THE DICTATORIAL GOVERNMENT OF EMILIO AGUINALDO

May 24 1898 – June 23 1898

MITRA, KARYLL ANN G

AGUINALDO IN EXILEFILIPINO EXILES IN HONG KONG

Emilio Aguinaldo led 36 other revolutionaryleaders into exile in the British colony. Theywere:

Pedro Aguinaldo

Tomas Aguinaldo

Joaquin Alejandrino

Celestino Aragon

Jose Aragon

Primitivo Artacho

Vito Belarmino

Agapito Bonzon

Antonio Carlos

Eugenio dela Cruz

Agustin Dela Rosa

Gregorio H. del Pilar

Lino Viola

Valentin Diaz

Salvador Estrella

Vitaliano Famular

Dr. Anastacio Francisco

Pedro Francisco

Francisco Frani

Maximo Kabigting

Vicente Kagton

Silvestre Legaspi

Teodoro Legaspi

Mariano Llanera

Doroteo Lopez

Vicente Lukban

Lazaro Makapagal

Miguel Malvar

Tomas Mascardo

Antonio Montenegro

Benito Natividad

Carlos Ronquillo

Manuel Tinio

Miguel Valenzuela

Wenceslao Viniegra

Escolastico Viola

BATTLE OF MANILA BAYSPANISH-AMERICAN WAR

DATE:

May 1 1898

RESULT:

U. S. Victory

BELLIGERENTS:

United States and Kingdom of Spain

COMMANDERS:

George Dewey and Patricio Montojo

LOCATION:

Near Manila, Philippines

BATTLE OF MANILA BAYSPANISH-AMERICAN WAR

INTRODUCTION

25 April 1898, US declared war on Spain following the sinking of Battleship Mainon 15 Feb 1898

Considered as the FIRST MAJOR ENGAGEMENT of the Spanish-American War

One of the most DECISIVE NAVAL BATTLES in history

War ended with the signing of Treaty of Paris on 10 December 1898

BATTLE OF MANILA BAYSPANISH-AMERICAN WAR

BACKGROUND

1492, Spain was the first European nation to sail westward across the AtlanticOcean, explore and colonize nations on the Western Hemisphere

Amongst their colonies back then, Cuba was the first to initiate a struggle forindependence

Commodore George Dewey sailed from Hong Kong

"You may fire when ready, Gridley“

The Spanish fleet under Rear Admiral Patricio Montojo was destroyed

AGUINALDO RETURNS

AGUINALDO RETURNS

Emilio Famy Aguinaldo returned to Manila with thirteen of his staff on May19 aboard the American revenue cutter McCulloch, Aguinaldo reassumed commandof Filipino rebel forces.

When General Emilio Famy Aguinaldo returned to the country from his exile in HongKong in May 1898, the truce signed between Filipino revolutionists and Spaniards atBiak-na-Bato in December 1897 had been broken in many parts of the country.

Five days after his arrival, on May 24, upon the advise of Ambrosio Rianzares,Aguinaldo temporarily established a dictatorial government, but plans were afootto proclaim the independence of the country.

AGUINALDO AND COMMODORE DEWEY

EMILIO AGUINALDO:

"The Admiral added that the United States had come to the Philippines to protect the natives and free them from theyoke of Spain. He said, moreover, that America is exceedingly well off as regards territory, revenue, and resourcesand therefore needs no colonies, assuring me finally that there was no occasion for me to entertain any doubtswhatever about the recognition of the Independence of the Philippines by the United States.“

Aguinaldo, in his book, "A Second Look At America," admitted he naively believedthat Dewey "acted in good faith" on behalf of the Filipinos.

AGUINALDO AND COMMODORE DEWEY

In late May, Dewey was ordered by the U.S. Department of theNavy to distance himself from Aguinaldo lest he make untowardcommitments to the Philippine forces.

Dewey referred to the Filipinos as "the Indians" and promisedWashington, D.C. that he would "enter the city (Manila) and keepthe Indians out.“

THE DICTATORIAL GOVERNMENT

Filipino rebels routed the Spaniards in Alapan, Cavite.

By early June, with no arms supplied by Dewey, Aguinaldo's forces hadoverwhelmed Spanish garrisons in Cavite and around Manila, surrounded the capitalwith 14 miles of trenches, captured the Manila waterworks and shut off access orescape by the Pasig River. Links were established with other movements throughoutthe country.

With the exception of Muslim areas on Mindanao and nearby islands, the Filipinoshad taken effective control of the rest of the Philippines.

Aguinaldo's 12,000 troops kept the Spanish soldiers bottled up inside Manila untilAmerican troop reinforcements could arrive.

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

On June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo proclaimedPhilippine independence from the window ofhis house in Kawit, Cavite, and waved thePhilippine Flag officially for the first time tothe martial strains of the new nationalanthem.

THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL FLAG

The event saw the unfurling of theNational Flag of the Philippines, made inHong Kong by Marcela Agoncillo, LorenzaAgoncillo, and Delfina Herboza.

The original design of the flag adopted amythical sun with a face, a symbol commonto several former Spanish colonies.

The flag of Cuba influenced the design ofthe flag of the Philippines as Cuba'srevolution against Spain inspired, to somedegree, the Philippine Revolution.

ROYAL BLUE

SCARLET RED

THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL FLAG

8 PROVINCES THAT FIRST STARTED 1896 PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION:

Manila

Cavite

Bulacan

Pampanga

Nueva Ecija

Tarlac

Laguna

Batangas

PROPOSALS

EMMANUEL OSORIO

PRES. FIDEL V. RAMOS

HALF-MAST

Upon the official announcement of the death of the President or a former President,the flag should be flown at half-mast for ten days

The flag should be flown at half-mast for seven days following the death ofthe Vice President, the Chief Justice, the President of the Senate or the Speaker ofthe House of Representatives

The flag may also be required to fly at half-mast upon the death of other personsto be determined by the National Historical Institute, for a period less than sevendays

The flag shall be flown at half-mast on all the buildings and places where thedecedent was holding office, on the day of death until the day of interment of anincumbent member.

MARCHA FILIPINA MAGDALO

Marcha Filipina Magdalo, now knownas Lupang Hinirang (Chosen Land), wascomposed by Julián Felipe.

Originally written as incidental music, it did nothave lyrics when it was adopted as the anthemof the revolutionary First PhilippineRepublic and subsequently played duringthe proclamation of Philippine independence onJune 12, 1898.

The lyrics were then adapted fromthe Spanish poem Filipinas, written by JoséPalma in 1899.

R.A. 8491

oLupang Hinirang "shall be in accordance with the musical arrangement andcomposition of Julián Felipe.“

oDuring televised boxing matches featuring Filipino boxer Manny Pacquiao, singershave been both praised and criticized by the National Historical Institute (NHI) forsinging too slow or too fast.

Martin Nievera (Pacquiao-Hatton)

Sarah Geronimo (Pacquiao-Morales III)

Zyrene parsad (Pacquiao-Margarito)

Jennifer Bautista (Pacquiao-Morales II)

oThe NHI says that the proper tempo is a two-fourths beat and 100 metronomes andthat it should last 53 seconds.

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

The Act of the Declaration of Independence was prepared, written, and readby Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista in Spanish. The Declaration was signed by 98 people

Aguinaldo issued several important decrees reorganizing the government in theliberated provinces: the decree of June 18 reorganized municipalities and provinces,through the election of Popular Assemblies, whose heads the town chiefs then electedthe provincial councils. The decree also provided for the election of delegates to theRevolutionary Congress by the town chiefs.

August 1, 1898, town officials assembled at Bacoor, then the seat of theRevolutionary government, and ratified the newly proclaimed Philippineindependence.

STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE

The declaration was neverrecognized by either the UnitedStates or Spain.

Later in 1898, Spain ceded thePhilippines to the United States inthe 1898 Treaty of Paris that endedthe Spanish-American War.

1898 TREATY OF PARIS

The Treaty of Paris of 1898, 30 Stat. 1754, was an agreement made in 1898 thatresulted in the Spanish Empire's surrendering control of Cuba and ceding Puerto Rico,parts of the Spanish West Indies, the island of Guam, and the Philippines tothe United States.

The cession of the Philippines involved a payment of $20 million from the UnitedStates to the Spanish Empire.

The treaty was signed on December 10, 1898, and ended the Spanish-AmericanWar.

The Treaty of Paris signaled the end of the Spanish Empire in the Americas andthe Pacific Islands, and it marked the beginning of the age of the United States as aworld power.

THE REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT OF EMILIO AGUINALDO

June 23 1898 – January 21 1899

MITRA, KARYLL ANN G

THE REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT

The Revolutionary Government is anothergovernment established by Gen. EmilioAguinaldo on the 23rd day of June in theyear 1898; replacing the dictatorialgovernment.

This government aims to struggle for thePhilippine independence until the foreigncountries including Spain will recognized thePhilippines. It also aims for the futureestablishment of the real republic.

THE REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT

change of government from Dictatorial to Revolutionary

change of the Executive title from Dictator to President

establishment of four major departments including that of foreign affairs, navy and commerce

war and public works

agriculture and manufacture industries

appointment of delegates to the Revolutionary Congress from the non-liberated provinces

creation of the Executive Board of the Revolutionary Committee at Hong Kong

On June 20, Aguinaldo issued a decree organizing the judiciary, and on June

23, again upon Mabini’s advice, major changes were promulgated and

implemented:

THE REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT

As Mabini envisioned it, the Revolutionary Congress created by the June 18 decreehad several aims: to promote the interest of the Filipinos through the passage ofrelevant laws and to serve as the Executive’s advisory body.

On September 15 Aguinaldo formally opened the revolutionary congress at thechurch of Barasoain in Malolos.

Later the representatives elected their officers:

PRESIDENT: Pedro Paterno

VICE-PRESIDENT: Benito Legarda

FIRST SECRETARY: Gregorio Araneta

SECOND SECRETARY: Pablo Ocampo

THE REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT

It was not long after their first convening that the Malolos Representatives ran into conflictwith Mabini, who believed that the times demanded not the writing of a supreme law, whichrequired the luxury of time, but an executive made strong by congressional support.

In the end Congress prevailed over Mabini, and began their constitutional work.

There were three draft constitutions presented by:

- Pedro Paterno

- Apolinario Mabini

-Felipe Calderon

Calderon’s draft, influenced by constitutions of various South American nations, was eventuallychosen.