1
EndingtheWartoEndAllWars
OverviewStudentswilllearnaboutthearmisticethatendedofWorldWarIandtheParisPeaceConference,whichdecidedthefateofpost-WWIGermany.AshortPowerPointcentereddiscussionintroducesstudentstothearmisticeandvariousnationalreactionstoit.Studentsthenassumetherolesofoneofthe“BigFour”leadersattheParisPeacetodebatethefateofpost-warGermanyandcreatetheirownversionoftheTreatyofVersailles.Finally,studentscomparetheirTreatyofVersailleswiththeactualTreatyandthenmakepredictionsaboutitseffectsonthepost-WorldWarIworld.Grade9NCEssentialStandardsforWorldHistory• WH.7.1-Evaluatekeyturningpointsofthemoderneraintermsoftheirlastingimpact• WH.7.2-Analyzetheincreaseineconomicandmilitarycompetitionamongnationsintermsoftheinfluences
ofnationalism,imperialism,militarism,andindustrialization• WH.7.3-Analyzeeconomicandpoliticalrivalries,ethnicandregionalconflicts,andnationalismand
imperialismasunderlyingcausesofwar• WH.8.1-Evaluateglobalwarsintermsofhowtheychallengedpoliticalandeconomicpowerstructuresand
gaverisetonewbalancesofpower• WH.8.2-ExplainhowinternationalcrisishasimpactedinternationalpoliticsMaterials• “EndingtheWartoEndAllWars”accompanyingPowerPoint,availableinCarolinaK-12’sDatabaseofK-12
Resources,here:http://civics.sites.unc.edu/files/2012/05/EndingWartoEndAllWarsPPT.pdfo ToviewthisPDFasaprojectablepresentation,savethefile,click“View”inthetopmenubarofthefile,
andselect“FullScreenMode”o TorequestaneditablePPTversionofthispresentation,[email protected]
• ParisPeaceConferenceSimulationRolesandSupplementalDocuments(attached)o USPresidentWoodrowWilsono BritishPrimeMinsterDavidLloydGeorgeo FrenchPremierGeorgesClemenceauo ItalianPrimeMinisterVittorioOrlandoo BlankTreatyofVersaillesHandouto TreatyofVersaillesSummaryHandout
EssentialQuestions:• HowdidWorldWarIend?• WhatwastheParisPeaceConference?• WhatissuesdidtheTreatyofVersaillessettle?• WhatissueswerenotsettledattheTreatyofVersailles?• HowdidtheTreatyofVersaillescontributetoWorldWarII?
2
DurationOne90minuteclassperiodStudentPreparationStudentsshouldbefamiliarwiththecausesandcourseofWorldWarI.ThislessonshouldbecompletedtowardtheendoftheWorldWarIunit.Procedure
WarmUp:ArmisticeDayCartoon1. Asawarmup,projectslide2ofthe“ParisPeaceConference”PowerPointand,withoutrevealingany
information,allowstudentstosilentlyviewtheimageforafewminutes.Then,posethefollowingquestionstotheclass:• Whatfeaturesjumpedoutatyouwhenyoufirstsawthispicture?• Whatdoyouthinkthehelmetrepresents?Howcanyoutell?Whatdoyounoticeaboutthehelmet?• Whatisunderthehelmet?Whatdoyouthinkitrepresents?• Whattypeofbirdisinthisimage?Whatisthebirdholdinginitsmouth?Whatdothesesymbols
represent?• Whatdoyouthinkthedatesignifies?
TheArmistice
2. InformstudentsthatthiscartoonappearedintheCedarRapids,MichiganGazetteonNovember11,1918–thesamedaytheWorldWarIarmisticewassigned.Havetheclassbrainstormforaminutewhattheword“armistice”meansandsolicitafewstudentresponses.Movetoslide3,whichcontainsthedefinitionofarmistice-Atemporarysuspensionofhostilitiesbyagreementbetweenopponents,atruce-andcomparethestudentdefinitionstothedictionarydefinition.
3. Transitiontoslide4whichcontainsapictureofthefrontpageoftheNewYorkTimesfromNovember11,1918andposethefollowingquestionstothestudents:• WhatdoestheNYTimesheadlinetellyouaboutGermany?
o Germanyisturmoil,theyhaveanewgovernment,peopleareupsetwiththearmistice,GermanEmpireisdisbandedbecausetheKaiserhasfled.
4. Movetoslide5&6–“ArmisticeFastFacts&ArmisticeTerms”–andposethefollowingquestionstothestudents:• AsyoulookatthepaintingdepictingthesigningoftheArmistice,whatdoyounoticeabouttheGerman
delegation?o They’reallstanding
• WhatdoyounoticeabouttheAlliedpersonnel?Doyouthinkthatthey’resittingonpurpose?Whatdoyouthinkthatindicates?o They’reallsittingexceptforoneofficer.Theycouldbesittingonpurposeasasignofdisrespecttothe
Germans.• WhatdoyounoticeaboutthetermsoftheArmistice?DoyouthinkthatGermanyhadanyinputinwriting
theArmisticeagreement?• UsingwhatyouknowaboutWorldWarI,doyouthinktheArmisticeistooharsh,toolenient,or
appropriate?5. Instructstudentstotakeoutapieceofpaperandthencountoffeachstudentfrom1to9beforemovingto
slide7.Afterrevealingslide7–“AftertheArmistice”–informthemthatthispicturewastakenafewminutesaftertheArmisticewassigned.Tellstudentsthatbaseduponthenumbertheydrew,theywillassumethecharacterofthepersonintheimagelabeledwiththecorrespondingnumberandwriteafirst-personresponse
3
towhattheyarethinking,feeling,seeing,hearing,etc.Oncestudentshavehadtimetoformulateandwritedowntheirthoughts,givethema1minutewarningandtellthemtoreviewwhattheyhavewritteninpreparationforsharing.Askstudentstosharetheirwritingsandthendiscussthefollowingquestions:• Whattypesofimportantinformationdidyouhearfromthesecharacters?• Didanythingsurpriseyou?Didanyoneinterpretoneofthefiguresverydifferentlythanyouwouldhave?
Explain.• Ifyouhadtogivethispictureacaptionortitle,whatwoulditbe?• HowdoyouthinkpeopleinEnglandandFrancereactedtonewsoftheArmistice?• HowdoyouthinkpeopleintheUnitedStatesreactedtonewsoftheArmistice?• Whoisnoticeablyabsentfromthepicture?Doyouthinkthiswasintentional?• HowdoyouthinkpeopleinGermanyreactedtonewsoftheArmistice?
6. OptionalActivity:Have9studentvolunteerswhorepresenteachfiguretocometothefrontoftheclassroom
andtakethesamepositionasthepeopleintheimage.Innumericalorder,havethestudentsreadtheirfirst-personmonologues.
7. Continuethroughslides8,9,&10whichshowFrench,British,andAmericanreactionstothenewsofthe
Armistice.Posethefollowingquestionstotheclass:• Whydoyouthinkeveryoneissohappy?• Whatdoyounoticeaboutthetwo“BritishReaction”images?Aretheysimilarordifferent?Whatdoes
eachonetellyouaboutthemoodinBritainafterthenewsoftheArmistice?
8. Referbacktothe“AftertheArmistice”imageonslide8andaskstudents:• Whatcountry’srepresentativesareabsentfromtheimage?
o Germany• WhatdoyouthinktheGermanreactiontotheArmisticewas?Why?Proceedtoslide11displayingthefollowingquotefromMatthiasErzberger,GermansignatoryoftheArmistice:“anationofseventymillionscansuffer,butitcannotdie.”Discuss:• WhatdoyouthinkMatthiasmeans?• Whatdoesthistellyouaboutwhathethinksaboutthearmistice?WhatisheaccusingFranceandBritain
of?• DoyouthinktheGermanpeopleagreeordisagreewithhim?Why?
9. Continueontoslide12displayingapostcarddepictingthefeelingsofmanyGermanstowardtheArmistice.
Thecaptionreads,“Germans,thinkaboutit!”• Canyouidentifyanyofthefiguresintheimage?Whoisthefatmanlookingonwithapproval?
o TheGermanArmy,MatthiasErzberger• Whatisthemanwiththeknifedoing?
o SneakingupontheGermanarmy–whiletheyarestillfighting–andstabbingthemintheback.• Canyouguesswhothemanholdingtheknifeis?
o PhilippScheidemann,theleaderoftheprovisionalgovernmentthatranGermanyaftertheKaiser’sabdication.HewasthemanthatcalledforanarmisticewiththeAlliedforces.
• WhatdoesthistellyouaboutGermanfeelingstowardstheArmistice?o TheyfeltthatthenewgovernmentstabbedtheGermanArmyandtheGermanpeopleinthebackand
acceptingsuchunfavorableterms.ThisleadstoapopularresentmentoftheWeimarGovernmentandHitlerexploitsthesefeelingswhenhebecomesleaderofGermany.
Ø TeacherNote:Thefiguressittinginthebackgroundare“wealthyJews-theallegedperpetratorsofthedeed.”The“stabintheback”theorybecomesanimportantpartofanti-JewishNazipropagandaunderHitler’s
4
regime.OneofthereasonsthatGermansbelievedinthe“stabbedintheback”legendisthatmanyfeltthattheyhadbeenwinningthewarallalong–allofthemajorfightingtookplaceoutsideofGermany’sborders,theGermanshadmadepeacewiththeRussians,manyGermanleadersproclaimedtothereturningtroopsthat“noenemyhasvanquishedyou.Manyscholarsarguethatrealitywasdifferent–theGermanarmywasoutofreserves,thearrivaloftheAmericanserasedanyadvantagestheGermansmayhavehadagainsttheAllies,andincreasingoppositiontothewarfromtheGermanarmy,navy,andhomefront.ToillustratehowunpopulartheArmisticewaswithmanyGermans,informstudentsthatMatthiasErzbergerwasassassinatedin1921byanultra-nationalistgroup,OrganisationConsul,forhisroleinsigningtheArmistice.
“Peace-ing”theWorldBackTogether:TheParisPeaceConference
10. Continueontoslide13,andaskthestudentstoviewthecartoon–“TasksofPeace”–andthendiscussthefollowingquestions:• Describewhatishappeninginthiscartoon?• WhatdoesthiscartoonimplyaboutthestateofEuropeafterWorldWarI?• Whywasn’ttheArmisticeenoughtoendthewar?
o ItwasonlyatemporaryagreementtostopfightinganditonlyconcernedGermany,nottherestoftheCentralPowers.
• Howwouldyougoaboutcreatingpeaceaftersuchadevastatingconflict?• Usingtheinformationyoujustlearned,whymightitbedifficulttoachievepeace?
11. Slides14&15providebackgroundinformationabouttheParisPeaceConferenceandthelesserknown
treatiesthatemergedfromtheconference.
TreatyofVersaillesSimulation12. Placestudentsintogroupsof4,oneforeachofthefollowingroles:USPresidentWoodrowWilson,French
PremierGeorgesClemenceau,BritishPrimeMinisterDavidLloydGeorge,andItalianPremierVittorioOrlando.Informstudentsthattheyaregoingtoassumeoneofthepersonasofthe“BigFour”anddecidethefateofGermanyafterWorldWarI.Distributetheattachedhandoutsandcorrespondingdocumentsheetsandreviewtheinstructions:• Answerthequestionsyou’vebeenassignedonaseparatesheetofpaper,usingthedocumentsprovided
andyourknowledgeofWorldWarI.Next,filloutthe“PeaceTermsProposal”sectionofyourhandout.Youwillpresentyourproposaltotheotherworldleadersandattempttopersuadethemtoadoptallorpartsofyourtreaty.Aftereachofthe“BigFour”haspresented,thegroupwillvoteonwhattermstoadopt.Ifthereisatie,skipthatprovision,moveontotheothersandthen,revisittheunresolvedprovisionuntilamajorityvotecanbereached.Oncethegrouphascompletedtheirvotes,filloutthe“VersaillesTreaty”handout.
13. Allowgroups30minutestoworkontheirpeaceproposals.Providethemwithfrequentupdatesofthe
remainingtimeandcirculatethroughouttheroomtoensurethattheystayontask.
Ø TeacherNote:Toensurethatallstudentsarecompletingtheirworkwithinthegroup,assignanindividualgradebaseduponstudentresponsestotheirquestionsandagroupgradebaseduponthefinalcopyoftheVersaillesTreatyhandout.
14. Aftertheallottedtime,provideeachgroupwiththeattached“TreatyofVersailles”summaryandinstructthemtocomparetheirgroup’sversionwiththeactualtreaty.Discussthefollowingquestionstodebrief:• Howdoesyourgroup’streatydifferfromtherealTreatyofVersailles?• WasitdifficulttomakeadecisiondecidingonthefateofGermany?• Didyouagreeordisagreewiththeroleyouwereassigned?
5
• Didyourgroupfinditeasyordifficulttoreachaconsensus?Whatsectionofthetreatywasthehardesttoreachaconsensusfor?
• Whatcountrywasnoticeablynotrepresentedinyourconference?Whydoyouthinkthishappened?Howdidthisimpactthedecisionmakingprocess?
• HowdoyouthinkpeopleinFrance,Britain,theUnitedStates,ItalyandGermanyreactedtotheTreaty?15. SharethefollowingquotefromDavidLloydGeorgecommentingontheTreatyofVersailles:“Weshallhaveto
fightanotherwaragainin25yearstime."• WhatdoesthisquotetellyouaboutGeorge’sfeelingstowardtheTreaty?• Doyouagreewithhim?Ifso,whodoyouthinkwillfightanotherwar?• Doyouthinkthatifthetreatywasdifferent,aSecondWorldWarcouldhavebeenavoided?
AdditionalActivities• Assignthestudentsacountry–Germany,France,Britain,theUnitedStates,orItaly–andhavethemwritea
lettertotheeditorexplainingwhytheysupportoropposetheTreatyofVersailles.• SeeCarolinaK-12’slesson,“RiseofTotalitarianism”.Resources• PBS–“TheGreatWar”:http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/
6
WorldWarICasualtyFiguresOnewaytounderstandtheviolenceandslaughterthatoccurredintheGreatWaristoexaminethenumberofcasualtiesanddeaths.Exactfiguresarestillindispute,becauseofdifferentdefinitionsusedeachcategory,thequestionableaccuracyoftherecordingsystemusedandthelossordestructionofanumberofofficialdocuments.Thedatainthetablesbelowreflectnumbersfromseveralsourcesandareconsistentwithmostexperts'currentestimates.
Country TotalMobilizedForces Killed Wounded Prisonersand
Missing TotalCasualties Casualtiesas%ofForces
ALLIEDANDASSOCIATEDPOWERS
Russia 12,000,000 1,700,000 4,950,000 2,500,000 9,150,000 76.3
BritishEmpire 8,904,467 908,371 2,090,212 191,652 3,190,235 35.8
France 8,410,000 1,357,800 4,266,000 537,000 6,160,800 73.3
Italy 5,615,000 650,000 947,000 600,000 2,197,000 39.1
UnitedStates 4,355,000 116,516 204,002 4,500 323,018 7.1
Japan 800,000 300 907 3 1,210 0.2
Romania 750,000 335,706 120,000 80,000 535,706 71.4
Serbia 707,343 45,000 133,148 152,958 331,106 46.8
Belgium 267,000 13,716 44,686 34,659 93,061 34.9
Greece 230,000 5,000 21,000 1,000 27,000 11.7
Portugal 100,000 7,222 13,751 12,318 33,291 33.3
Montenegro 50,000 3,000 10,000 7,000 20,000 40.0
TOTAL 42,188,810 5,142,631 12,800,706 4,121,090 22,062,427 52.3
ALLIEDANDASSOCIATEDPOWERS
Germany 11,000,000 1,773,700 4,216,058 1,152,800 7,142,558 64.9
Austria-Hungary 7,800,000 1,200,000 3,620,000 2,200,000 7,020,000 90.0
Turkey 2,850,000 325,000 400,000 250,000 975,000 34.2
Bulgaria 1,200,000 87,500 152,390 27,029 266,919 22.2
TOTAL 22,850,000 3,386,200 8,388,448 3,629,829 15,404,477 67.4
GRANDTOTAL 65,038,810 8,528,831 21,189,154 7,750,919 37,466,904 57.5
Source:http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/resources/casdeath_pop.html
WarExpenditures&NationalIncome
Nation Expenditures NationalIncome(1914)BritishEmpire $23billion $11billion
France $9.3billion UnavailableUS $17.1billion $37billion
Germany $19.9billion $12billionSource:http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/us32.cfm
7
WorldWarIMaps
Europein1914 GermanColonies
TheDisputedTerritories
Tyrol
Dalmatia
German East
Africa
German Southwest Africa
German West Africa
German New Guinea
Togoland
Treaty of London (1915)
Trieste
8
USPresidentWoodrowWilson
Directions:YouareUnitedStatesPresident,WoodrowWilson.You’reaimingforthefollowingresultsattheParisPeaceConference:toendwarbycreatingaLeagueofNations,toensurethatGermanyisnotdestroyed,toobtainapeacewithoutvictory.Usingthecasualtycharts,maps,documentsbelow,answertheattachedquestionstocreateapeaceproposaltopresenttoyourfellowworldleaders.Attheconference,youmusttryconvinceyourfellowworldleaderstoadoptyourresolutiontoWorldWarI.
DocumentA:TheFourteenPointsFourteenPoints,The,asetof14principlesproposedbyPresidentWoodrowWilsonasabasisforendingWorldWarIandforkeepingthepeacethereafter.TheseprinciplesweresetforthbyWilsoninanaddresstotheUnitedStatesCongressonJanuary8,1918.GermanywelcomedthisbasisforpeacewhenonthevergeofdefeatbytheAlliessomemonthslater.Insummaryform,theFourteenPointswere:
1. Abolitionofsecretdiplomacybyadoptionofopencovenants(agreements),openlyarrivedat.2. Freedomoftheseasinpeaceandwar,exceptastheseasmaybeclosedinwholeorinpartbyinternational
actiontoenforceinternationalcovenants.3. Removalofinternationaltradebarrierswhere-everpossibleandestablishmentofequaltradingconditions
amongthenationsacceptingthepeace.4. Reductionofarmamentstothelowestpointconsistentwithpublicsafety.5. Adjustmentofcolonialclaims,takingintoaccounttheinterestsofthecolonialpopulationaswellasthoseofthe
rivalcolonialpowers.6. EvacuationofGermantroopsfromRussianterritory,andanopportunityforRussia,thenengagedinthe
Communistrevolution,todetermineitsformofgovernmentwithoutoutsideinterference.7. EvacuationofGermantroopsfromBelgium.8. EvacuationandrestorationbyGermanyofFrenchterritory,withrestorationtoFranceofAlsace-Lorraine.9. ReadjustmentofthefrontiersofItalyalongclearlyrecognizablelinesofnationality.10. OpportunityofautonomousdevelopmentforthepeoplesofAustria-Hungary.11. EvacuationbytheCentralPowersofSerbia,Montenegro,andRomania;grantingofseaportstoSerbia;and
internationalguaranteesofthepoliticalandeconomicindependenceandterritorialintegrityoftheBalkanstates.12. InternationalizationoftheDardanellesandself-determinationfornon-TurkishpeoplesunderTurkishcontrol.13. AnindependentPolandwithaccesstothesea.14. Establishmentofageneralassociationofnationstoaffordmutualguaranteesofpoliticalindependenceand
territorialintegritytolargeandsmallnationsalike.
InaspeechonJuly4,1918,WilsondescribedthespiritoftheFourteenPoints:“Whatweseekisthereignoflaw,basedupontheconsentofthegovernedandsustainedbytheorganizedopinionofmankind.”
Source:http://history.howstuffworks.com/world-war-i/fourteen-points.htm
DocumentB:TreatyofLondonandWilson’sReaction
TreatyofLondon(1915);AsecrettreatybetweenneutralItalyandtheAlliedforcesofFrance,Britain,andRussiatobringItalyintoWorldWarI.TheAllieswantedItaly’sparticipationbecauseofitsborderwithAustria.ItalywaspromisedTrieste,southernTyrol,northernDalmatia,andotherterritoriesinreturnforapledgetoenterthewarwithinamonth.Despite
oppositionofmostItalians,whofavoredneutrality,Italyjoinedthewar[..]Source:http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1381765/Treaty-of-London
Wilson’sReaction:[…]WesternPowersrefusedtograntItalytheextensivecompensationithadexpectedalongtheAdriaticCoast.TheotherswerenotimpressedwithItaly’sperformanceinthewar,andWilsonwasopposedtogivingtheItaliansterritorythatcontainedpredominantlySouthSlavpopulations.
Source:Lyons,Michael.WorldWarII:AShortHistory.4thed.UpperSaddleRiver,NJ:PrenticeHall,2004.14-15.Print
9
Name___________________________________ USPresidentWoodrowWilson
Directions:Answerthequestionsyou’vebeenassignedonaseparatesheetofpaper,usingthedocumentsprovidedandyourknowledgeofWorldWarI.Next,filloutthe“PeaceTermsProposal”sectionofyourhandout.Youwillpresentyourproposaltotheotherworldleadersandattempttopersuadethemtoadoptallorpartsofyourtreaty.Aftereachofthe“BigFour”haspresented,thegroupwillvoteonwhattermstoadopt.Ifthereisatie,skipthatprovision,moveontotheothersandthen,revisittheunresolvedprovisionuntilamajorityvotecanbereached.Oncethegrouphascompletedtheirvotes,filloutthe“VersaillesTreaty”handout.
Questions
1. DoesanycountrybeartheblameforstartingWorldWarI?Ifyes,whichoneisguiltyandwhy?Ifno,why?
2. DoyouthinkthatGermanyshouldpaywarreparationstotheAllies?Ifso,howmuchandhowdidyouarriveatthatfigure?
3. ShouldGermany’sarmyandnavybedisbanded?Whyorwhynot?DoesGermanyhavearighttodefenditselffromoutsideinvasion?
4. ShouldaPolishstatebecreatedoutofGermanlands?Whyorwhynot?
5. ShouldtheUnitedStatesaskforanyGermancoloniesaspartofthepeacesettlement?Whyorwhynot?
6. WhatGermanterritory,ifany,shouldgotoFranceorEngland?
7. ShouldtheRhinelandbegiventoFrance,demilitarized(noGermanarmystationedcanbestationedthere),orleftalone?Why?
8. WhymightWilsonbewillingtogiveTyrol&TriestetotheItalians,butnotDalmatia?
9. WhydoyouthinkthatthePresidentWilsonwantedtoimposeasoftpunishmentonGermany,asopposedtomanyofhisEuropeancounterparts–specificallyFrenchPremierGeorgesClemenceau?WhymighttheUnitedStatesbemoreforgivingtowardsGermany?
10. WhydoyouthinktheGermanswerequicktonegotiateafterWilsondeliveredhisFourteenPointsspeechandaftertheUSenteredthewar?
PeaceTermsProposal
WarGuiltClause
TerritorialRequests
• UnitedStates:______________________________________________________________________________________
• France:___________________________________________________________________________________________
• UnitedKingdom:___________________________________________________________________________________
• Italy:_____________________________________________________________________________________________
• Poland:___________________________________________________________________________________________
WarReparationsAmount
10
ShouldThereBeaLeagueofNations?
Name___________________________________ FrenchPremierGeorgesClemenceau
Directions:Answerthequestionsyou’vebeenassignedonaseparatesheetofpaper,usingthedocumentsprovidedandyourknowledgeofWorldWarI.Next,filloutthe“PeaceTermsProposal”sectionofyourhandout.Youwillpresentyourproposaltotheotherworldleadersandattempttopersuadethemtoadoptallorpartsofyourtreaty.Aftereachofthe“BigFour”haspresented,thegroupwillvoteonwhattermstoadopt.Ifthereisatie,skipthatprovision,moveontotheothersandthen,revisittheunresolvedprovisionuntilamajorityvotecanbereached.Oncethegrouphascompletedtheirvotes,filloutthe“VersaillesTreaty”handout.
Questions
1. DoesanycountrybeartheblameforstartingWorldWarI?Ifyes,whichoneisguiltyandwhy?Ifno,why?
2. DoyouthinkthatGermanyshouldpaywarreparationstotheAllies?Ifso,howmuchandhowdidyouarriveatthatfigure?
3. ShouldGermany’sarmyandnavybedisbanded?Whyorwhynot?DoesGermanyhavearighttodefenditselffromoutsideinvasion?
4. ShouldaPolishstatebecreatedoutofGermanlands?Whyorwhynot?
5. WhatGermanterritory,ifany,shouldgotoFrance?
6. ShouldanyterritorybegiventotheUnitedStatesandBritain?Ifso,whatandwhy?
7. ShouldtheRhinelandbegiventoFrance,demilitarized(noGermanarmystationedcanbestationedthere),orleftalone?Why?
8. WhymightClemenceaubereluctanttogiveItalyalltheterritoryitrequested?
9. WhydoyouthinkthatFrancewantedtoimposeaharshpunishmentonGermany?HowdoesthiscontrastwithWilson’sproposalsforpeace?
10. HowdoyouthinkClemenceaufeelsaboutaLeagueofNations?Why?
PeaceTermsProposal
WarGuiltClause
TerritorialRequests
UnitedStates:__________________________________________________________________________________________
France:_______________________________________________________________________________________________
UnitedKingdom:_______________________________________________________________________________________
Italy:_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Poland:_______________________________________________________________________________________________
WarReparationsAmount
11
ShouldThereBeaLeagueofNations?
FrenchPremierGeorgesClemenceau
Directions:YouareFrenchPremier,GeorgesClemenceau.You’reaimingforthefollowingresultsattheParisPeaceConference:punishingGermany,returnAlsace-LorrainetoFrance,opposeaLeagueofNations,hugereparationsfromGermany,andtodisbandorweakentheGermanarmy.Usingthecasualtycharts,maps,documentsbelow,answertheattachedquestionstocreateapeaceproposaltopresenttoyourfellowworldleaders.Attheconference,youmusttryconvinceyourfellowworldleaderstoadoptyourresolutiontoWorldWarI.
DocumentA:ShortHistoryofFranceandGermany“ClemenceaudesiredaharshpeacethatwouldkeepGermanypermanentlycrippledoratleastpostponeitsabilitytomakewarforaslongaspossible.TheFrenchleaderhatedtheGermansandwascontemptuousof[USPresident]Wilson.ClemenceauhadexperiencedtwoGermaninvasionsofFranceduringhislifetime–in1870and,ofcourse,in1914.Hewasdeterminedthatitshouldneverhappenagain.”–HistorianMichaelJ.Lyons
Source:Lyons,Michael.WorldWarII:AShortHistory.4thed.UpperSaddleRiver,NJ:PrenticeHall,2004.14-15.Print.
DocumentB:Clemenceau’sAttitudeTowardUSPresidentWilson’sTreatyProposal“Mr.WilsonboresmewithhisFourteenPoints;why,GodAlmightyhasonlyTen!”
Source:http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau
DocumentC:PreliminariesofPeacewithGermany
“TherearethreeessentialproblemswhichmustbesolvedinordertoreconcilethenecessarystrategicguaranteeswiththeprincipleoftherightsofthePeople:(1)GuaranteesregardingtheleftbankoftheRhine(militaryneutralizationwithoutpoliticalinterference)(2)CompleterestorationofPoland(whichwilldealafinalblowtoPrussianhegemony)(3)ThefuturegovernmentofGermany(inconformitywiththerightofnationstothefreechoiceoftheirownsystemofGovernment).
Source:http://www.learningcurve.gov.uk/greatwar
DocumentD:TerritorialClauses
“TheseconditionswillindicatedthenewfrontiersofGermanyundertheformofrestittuionofthosepromiseswhichPrussiahadunjustlyincorporatedeitherinherownterritoryorinthatoftheGermanyEmpire:A. RestitutiontoFranceoftheprovincesofGermanyand[Alsaceand]LorraineseizedfromFrancein1815and1871[…]B. CessiontothereconstitutedStateofPolandofthePolishdistrictsofPrussia,ofPosnanina,andofUpperSilesiaas
wellasaccesstotheBaltic.[…]F. CessionbytheGermanGovernmentofitssovereignrightsoverGermanoverseaspossessionsG. RecognitionbyGermanyoftheFrenchprotectorateoverMoroccoinitsentirety[…]H. RecognitionbyGermanyofGreatBritain’sprotectorateoverEgypt.
Source:http://www.learningcurve.gov.uk/greatwar
DocumentE:Clausesofreparationrestitutionsandguarantees“Generally,alldamageoccasionedbythewareitherinAlliedterritorieswhichhavebeenoccupiedbyGermantroopsandwhichhavebeensubjectedtobombardmentbytheGermanFleetoraeroplanes,orbyseaastheresultofGermanaction,tobemadegoodattheexpenseoftheGermanGovernment.”
Source:http://www.learningcurve.gov.uk/greatwar
DocumentF:MoreTerritorialRequests
12
“AmuchmoreimportantprovisionconcernedtheRhineland.InkeepingwithFrenchwaraims,ClemenceaufavoreditsseparationfromGermanyandtheestablishmentofanindependentRhenishstate.”–HistorianMichaelJ.Lyons
Source:Lyons,Michael.WorldWarII:AShortHistory.4thed.UpperSaddleRiver,NJ:PrenticeHall,2004.p.15.Print.
13
Name___________________________________BritishPrimeMinisterDavidLloydGeorge
Directions:Answerthequestionsyou’vebeenassignedonaseparatepieceofpaper,usingthedocumentsprovidedandyourknowledgeofWorldWarI.Next,filloutthe“PeaceTermsProposal”sectionofyourhandout.Youwillpresentyourproposaltotheotherworldleadersandattempttopersuadethemtoadoptallorpartsofyourtreaty.Aftereachofthe“BigFour”haspresented,thegroupwillvoteonwhattermstoadopt.Ifthereisatie,skipthatprovision,moveontotheothersandthen,revisittheunresolvedprovisionuntilamajorityvotecanbereached.Oncethegrouphascompletedtheirvotes,filloutthe“VersaillesTreaty”handout.
Questions
1. DoesanycountrybeartheblameforstartingWorldWarI?Ifyes,whichoneisguiltyandwhy?Ifno,why?
2. DoyouthinkthatGermanyshouldpaywarreparationstotheAllies?Ifso,howmuchandhowdidyouarriveatthatfigure?
3. ShouldGermany’sarmyandnavybedisbanded?Whyorwhynot?DoesGermanyhavearighttodefenditselffromoutsideinvasion?
4. ShouldaPolishstatebecreatedoutofGermanlands?Whyorwhynot?
5. WhatGermanterritory,ifany,shouldgotoEngland?
6. ShouldanyterritorybegiventotheUnitedStatesandFrance?Ifso,whatandwhy?
7. ShouldtheRhinelandbegiventoFrance,demilitarized(noGermanarmystationedcanbestationedthere),orleftalone?Why?
8. WhymightLloydGeorgebereluctanttogiveItalyalltheterritoryitrequested?
9. WhydoyouthinkthatBritainwantedtoimposeamoderatepunishmentonGermany?HowdoesthiscontrastwithWilson’sandClemenceau’sproposalsforpeace?
10. HowdoyouthinkDavidLloydGeorgefeelsaboutaLeagueofNations?Why?
PeaceTermsProposal
WarGuiltClause
TerritorialRequests
UnitedStates:__________________________________________________________________________________________
France:_______________________________________________________________________________________________
UnitedKingdom:_______________________________________________________________________________________
Italy:_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Poland:_______________________________________________________________________________________________
WarReparationsAmount
ShouldThereBeaLeagueofNations?
14
BritishPrimeMinisterDavid-LloydGeorge
Directions:YouareBritishPrimeMinister,David-LloydGeorge.You’reaimingforthefollowingresultsattheParisPeaceConference:a‘just’peacethatwouldbetoughenoughto‘makeGermanypay’,butwouldstillallowGermanytotrade,anexpansionofBritain’sempire,andtosafeguardBritain’snavalsuperiority.Usingthecasualtycharts,maps,documentsbelow,answertheattachedquestionstocreateapeaceproposaltopresenttoyourfellowworldleaders.Attheconference,youmusttryconvinceyourfellowworldleaderstoadoptyourresolutiontoWorldWarI.
DocumentA:DavidLloydGeorge’sReactiontoWorkingwithPresidentWilsonandPremierClemenceau“IthinkIdidaswellasmightbeexpected,seatedasIwasbetweenJesusChristandNapoleonBonaparte.”
Source:Lyons,Michael.WorldWarII:AShortHistory.4thed.UpperSaddleRiver,NJ:PrenticeHall,2004.p.15.Print.
DocumentB:“Someconsiderations[fromDavid-LloydGeorge]forthePeaceConferencebeforetheyfinallydrafttheirterms”
“YoumaystripGermanyofhercolonies,reduceherarmamentstoamerepoliceforceandendhernavytothatofafifthratepower;allthesameintheendifshefeelsthatshehasbeenunjustlytreatedinthepeaceof1919shewillfindmeanofexactingretributionfromherconquerors.Theimpression,thedeepimpression,madeuponthehumanheartbyfouryearsofunexampledslaughterwilldisappearwiththeheartsuponwhichithasbeenmarkedbytheterribleswordofthegreatwar.Themaintenanceofpeacewillthendependupontherebeingnocausesofexasperationconstantlystirringupthespiritofpatriotism,ofjusticeoroffairplaytoachieveredress.Ourtermsmaybesevere,theymaybesternandevenruthlessbutatthesametimetheycanbesojustthatthecountryonwhichtheyareimposedwillfeelinitsheartthatithasnorighttocomplain.Butinjustice,arrogance,displayedinthehouroftriumphwillneverbeforgottenorforgiven.”
Source:http://www.learningcurve.gov.uk/greatwar
DocumentC:“Someconsiderations[fromDavid-LloydGeorge]forthePeaceConferencebeforetheyfinallydrafttheirterms”
“Ifwearewise,weshalloffertoGermanyapeace,which,whilejust,willbepreferableforallsensiblementothealternativeofBolshevism[communism].Iwould,therefore,putitintheforefrontofthepeacethatoncesheacceptsourterms,especiallyreparation,wewillopentohertherawmaterialsandmarketsoftheworldonequaltermswithourselves,andwilldoeverythingpossibletoenabletheGermanpeopletogetupontheirlegsagain.Wecannotbothcrippleherandexpecthertopay.”
Source:http://www.learningcurve.gov.uk/greatwar
DocumentD:Rhineland“Underthisagreement[proposedbyGeorgeandWilson]theRhinelandremainedpartofGermany,buttheAllieswereallowedtomaintaintroopstherefor15years.Whenthisperiodexpired,theyweretowithdrawtheirforces,andtheentireareawastoremainpermanentlydemilitarized,[…].”
Source:Lyons,Michael.WorldWarII:AShortHistory.4thed.UpperSaddleRiver,NJ:PrenticeHall,2004.p.15.Print.
DocumentE:AlliedFeelingstowardstheItalians
“TheleadersofBritainandFrance,fortheirpart,deeplyregrettedmakingsuchpromises[ofterritoryinAustria-HungaryinexchangeforItalianparticipationinWWI];theyviewedItalywithannoyance,feelingtheItalianshadbotchedtheirattacksonAustria-Hungaryduringthewar,failedtohonortheirnavalpromisesandrepeatedlyaskedforresourceswhichtheythenfailedtoputtowardsthewareffort.”
Source:http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/italian-delegates-return-to-paris-peace-conference
15
Name___________________________________ ItalianPremierVittorioOrlando
Directions:Answerthequestionsyou’vebeenassignedonaseparatesheetofpaper,usingthedocumentsprovidedandyourknowledgeofWorldWarI.Next,filloutthe“PeaceTermsProposal”sectionofyourhandout.Youwillpresentyourproposaltotheotherworldleadersandattempttopersuadethemtoadoptallorpartsofyourtreaty.Aftereachofthe“BigFour”haspresented,thegroupwillvoteonwhattermstoadopt.Ifthereisatie,skipthatprovision,moveontotheothersandthen,revisittheunresolvedprovisionuntilamajorityvotecanbereached.Oncethegrouphascompletedtheirvotes,filloutthe“VersaillesTreaty”handout.
Questions
1. DoesanycountrybeartheblameforstartingWorldWarI?Ifyes,whichoneisguiltyandwhy?Ifno,why?
2. DoyouthinkthatGermanyshouldpaywarreparationstotheAllies?Ifso,howmuchandhowdidyouarriveatthatfigure?
3. ShouldGermany’sarmyandnavybedisbanded?Whyorwhynot?DoesGermanyhavearighttodefenditselffromoutsideinvasion?
4. ShouldaPolishstatebecreatedoutofGermanlands?Whyorwhynot?
5. WhatGermanterritory,ifany,shouldgotoItaly?ShouldItalyrequestmorethanwhatwaspromisedbytheTreatyofLondon?
6. ShouldanyterritorybegiventotheUnitedStates,France,andBritain?Ifso,whatandwhy?
7. ShouldtheRhinelandbegiventoFrance,demilitarized(noGermanarmystationedcanbestationedthere),orleftalone?Why?
8. WhattypeofpunishmentdoyouthinkItalywantedtoimposeuponGermany–harshorlenient?Why?
9. WhatproblemsathomedoesOrlandoface?WhatdoyouthinkwillhappenifheisunabletosecurenewlandforItaly?
10. HowdoyouthinkVittorioOrlandofeelsaboutaLeagueofNations?Why?
PeaceTermsProposal
WarGuiltClause
TerritorialRequests
UnitedStates:__________________________________________________________________________________________
France:_______________________________________________________________________________________________
UnitedKingdom:_______________________________________________________________________________________
Italy:_________________________________________________________________________________________________
Poland:_______________________________________________________________________________________________
WarReparationsAmount
16
ShouldThereBeaLeagueofNations?
ItalianPremierVittorioOrlandoDirections:YouareItalianPremier,VittorioOrlando.You’reaimingforthefollowingresultsattheParisPeaceConference:increaseItalianterritorialholdingsandsecurewarreparations.Usingthecasualtycharts,maps,documentsbelow,answertheattachedquestionstocreateapeaceproposaltopresenttoyourfellowworldleaders.Attheconference,youmusttryconvinceyourfellowworldleaderstoadoptyourresolutiontoWorldWarI.
DocumentA:TreatyofLondon(1915)
“TheEntente,foritspart,offeredmuchmoresubstantialgainsofterritory—mostofwhichcurrentlyfellwithintheAustro-HungarianEmpire—anditwasunderthesetermsthatItalysignedtheTreatyofLondononApril26,1915.Italywaspromisedthefulfillmentofitsnationaldream:controloverterritoryonitsborderwithAustria-HungarystretchingfromTrentinothroughtheSouthTyroltoTrieste.Inthetreaty,theAlliesgavethemthatandmore,includingpartsofDalmatiaandnumerousislandsalongAustria-Hungary'sAdriaticcoast;theAlbanianportcityofVlore(Italian:Valona)andacentralprotectorateinAlbania;andterritoryfromtheOttomanEmpire.Carryingoutitspartofthebargain,ItalydeclaredwaronAustria-Hungary(butnotonGermany)onMay23.”
Source:http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/allies-sign-treaty-of-london
DocumentB:Thecostofvictory“Italywonthewar,therefore,butatahugecost:some600,000dead,950,000wounded,andalegacyofbitternessanddivision.Thevictoriouspatriotsandnationalistsnowdetestedparliament,wherethe[formerItalianPrimerGiovanni]Giolittianmajorityhadneversupportedthewar,althoughtheydefendedtheideaofthenationandthewarrecordoftheItalianarmy.Manyworkers,peasants,Socialists,andtradeunionistsweredisgustedbythecostsoftheconflictandwereinspiredbytherevolutionsinRussiaandGermany.Returningveteransexpectedthelandthattheyhadbeenpromisedin1917–18.TheItalianflagbecameapowerfulfocusofdivisionandhatred.Warmemorialswerecontestedalloverthepeninsula.Thesedivisionsgreatlyweakenedthepostwarpoliticalregimeandfracturedelementsofsociety.Furthermore,thepro-wargroupswerethemselvesbitterlydividedwhenthewarended.ShouldItaly,attheParisPeaceConference(1919–20),trytosecurethetermsoftheTreatyofLondon,asForeignMinisterSonninourged,orshoulditsupportU.S.PresidentWoodrowWilsonandadheretothe“principleofnationality”—thatis,bewillingtoacceptlessterritoryintheAdriaticregion,astheLeftLiberalsandRepublicansadvocated?“
Source:http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/297474/Italy/27757/World-War-I-and-fascism
17
TreatyofVersaillesOnthisDayofJune28,1919,thenationsoftheUnitedStates,GreatBritain,France,andItalyproclaimthat….I. WarGuiltClause____________________________________isresponsibleforunleashingtheterribleforcesof“thewar
toendallwars”because
___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
II.TerritorialChangesTheAlliedPowershavedecidedthatthefollowingGermanlandsaretobeconcededtothefollowingpowers:FranceShallreceive___________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
TheUnitedStatesShallreceive__________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
GreatBritainShallreceive______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________I
talyShallreceive____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
III.PolishQuestionOnthequestionofthecreationofaPolishStateintheEasternlandsofGermany,TheAlliedPowershave
decreedthat_______________________________________________because________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
IV.TheLeagueofNationsTheAlliedPowershave____________________________PresidentWoodrowWilson’sideaforthecreationofaLeagueofNationsbecause____________________________________________________
18
_____________________________________________________________________________________
TreatyofVersaillesSummary
TheTreatyofVersaillesisthepeacetreatyattheendofWorldWarI,signedonJune28,1919,byGermanyandbytheAlliedandAssociatedPowers.InadditiontoendingthewarwithGermany,italsoestablishedtheLeagueofNations.ThepeaceconferencemetinParis,butthetreatywassignedintheHallofMirrorsinVersailles.SeparatetreatiesweremadewithGermany'sallies:theTreatyofSaint-GermainwithAustria,theTreatyofTrianonwithHungary,theTreatyofNeuillywithBulgaria,andtheTreatyofSèvreswithTurkey.
ThewarendedonNovember11,1918,withanarmisticebasedonPresidentWoodrowWilson'sFourteenPoints.ThepeaceconferencemetonJanuary8,1919,with32countriesrepresentedbutwithGermanyexcluded.Themajorrolewastakenbythe"BigFour":PresidentWilson,PrimeMinisterDavidLloydGeorgeofGreatBritain,PremierGeorgesClemenceauofFrance,andPremierVittorioOrlandoofItaly.
TheUnitedStatesSenaterejectedthetreaty,partlybecauseofobjectionstothesectionthatestablishedtheLeagueofNations.Theothernationsratifiedthetreaty,anditwentintoeffectonJanuary10,1920.TheUnitedStatessignedaseparatetreatywithGermanyin1921.
TheGermansdenouncedtheVersaillesTreatyaswickedandunjust,andtheNaziparty'spledgetorepudiateithelpedAdolfHitlercometopowerin1933.Hitlerignoredthetreaty'srestrictionsonrearmamentandsoonbuiltGermanyintothestrongestmilitarypowerintheworld.
TermsoftheTreatyThetreatyhad15parts.PartIwastheCovenant(constitution)oftheLeagueofNations.ProvisionwasmadeforthePermanentCourtofInternationalJustice.PartXIIIcreatedtheInternationalLaborOrganization.TheotherpartsdealtwiththeboundariesofGermany,theestablishmentofnewcountriesinEurope,warreparations,andothermatters.
GermanLossofTerritoryGermanycededAlsace-LorrainetoFrance,theEupenandMalmèdydistrictstoBelgium,WestPrussiaandmostofPosenprovincetoPoland,andadistrictinSilesiatoCzechoslovakia.ThetreatyprovidedforplebiscitesinSchleswigandUpperSilesia.Afterthevoting,northernSchleswigwenttoDenmarkandsouthernSchleswigremainedinGermany.InUpperSilesiathemajorityvotedinfavorofGermany;theAlliesthendividedtheterritorybetweenPolandandGermany.
ThetreatyplacedtheSaarBasinunderLeagueofNationscontrolfor15yearsandturnedthecoalminesovertoFrance.(GermanDanzig(nowGdańsk,Poland)becameafreecityundertheLeague.GermanygaveuptheMemeldistricttotheAllies,anditwaslatergiventoLithuania.
Germanylostabout25,000squaremiles(65,000km2)ofterritory,includingareaswithsomeofitsrichestmineralresources.IntheeastastripofPolishland,the"PolishCorridor,"separatedEastPrussiafromtherestofGermany.
Germanysurrendereditscolonies,andtheyallbecamemandatedterritoriesunderLeagueofNationssupervision.GermanEastAfrica(nowpartofTanzania)wenttoGreatBritain,UrundiandRuandatoBelgium,andSouth-WestAfrica(Namibia)toSouthAfrica.Kamerun(Cameroon)andTogolandweredividedbetweenGreatBritainandFrance.GermanNewGuineawasawardedtoAustralia,GermanSamoatoNewZealand,NauruIslandtoGreatBritainandtheGermanPacificislandsnorthoftheEquatortoJapan.GermanrightsinShantungprovince,China,weregrantedtoJapan.
OtherPenaltiesOnGermanyTheGermanarmywasrestrictedto100,000officersandmenandthenavytoafewsmallships;airforceswereforbidden.AlliedtroopsweretooccupythewestbankoftheRhinefor15years.EastoftheRhine,German
19
fortificationswereforbiddenwithin50kilometers(about31miles)oftheriver.ThetreatyprovidedthatKaiserWilliamIIshouldbetriedasawarcriminal.ButtheformeremperorhadfledtotheNetherlands,andtheDutchgovernmentrefusedtoturnhimovertotheAllies.
Underthefamous"warguilt"clause,Germanywascompelledtoacceptresponsibilityforallthelossanddamagecausedbythewarandtopayreparationsfordamagesdonetocivilians.Germanymadetheirfinal reparations payment in 2010.