1. EYE MOVEMENT BASED HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTIONTECHNIQUES: TOWARDS NON-COMMAND INTERFACE BY RAJ KIRAN 09B91A0586 GNITC

2. The Eye Eye Movement Non-command Introduction Conclusion Tracking Interface Eyes are the windows of the soul. Eye are the parts which perceive light in our human body. Interaction with other body parts. A Combination of eyes and brain help us in processesing complex visual information.

3. How We See ? Eye Movement Non-command Introduction Conclusion Tracking Interface

4. Physiology of Eye Eye Movement Non-command Introduction Conclusion Tracking Interface Cornea is a transparent structure that covers the iris and pupil; a part of the focusing system of an eye. Pupil is the adjustable opening at the center of the iris that allows varying amounts of light to enter the eye. Lens helps to focus light on the retina. Retina includes rods (94%), which are sensitive to light and cones (6%) that capture colors. Cones are concentrated in the centre of the retina - the fovea

5. Facts about Human gaze Eye Movement Non-command Introduction Conclusion Tracking Interface Ones eye is rarely stationary. Eye movement reflects a viewers visual information process. The eyes can move faster than the hand. Eye movement consists of: Saccades Fixations

6. Eye tracking Technology Eye Movement Non-command Introduction Conclusion Tracking Interface What is Eye tracking? Eye tracking is the measurement of eye activity. Why use eye tracking ? Gives an accurate measure of where ones looking. Enhances or back-ups observations. Can lead to many potentially useful applications.

7. Techniques for measuring eye movements Eye Movement Non-command Introduction Conclusion Tracking Interface Measuring Visual line of gaze (Where he or she is looking in space). Different techniques used for measuring eye movements. Skin Electrodes Contact lens Head Mounted Remote System

8. Techniques for eye tracking: Skin Electrodes Eye Movement Non-command Introduction Conclusion Tracking Interface Electrodes placed on the skin around the eye socket. Measuring the electrical differences between retina and cornea. GOOD POINTS: Both eyes can be recorded together Least expensive Simple to use DOWNFALLS: It is limited to horizontal and vertical movements Poor accuracy for absolute positioning

9. Techniques for eye tracking: Contact lens Eye Movement Non-command Introduction Conclusion Tracking Interface A non-slipping contact lens fits over corneal bulge. Tracking is recorded by affixing a magnetic coil or mirror to the lens. GOOD POINTS: Provides accurate data about the nature of human eye movements. DOWNFALLS: Extremely awkward, uncomfortable for the user. Interferes with blinking. Covers only a limited range of eye movements.

10. Techniques for eye tracking: Head Mounted Eye Movement Non-command Introduction Conclusion Tracking Interface Small camera and light source mounted to users head via a headband or helmet Reports the angle of the users eye with respect to his or her head. Two data sources can determine the line of gaze in physical space. GOOD POINTS: Doesnt restrict the users head movements DOWNFALLS: More awkward to use than the desk-based system as the user has to have instrument mounted to head.

11. Techniques for eye tracking: Remote System Eye Movement Non-command Introduction Conclusion Tracking Interface Most practical method of eye tracking. Uses Illuminator/eye camera. Tracking visible features of the eye. Head movements can be distinguished from eye movements by tracking 2 points. GOOD POINTS: Allows for a fair range of head movements Accurate, fast and affordable DOWNFALLS: Head still needs to stay within camera range. Delicate to calibrate and operate

12. Current Challenges Eye Movement Non-command Introduction Conclusion Tracking Interface Midas Touch problem Jitter of eye Multiple Fixations in a single Gaze Instability in eye Tracking Equipment

13. Non-command Interface Eye Movement Non-command Introduction Conclusion Tracking Interface Non-command interaction Interaction Techniques Object Selection Moving an object Eye controlled scrolling text Menu commands Listener window

14. Towards and beyond Non-command interfaces Eye Movement Non-command Introduction Conclusion Tracking Interface Command Style Interactivity New Interface Styles Beyond Windows System

15. Interactive Applications Eye Movement Non-command Introduction Conclusion Tracking Interface Accessibility System Enhancement Non-Command Based Systems Virtual Displays

16. Interactive Applications: Accessibility Eye Movement Non-command Introduction Conclusion Tracking Interface Eye tracking can allow people to use their eyes to communicate Because the ability of some handicapped individuals to operate other devices is limited or nonexistent. The eye movement interface need to perform only minimally well to provide a significant benefit.

17. Interactive Applications: Non-command based systems Eye Movement Non-command Introduction Conclusion Tracking Interface Non-command based system The system passively monitors the user and responds as appropriate, rather than waiting for the user to issue specific commands. EX : Gamming Applications

18. Interactive Applications: System Enhancement Eye Movement Non-command Introduction Conclusion Tracking Interface Mainly used for the users whose hands are occupied Potential Problems: Some will find the eye movement based interface better (faster, more convenient and more natural) while others may feel uncomfortable. Too unnatural to use in critical situations? Eye tracking may be best used to act as a supplemental input or display method.

19. Interactive Applications: Virtual Displays Eye Movement Non-command Introduction Conclusion Tracking Interface Making VR more realistic If accurate, the user cannot detect the difference between this arrangement and the large, high-resolution display it emulates.

20. A Case Study on Tobii T120 Eye Tracker Tobii T120 Eye Tracker Tobii T120 Eye Trackers enable you to conduct on-screeneye tracking studies for a wide variety of research purposes. Itdelivers reliable results in a natural testing environment

21. A Case Study on Tobii T120 Eye Tracker Figure : Overview Of Eye Tracking System

22. A Case Study on Tobii T120 Eye Tracker Corneal reflection Figure : Working of Eye Tracking System Initially position and orientation of eye are determined. The Gaze Point is found at the intersection of optical axis and the viewing plane

23. A Case Study on Eye Tracking in Cognitive ScienceVisual Search Physical and cognitive processing limitations can prevent us from instantly recognizing the presence of a target item in a single glance.

24. A Case Study on Eye Tracking in Cognitive ScienceMethodSubjects had to look for a specific object within a visual scene. Target could be specified by a word or a picture. Pictures specify the target template more elaborately than words. To manipulate the time that the subject had to build up a target template and keep it salient in memory. To manipulate target familiarity, the target specification was either shown 4 times to the subject prior to experiment.

25. A Case Study on Eye Tracking in Cognitive Science

26. A Case Study on Eye Tracking in Cognitive ScienceResultsPicture rather than word resulted in: Faster total search times Shorter scanning and verification times Fewer regions visited Shorter scanning fixation durations (rejection of distractors)

27. Conclusion Eye Movement Non-command Introduction Conclusion Tracking Interface An Eye tracker as an input device is far from perfect The approach in designing interaction techniques should be more efficient We can view eye movement-based interaction as an instance of an emerging new style of user-computer interaction It is helpful for usability studies to understand users interact with their environments Potentially could provide new and more effective methods of computer-human interaction

28. Conclusion Eye Movement Non-command Introduction Conclusion Tracking Interface Potentially could provide new and more effective methods of computer-human interaction It is amazing that eye movement-based interaction can be done at all The Technology is still improving, and is not quite there yet but has an exciting future!