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May 16, 2005Department of Computer Sciences &
Engineering, Shiraz University
Embedded SystemsMicrocontrollers & Embedded Processors
An Overview
By: Ramtin Raji Kermani
Junior student of Computer Hardware Eng.
Spring 2005
In the name of GodScientific Group of CSE Presents :
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Department of Computer Sciences &Engineering, Shiraz UniversityMay 16, 2005
Embedded Systems
What is an Embedded System?
Where are Embedded Systems used?
Typical Embedded Systems Hardware Embedded OS and Software
Microcontrollers
The 8051 Microcontroller
A simple project using AT89C51
References
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Department of Computer Sciences &Engineering, Shiraz UniversityMay 16, 2005
What is and Embedded System?
A specialized computersystem that is part of alarger systemor machine. Typically, anembedded system is housed on a single
microprocessor board with the programs storedin ROM. Virtually all appliances that have adigital interface -- watches, microwaves, VCRs,cars -- utilize embedded systems. Someembedded systems include an operatingsystem, but many are so specialized that theentire logic can be implemented as a singleprogram. (Definition from wikipedia.com)
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Department of Computer Sciences &Engineering, Shiraz UniversityMay 16, 2005
What is and Embedded System?
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Department of Computer Sciences &Engineering, Shiraz UniversityMay 16, 2005
ES, Other definitions
A special purposecomputer built into a larger device.
Special purpose:
- Embedded systems have a (more or less) well-defined purpose
- Contrast with: general purpose computers (PCs etc) - Both hardware and software is tailored to application(s), which are
well defined
- However, re-programmability is a requirement
Built into a larger device:
ESs are (usually) part of a larger device, augmenting its capabilities
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Department of Computer Sciences &Engineering, Shiraz UniversityMay 16, 2005
ES, Other definitions
Any device that includes a programmable computer but is not itself a
general-purpose computer.
Anything that uses a computer but does not look like one.
The microprocessor in an embedded system is like an electric motor
in a washing machine.
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Department of Computer Sciences &Engineering, Shiraz UniversityMay 16, 2005
ES Types & Characteristics
Types of Processing unit:
Hardwired logic
Programmable units
ES Characteristics:
Efficiently
Cost effective
Power efficiently
Real-time
Predictability
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Department of Computer Sciences &Engineering, Shiraz UniversityMay 16, 2005
ES: History and Solutions
A very little history: ;) The first Embedded System: Apollo Guidance Computer.
Embedded Systems Solutions: Microcontrollers
Embedded Processors
Digital Signal processors
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Department of Computer Sciences &Engineering, Shiraz UniversityMay 16, 2005
Where are Embedded Systems used?
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Department of Computer Sciences &Engineering, Shiraz UniversityMay 16, 2005
Where are Embedded Systems used?
Signal processing systems Real-time video, DVD players, Medical equipment.
Distributed control Network routers, switches, firewalls, mass transit systems, Elevators
Small systems Mobile phones, pagers, home appliances, toys, smartcards, MP3
players, PDAs, digital cameras, sensors, pc keyboard & mouse
Modern cars:Up to 100 or more processors Engine control unit
ABS systems (Anti Lock Brake systems)
Emissions control
Diagnostics and Security systems
Accessories (doors, windows etc)
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Department of Computer Sciences &Engineering, Shiraz UniversityMay 16, 2005
Typical Embedded Systems Hardware
Commercial off-the-shelf components (COTS) e.g. wireless radios, sensors, I/O devices
Cheap
Application-Specific ICs (ASICs) ICs tailored to meet application needs Good performance for their intended task(s)
Original ESs were ASICs only
Domain-specific processors DSPs
Microcontrollers
Microprocessors General Purpose Processors
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Department of Computer Sciences &Engineering, Shiraz UniversityMay 16, 2005
New trends in ES HW
Systems-on-chip Usual (or desired) specs:
32-bit RISC CPU
Built-in interfaces to RAM and ROM
Built-in DMA, interrupt and timing controllers Built-in interfaces to disk or flash memory
Built-in Ethernet/802.11 interfaces
Built-in LCD/CRT interfaces
New SOCs appearing almost every week!
Examples
Intel StrongARM SA-1110 Motorola PowerPC MPC823e
NEC VR4181
Many, many more
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Department of Computer Sciences &Engineering, Shiraz UniversityMay 16, 2005
Embedded OS and Software
Principal role: Not transformation of data but
interaction with physical world
Acquires properties of physical world
Takes time
Consumes power
Does not terminate (unless it fails)
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Department of Computer Sciences &Engineering, Shiraz UniversityMay 16, 2005
Embedded Operating Systems:
Office-style OSes PalmOS
WindowsCE
RTOSes VxWorks
QNX
Linux Linux is alreadyubiquitous
Hundreds of different devices are using it
http://www.linuxdevices.com/articles/AT4936596231.html
Numerous commercial + open source products
Mobile OS
Symbian Others
TinyOS
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Department of Computer Sciences &Engineering, Shiraz UniversityMay 16, 2005
What is a Microcontroller?
A microcontroller is an entire computer
manufactured on a single chip.
They have a high concentration of on-chip
facilities such as serial ports, parallel
input/output ports, timers, counters, interrupt
control, analog-to-digital converters, random
access memory, read only memory, etc.
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Department of Computer Sciences &Engineering, Shiraz UniversityMay 16, 2005
The 8051 Microcontroller:
The 8051 is the first microcontroller of the MCS-51 family introduced by IntelCorporation at the end of the 1970s.
The 8051 family characteristics:
4K Bytes ROM 128 Bytes RAM
two timer/counters (16 bit)
A serial port
4 general purpose parallel input/output port
Interrupt controller
The 8051 can address 64K of external data memory and 64K of Externalprogram memory.
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Department of Computer Sciences &Engineering, Shiraz UniversityMay 16, 2005
Microcontroller 8051 internal Architecture
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Department of Computer Sciences &Engineering, Shiraz UniversityMay 16, 2005
8051 pin description
8051 other family members:
8751 (has EPROM) 8951 (has EEPROM)
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Department of Computer Sciences &Engineering, Shiraz UniversityMay 16, 2005
A simple project using AT89C51
Here weve designed, built and programmed a digital
BCD counter that counts from 0 to 9 on a 7Segment
display.
We use register A as Accumulator, in each delayed cycle
the accumulator increments by one and result is showed
on the 7segment display.
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Department of Computer Sciences &Engineering, Shiraz UniversityMay 16, 2005
A simple project using AT89C51
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Department of Computer Sciences &Engineering, Shiraz UniversityMay 16, 2005
References
Web References: www.google.com
http://www.embedded.com
http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system
http://www.linuxdevices.com Mani Srivastavas EE202A class
http://nesl.ee.ucla.edu/courses/ee202a/2002f
Edward Lee, Embedded Software http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/497408.html
Books: The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems: Mazidi, M.A.
Microprocessors: Uffenbeck, john.
http://nesl.ee.ucla.edu/courses/ee202a/2002fhttp://nesl.ee.ucla.edu/courses/ee202a/2002fhttp://citeseer.nj.nec.com/497408.htmlhttp://citeseer.nj.nec.com/497408.htmlhttp://citeseer.nj.nec.com/497408.htmlhttp://citeseer.nj.nec.com/497408.htmlhttp://nesl.ee.ucla.edu/courses/ee202a/2002fhttp://nesl.ee.ucla.edu/courses/ee202a/2002f8/12/2019 embeddedsystems laucher
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Department of Computer Sciences &Engineering, Shiraz UniversityMay 16, 2005
At the End
Thanks for your Attention ;)
Ramtin Raji Kermani
Spring 2005