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Emotion, p. 394-403A response of the whole
organism, involving • Physiological arousal
by the autonomic nervous system
• Expressive behaviors• Conscious experience
Arousal and Performance
Performance peaks at lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks, and at higher levels for easy or well-learned tasks
Performancelevel
Low
Arousal
High
Difficult tasks Easy tasks
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Expressing emotionNonverbal language
and verbal language helps to express emotion.
Nonverbal communication can be universal
Cultural Emotion and ExpressionGestures are sometimes culturally
determinedFacial expressions for the basic emotions are
universal: Joy, anger, interest, disgust, surprise, sadness, and fear
If I smile will it make me happy?Paul Ekman found expressions amplify the
felt emotion and signal the body to respond accordingly
Soooooo smile!
Emotion-Lie Detectors
Polygraph machine commonly used in attempts to detect lies
measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion perspiration cardiovascular breathing changes
Emotion--Lie Detectors
50 Innocents50 Theives
1/3 of innocent declared guilty
1/4 of guilty declared innocent (from Kleinmuntz & Szucko, 1984)
Percentage
Innocentpeople
Guiltypeople
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Judged innocent by polygraphJudged guilty by polygraph
Experienced Emotion
Catharsis emotional release catharsis hypothesis
“releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
Feel-good, do-good phenomenon people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
Theories of Emotion, p.413-417
Does your heart pound because you are afraid... or are you afraid because you feel your heart pounding?
James-Lange Theory of EmotionExperience of emotion is awareness of
physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
Fear(emotion)
Poundingheart
(arousal)
Sight of oncoming
car(perception of
stimulus)
James-Lange (cont.)Subjects report
feeling more sad when viewing scenes of war, sickness, and starvation if their “sad face” muscles are activation.
They also find comic strips funnier if their “happy face” muscles are activated.
Cannon-BardTheory of Emotion
Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger:physiological responses subjective experience
of emotion
Schachter’s Two Factor Theory of Emotion
To experience emotion one must:be physically
aroused cognitively
label the arousal
People who are already physiologically aroused experience more intense emotions than unaroused people when both groups are exposed to the same stimuli.Biology and Cognition interact with each other to increase the experience.
Schachter’s Two-Factor (cont.)
Injection Told Emotion
Group 1 Epinephrine Will increase arousal
Mild
Group 2 Epinephrine Will have no effect
Strong
Epinephrine Study:
Schachter’s Two-Factor (cont.)Swinging Bridge
Study
Would you like my phone number?
Reviewing the three
Emotion follows (lags behind) arousal
Emotion occurs at the same time as arousal
Arousal + Cognitive label Emotion
Quiz questionAfter being physically aroused by his daily 3-mile run, Casper finds that he experiences resentment if his wife asks for an unexpected favor and more intense romantic feelings if she kisses him. Casper’s experience can best be described by the:a. Cannon-Bard theoryb. James-Lange theoryc. Two-factor theoryd. Opponent-process theory