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EMOTIONALof or relating to a person’s emotions : children with emotional difficulties.• arousing or characterized by intense feeling : an emotional speech.• (of a person) having feelings that are eas-ily excited and openly displayed : he was a strongly emotional young man.• based on emotion rather than reason : sound reason, not an emotional knee-jerk response, is the best recipe for making decisions.

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All texts highlighted with the “ “, are notes while reading from the following books. There’s no special sequence for each page.

Dorst, Kees. Understanding Design. Corte Madera, CA: Gingko Press, Inc, 2006. Print.

Lawson, Bryan. How Designer think. London : The Architectural Press, 198o. 33. Print.

Koberg, Don and Bagnall, Jim. “The revised all new universal traveler.” Los Altos, California: Crisp Publications, Inc, 1974. Print.

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In fact not only are de-signers likely to devise different solutions but they also perceive prob-lems differently. our un-derstanding of design problem and the informa-tion needed to solve them depends to a certain ex-tent upon our ideas for solving them.

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Keeping a “journal” is be-coming a popular way to record notes regarding the facts and discoveries about special interests. Sometimes a problem can benefit from having its own “record book” or journey to separate it from other problems in your life.

Journal:noun ( pl. -neys)an act of traveling from one place to another : she went on a long journey | figurative your journey through life.verb ( -neys, -neyed) [ intrans. ]travel somewhere : they journeyed south.

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If you want to learn about something, try teaching it to someone else. No on ever learns as much as the teacher.

Learn:verb1 gain or acquire knowledge of or skill in (something) by study, experience, or being taught : they’d started learning French | [with infinitive ] she is learn-ing to play the piano | [ intrans. ] we learn from

experience.• commit to memory : I’d learned too many grim poems in school.• become aware of (something) by informa-tion or from observation : [with clause ] I learned that they had eaten already | [ intrans. ] the military learned of a plot

to attack the presidential compound.2 archaic, informal teach (someone) : “That’ll learn you,” he chuckled | [ trans. ] we’ll have to learn you to milk cows.

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Finding interrelation-ships is a most creative activity. Make analogy-Finding one of your pas-times. Pick some random thing around you and fine ten things that are like in some way.

Pick:1 [ trans. ] take hold of and remove (a flower, fruit, or vegetable) from where it is growing.• [ trans. ] take hold of and lift or move.• [ intrans. ] ( pick up) Golf lift up one’s ball, esp. when conceding a hole.

2 [ trans. ] choose (someone or something) from a number of alter-natives, typically after careful thought.• ( pick one’s way) [with adverbial of direction ] walk slowly and care-fully, selecting the best or safest places to put one’s feet.

3 [ intrans. ] repeatedly pull at something with one’s fingers.• [ trans. ] make (a hole) in fabric by doing this.• eat food or a meal in small amounts or with-out much appetite.• criticize someone in a niggling way.• [ trans. ] remove

unwanted matter from (one’s nose or teeth) by using one’s finger or a pointed instrument.• [ trans. ] pluck the strings of (a guitar or banjo).• [ trans. ] ( pick some-thing out) play a tune on such an instrument slowly or with difficulty.

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Design can indeed be seen as learning: as a designer, you gradually gather knowledge about the nature of the design problem and the best routes to take towards a design solution. You do this by trying out differ-ent ways of looking at the problem, and experiment-ing with various solution

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directions. You propose, experiment, and learn from the results, until you arrive at a satisfac-tory result.

Try:1 [ intrans. ] make an attempt or effort to do something.• ( try for) attempt to achieve or attain .• [ trans. ] use, test, or do (something new or different) in order to see if it is suitable, effective, or pleasant.

• ( try out for) compete or audition in order to join (a team) or be given (a position).• [ trans. ] go to (a place) or attempt to contact (someone), typically in order to obtain some-thing .• [ trans. ] push or pull (a door or window) to

determine whether it is locked.• [ trans. ] make severe demands on (a person or a quality, typically patience).2 [ trans. ] (usu. be tried) subject (someone) to trial.• investigate and decide (a case or issue) in a

formal trial.3 [ trans. ] chiefly Brit. smooth (roughly planed wood) with a plane to give an accurately flat surface.4 [ trans. ] extract (oil or fat) by heating : some of the fat may be tried out and used.

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Evaluation teaches that design is a form of opti-mism because it antici-pates the best possible outcome.

optimism:noun1 hopefulness and con-fidence about the future or the successful out-come of something : the talks had been amicable, and there were grounds for optimism.2 Philosophy the doc-trine, esp. as set forth by

Leibniz, that this world is the best of all possible worlds.• the belief that good must ultimately prevail over evil in the universe.

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To document process is the best we can do. One commonly enjoyed form is the “diary” or personal record of what transpired. As increasingly popular version of that record is the journal where a re-cord develops to include not only observations, but conclusions and predic-tions as well.

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You challenge yourself by aiming high, by be-ing as ambitious as pos-sible. Because you have inserted your own goals, you become personally attached to the project, desperately wanting to wanting to make your ideas work.

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In design the solution is not just the logical out-come of the problem, and there is therefore no sequence of operations which will guarantee a result.. In fact we shall see how controlling and varying the design pro-cess is one of the most important skills a design-er must develop.

Control:1 the power to influence or direct people’s be-havior or the course of events. 2 Statistics a group or individual used as a standard of comparison for checking the results of a survey or experi-ment.

3 a member of an intel-ligence organization who personally directs the activities of a spy.

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It is clear from our analy-sis of the nature of design problems that the design-er must inevitably expend considerable energy in identifying the problems confronting him. It is cen-tral to modern thinking about design that prob-lems and solutions are seen as emerging together rather than one following logically upon the other.

Analysis:detailed examina-tion of the elements or structure of something, typically as a basis for discussion or interpre-tation. the process of separating something into its constituent ele-ments

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The control and combina-tion of rational and imag-inative thought is one of the designer’s most im-portant skills.

Imaginative:adjectivehaving or showing crea-tivity or inventiveness : making imaginative use of computer software | he was imaginative beyond all other architects.

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We make our assump-tions about the problems it solves and later, when faced with an apparently similar problem we make the connection with the previously remembered solution.

Assumption:1 a thing that is accepted as true or as certain to happen, without proof : they made certain assumptions about the market | [with clause ] we’re working on the assumption that the time of death was after midnight.

2 the action of taking or beginning to take power or responsibility : the as-sumption of an active role in regional settlements.3 ( Assumption) the reception of the Virgin Mary bodily into heaven. This was formally de-clared a doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church

in 1950. See also Dormi-tion .• the feast in honor of this, celebrated on Au-gust 15.4 archaic arrogance or presumption.

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Relax occasionally dur-ing the problem-solving process. Allowing your thought to become behav-ior. We all need time to “di-gest” what we eat, before chewing some more.

Behavior:nounthe way in which one acts or conducts oneself, esp. toward others : good behavior | his insulting behavior toward me.• the way in which an animal or person acts in response to a particular situation or stimulus :

the feeding behavior of predators.• the way in which a natural phenomenon or a machine works or functions : the erratic behavior of the old car.

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In design, your goals are partly determined by oth-ers, the stakeholders, because the things you create must fulfill some practical purpose in the wider world. In art, this is not the case. An art-ist determines his or her own goals, They have this freedom because with their creation, artists do

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not aim for any practical application, but strive to influence the feeling or thinking of an audience.

Feeling:1 an emotional state or reaction : a feeling of joy.• ( feelings) the emo-tional side of someone’s character; emotional responses or tendencies to respond : I don’t want to hurt her feelings.• strong emotion : “God bless you!” she said with

feeling.See note at emotion .2 a belief, esp. a vague or irrational one : [with clause ] he had the feel-ing that he was being watched.• an opinion, typically one shared by several people : a feeling grew that justice had not been

done.3 the capacity to experi-ence the sense of touch : a loss of feeling in the hands.• the sensation of touch-ing or being touched by a particular thing : the feeling of water against your skin.4 ( feeling for) a sensitiv-

ity to or intuitive under-standing of : he seems to have little feeling for art.

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To avoid frustration, it is important not to burden yourself with the target of achieving Novelty in eve-ry project. But you should strive to always do things that are new to you, irre-spective of the novelty-value they might have for the rest of the world.

Frustration:the feeling of being upset or annoyed, esp. because of inability to change or achieve something : I sometimes feel like screaming with frustration.• an event or circum-stance that causes one to have such a feeling : the

inherent frustrations of assembly line work.• the prevention of the progress, success, or fulfillment of something : the frustration of their wishes.

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He said if I kept making compromises, I would have to defend every one of them (impossible, of course). But if I made some clear basic deci-sions that he could under-stand, he would accept almost any clear choice I made. After this trau-matic event I had to start my project all over again

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and, of course, the later ideas also contained some compromises, but I could point out where they were, and why they were absolutely neces-sary.

Defend:verb [ trans. ]resist an attack made on (someone or some-thing); protect from harm or danger : we shall defend our country, whatever the cost.• speak or write in favor of (an action or person); attempt to justify : he

defended his policy of imposing high taxes.• conduct the case for (the party being accused or sued) in a lawsuit : the lawyer had defended an-ticommunist dissidents.• compete to retain (a title or seat) in a contest or election : he success-fully defended his Con-

gressional seat in new elections | [as adj. ] ( defending) the defending champion.• [ intrans. ] (in sports) protect one’s goal rather than attempt to score against one’s opponents.

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The solution to this is called ‘concentric devel-opment’, which recom-mends that you develop all aspects of the design to the same level of de-tail before you decide to go on to the next phase. It is as if you keep circling around your design, look-ing at it from all sides. In doing so, you make sure

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your design stays bal-anced-not necessarily at every moment in time, but at least at the mo-ment you make impor-tant decisions.

Circl:verb [ trans. ]move all the way around (someone or some-thing), esp. more than once : the two dogs circle each other with hackles raised | [ intrans. ] we circled around the island.• [ trans. ] (from the air) move in a ring-shaped

path above (someone or something), esp. more than once : they were circling the airport | [as adj. ] ( circling) a circling helicopter.• [ intrans. ] ( circle back) move in a wide loop back toward one’s starting point.• (often be circled) form

a ring around : the mon-astery was circled by a huge wall.• draw a line around : circle the correct an-swers.

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Designers are convinced that ‘design’ is a special way of thinking, and they spend a lot of time try-ing to convince the rest of the world of this. They are using this argument to battle against a lack of recognition.

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In design, you need both intuition and reasoning: these two fundamentally dissimilar of thinking are combined within every design project.

Intuition:nounthe ability to understand something immediately, without the need for conscious reasoning : we shall allow our intuition to guide us.• a thing that one knows or considers likely from instinctive feeling rather

than conscious reason-ing : your insights and intuitions as a native speaker are positively sought.

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Intuition plays a role in all human behavior. Much of what we think just pops up in our head. Of course, we also reason logically from problem to solution and there are stretches of reasoning where the mind works like a ma-chine, moving through a problem methodically, step by step. But those

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times seem to be the ex-ception, not the rule. Of-ten we intuitively reach a solution and construct an explanation (rationali-zation) afterward.

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As the architect Richard MacCormac observed: ’ I don’t think you can de-sign anything just by ab-sorbing information and then hoping to synthesize it into a solution. What you need to know about the problem only be-comes apparent as you’re trying to solve it.

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Design can be captivat-ing. If all goes well, the design problem is in-teresting, your ideas flow nicely, and you are in another world. Noth-ing exists except your own thoughts, decisions, sketches, doubts.

Doubt:a feeling of uncertainty or lack of conviction : some doubt has been cast upon the authenticity of this account | they had doubts that they would ever win. See note at uncertainty .verb1 [ trans. ] feel uncertain

about : I doubt my ability to do the job.• question the truth or fact of (something) : who can doubt the value of these services? | [with clause ] I doubt if anyone slept that night.• disbelieve (a person or their word) : I have no reason to doubt him.

• [ intrans. ] feel uncer-tain, esp. about one’s religious beliefs.2 [with clause ] archaic fear; be afraid of : I doubt not your contradictions.

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Designers from practice are typically very ea-ger to solve the problem a student lays before them, and to help the student get a wonderful design by the end of the project. But of course, student’s designs are not as important as their learning process. This means that in the role tu-tor, you should not say everything that comes

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into your ‘designer’s mind’. You must often let the students make the mistakes they are head-ing for, confront them with those mistakes and then help them reach a different solution. You do not help them learn by solving their problems for them, although that may make both the stu-dent and tutor feel good.

Eager:adjective(of a person) wanting to do or have something very much : the man was eager to please | young intellectuals eager for knowledge.• (of a person’s expres-sion or tone of voice) characterized by keen expectancy or interest : small eager faces looked up and listened.

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You have to present and defend your own opinions about design. It is not the kind of study where you can safely hide be-hind books and are only judged by exam results. There is nothing anony-mous about becoming a designer. A lack of enthu-siasm will sooner or later come to the surface and make it that much harder.

Enthusiasm:1 intense and eager enjoyment, interest, or approval : her energy and enthusiasm for life | few expressed enthusiasm about the current leaders.• a thing that arouses such feelings : the three enthusiasms of his life were politics, religion, and books.2 archaic derogatory religious fervor suppos-edly resulting directly from divine inspira-tion, typically involving speaking in tongues and wild, uncoordinated movements of the body.

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Ideally, designers should acquire the split person-ality necessary to work in both worlds, and alter-nate between ‘free’ pro-ject and those that have great commercial value.

Split:1 break or cause to break forcibly into parts, esp. into halves or along the grain.• remove or be removed by breaking, separating, or dividing.• divide or cause to divide into parts or ele-ments.• [ trans. ] divide and share (something, esp. resources or responsibil-ities) : they met up and split the booty.• [ trans. ] cause the fis-

sion of (an atom).• [ trans. ] issue new shares of (stock) to existing stockholders in proportion to their cur-rent holdings.2 (with reference to a group of people) divide into two or more groups : [ intrans. ] let’s split up and find the other two | [ trans. ] once again the family was split up.• [ intrans. ] end a mar-riage or an emotional or working relationship : I split up with my boy-

friend a year ago.• [ trans. ] (often be split) (of an issue) cause (a group) to be divided because of opposing views : the party was deeply split over its future direction.3 [ intrans. ] informal (of one’s head) suffer great pain from a headache : my head is splitting | [as adj. ] ( splitting) a split-ting headache.4 [ intrans. ] informal leave a place, esp. sud-denly : “Let’s split,” Har-

vey said.5 [ intrans. ] Brit., infor-mal betray the secrets of or inform on someone : I told him I wouldn’t split on him.

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The bigger talents of-ten have an element of danger in them, some-thing absolute, an all-or-nothing monomania-cal streak. They are so focused on what they strongly want and what they really can do very well, that any call of flex-ibility is lost upon them. Great talents tend to not

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do so well in school. They are self-propelled and easily collide with any system, be in their school or outside world.

Flexible:capable of bending eas-ily without breaking : flexible rubber seals.• able to be easily modified to respond to altered circumstances or conditions : flexible forms of retirement.• (of a person) ready and able to change so

as to adapt to differ-ent circumstances : you can save money if you’re flexible about where your room is located.

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Design is often seen as a combination of two ways of thinking, a mixture of problem solving and cre-ativity. We have to crea-tively develop a design, but this creativity is not completely unrestricted.

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When it comes to it , these designer appar-ently love their freedom just a little bit more than they love humbly serving their fellow human be-ings. The more you think about it, the stranger this becomes: we all know that designing always involves creating things for others-yet many de-

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signers tend to be moti-vated by the fun of de-signing itself, or by the love for their own crea-tions, and do not seem to want to know too much about the others they are designing for. Is design a schizophrenic profession? Perhaps.

Freedom:the power or right to act, speak, or think as one wants without hin-drance or restraint .• absence of subjection to foreign domination or despotic government • the state of not being imprisoned or enslaved : the shark thrashed its

way to freedom.• the state of being physically unrestricted and able to move easily.• ( freedom from) the state of not being sub-ject to or affected by (a particular undesirable thing) : government poli-cies to achieve freedom

from want.• the power of self-determination attributed to the will; the quality of being independent of fate or necessity.• unrestricted use of something : the dog is happy having the free-dom of the house when

we are out.• archaic familiarity or openness in speech or behavior.

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In a brainstorming ses-sion it is important to create an open atmos-phere where people feel free to just throw in their ideas and associations. Anything goes, because it might spark some in-teresting connections..The one restrictive rule in a brainstorming ses-sion is that people are

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not allowed to criticize each others ideas. A fresh and mad idea is a brittle thing, that can be dismissed quite easily as being unrealistic or strange.

Feel:1 be aware of (a per-son or object) through touching or being touched.• be aware of (some-thing happening) through physical sensa-tion.• examine or search by touch.• [ intrans. ] be capable of sensation.

• [ intrans. ] give a sensation of a particular physical quality when touched.• ( feel one’s way) find one’s way by touch rather than sight.• ( feel one’s way) figura-tive act cautiously, esp. in an area with which one is unfamiliar.• ( feel something out)

informal investigate something cautiously.• ( feel someone up) informal fondle some-one for one’s own sexual stimulation.2 experience (an emo-tion or sensation).• [ intrans. ] consider oneself to be in a par-ticular state or exhibiting

particular qualities.3 [with clause ] have a belief or impression, esp. without an identifiable reason.

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