zero of the counting disc has passed the fixed

index mark in clock wise (+ve) and anticlockwise (-ve) directions

Compute the area by using the formula:

A=M (F.RI.R 10 N +C)


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Where,

A= Area of the plan to be computed.

M=Multiplying constant.

F.R= Final reading on the disc.

I.R=Initial reading on the disc.

N= No of times the zero mark of the dial or disc crosses the

fixed index mark .Positive sign should be used if in

clockwise and negative sign if it crosses in anticlockwisedirection.

C= Constant to be added if the anchor point is inside the plan of

figure.

C=0, if the anchor point is outside the figure.


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OBSERVATION TABLE

WHEN ANCHOR POINT IS OUTSIDE

THE FIGURE

WHEN ANCHOR POINT IS INSIDE

THE FIGURE

SNO. I.R F.R N M SNO. I.R F.R N M

CALCULATION:

RESULT:

M=

C=


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CONCLUSION:

ASSIGNMENT:

Q1) what is meant by zero circle? Describe various methods of determining it area.

GRADE:

SIGNATURE:


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PRACTICAL: 8

PAVEMENT MATERIALS & TRAFFIC CONTROL

DEVICES


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RIGID PAVEMENT

FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT


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8. PAVEMENT MATERIALS & TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES

OBJECT: Study of Pavement Materials & Traffic Control Devices

THEORY: Pavement:A Road pavement is a structure consisting of one or more

layers of material which may be in natural form or it may be processed. The

main function of the pavement is to distribute the loads coming on to it.

Road pavements are generally of more than one layer and each layer is made

up of suitable material, each layer is properly treated, compacted and placed

one above the other.

FUNCTION OF VARIOUS PAVEMENT LAYERS ARE AS FOLLOWS

Weari ng sur face:This is the topmost layer; it comes in direct contact with

the traffic. The function of wearing surface is to resist wear and tear and to

avoid skidding of vehicles.

Base:Base gives support to wearing surface. It distributes the concentrated

loads from the upper layer to lower layers.

Sub base:This is the intermediate layer acting as a cushion between the

pavements.

Sub gr ade:It is the bottom most layer forming the foundation for the road

pavement. It is made of natural soil and carries the entire load of the traffic.

TYPES OF ROAD PAVEMENT:

Flexible Pavement: The earthen, gravel, water bound macadam and

bituminous roads are known as flexible pavements because the top surface

takes the shape of the sub surface soil.

Rigid pavements:Cement Concrete roads are known as rigid pavements

because of their stiffness and their capacity to bridge over loose soil pockets

in the sub grade. Due to stiffness and thickness, there are no undulations on

concrete roads.


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TRAFFIC MARKINGS


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PAVEMENT MATERIALS:

Soil

Stone aggregate

Bituminous material

Cement

Soil:The soil is generally divided into 4 parts based on the particle size

Larger than 2 mmGravel

Between 2 mm0.06 mm - sand

Between 0.06 0.002 mmsilt

Smaller than 0.002 clay

Soil is very essential pavement material as behavior of pavement depends to

a greater extent on the sub grade soil.

Stone aggregate:Aggregates are the prime material used in pavement

construction and they form the major portion of pavement structure.

Aggregate are classified as per size as

Fine aggregate

Course aggregate

Bituminous material: Bituminous

construction works as binder

material are used in pavement

Various bituminous materials used

classified as:

in highway construction may be

Bitumen Tar

Asphalt Cutback

Emulsion

Cement:Cement is used as a binding material in rigid pavements


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TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES: The various aids and devices used to control,

regulate and guide traffic is called traffic control devices.

The most common traffic control devices are

Traffic signs

Traffic signals

Markings

Islands


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TRAFFIC MARKINGS


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MANDATORY SIGNS


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CAUTIONARY SIGNS


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INFORMATORY SIGNS


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CONCLUSION:

ASSIGNMENT:

Q1) .What are the different modes of transportation?

GRADE:

SIGNATURE:


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PRACTICAL: 9

BUILDING COMPONENTS


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9. BUILDING COMPONENTS

OBJECT: to draw different building components (In a Separate Sheet)

WALLS:

Stone masonry wall

Brick masonry wall

R.C.C LINTEL WITH CHHAJJA

WALL FOUNDATION

COLUMN FOUNDATION

DOORS

Fully paneled door

Fully Glazed door

DRAW THE SYMBOLS OF COMMON BUILDING MATERIAL

Brick

Concrete

Stone

Wood

Earth

Glass

Metal

Plaster


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CONCLUSION:

ASSIGNMENT:

Q1) Explain Substructure and Superstructure of a building?

GRADE:

SIGNATURE:


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PRACTICAL: 10

DESIGNING A SIMPLE RESIDENTIAL

BUILDING.


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10. DESIGNING A SIMPLE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING.

OBJECT: To Design a 2BHK residential building based on the various aspects of

planning.

Bed room Kitchen

Drawing room

Bath

WC

Bed room

Verandah

INSTRUCTIONS:

All external walls are 30 cm thick

All internal walls are 20 cm thick

Walls of bath and W.C are 10 cm thick

Locate doors and windows as per the requirement

Draw plan, section, elevation, and schedule of doors and windows for the

given line plan.

Assume suitable dimensions (Draw in a separate sheet)


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CONCLUSION:

ASSIGNMENT:

Q1).Explain various Principles of planning?

GRADE:

SIGNATURE:


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PRACTICAL: 11

SITE VISIT


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11. SITE VISIT

OBJECT: Construction site visit to study various building materials.

LOCATION:

DESCRIPTION OF MATERIAL

Cement

Type:

Manufacturer:

Average Daily consumption:

Rate:

Storage:

Steel

Type:

Manufacturer:

Average Daily consumption:

Rate: Storage:

Treatment for protection:

Bricks

Type:

Size:

Quality Testing:

Name of test carried out at site: Rate:

Average daily consumption:

Storage:


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Aggregates

Coarse aggregate

Source:

Dealer:

Type:

Size:

Rate:

F ine aggregate

Source: Dealer:

Type:

Size:

Rate:

Concrete in formation:

Grade:

Cement Content: Method of Mixing:

Workability:

Production Capacity:

Method of transportation:

Compaction:

Method of curing:

I nstruments used at site:


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CONCLUSION:

ASSIGNMENT:

Q1).What is D.S.R? Where it can be procured?

GRADE:

SIGNATURE:


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Elements of Civil Engineering. (Lab Manual)

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