Endocrine, Reproductive, Nervous

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HW pg 818 1-15

HW pg 846 1-14

Endocrine Questions

• What is the purpose of hormones?

• Where are hormones produced?

• Why are hormones important?

Endocrine overview

• The endocrine system is a collection of organs that regulate and produce hormones.– Hormones are important factors

in metabolism, growth, development, puberty, tissue function, and mood.

– Hormones travel through the bloodstream

Endocrine organs

• Organs:– Hypothalamus: controls the pituitary gland– Pineal gland: responses to daylight and season

changes– Pituitary gland: controls other endocrine glands– Thyroid gland: metabolism, growth, and development– Thymus: stimulates the immune system– Adrenal gland: osmotic balance, fight/flight response,

sugar levels– Pancreas: Insulin and glucagon (blood sugar)– Ovary/Testes: Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone

Endocrine concerns

• Some diseases associated with the Endocrine system are:– Diabetes– Thyroid disease (such as a goiter)– Obesity– Thyroid Cancer– Sex hormone disorder– Osteoporosis– Acromegaly/gigantism

• Other concerns:– Steroids– Epi-pens and allergic reactions

Reproductive overview

• Includes but not limited to external organs directly involved in reproductive acts.– Some accessories to reproduction are fluids,

hormones, and pheromones.– Remember that eggs are female gametes

and sperm are male gametes.

Female Reproductive Organs

• Centralized around the pelvis– Ovaries: releases eggs and

hormones – Uterus: Where the fetus

develops– Vagina: The opening where

sperm enters

Male Reproductive Organs

• Centralized around the pelvis– Testes: produce sperm cells

and testosterone– Penis: delivers sperm– Prostate: produces a basic

solution to neutralize the acidity of the vagina

Ovarian Cycle

Nervous Overview

• Allows us to respond to changes internally and externally.– CNS: central nervous system– PNS: peripheral nervous system

• Use of nerve cells:– Specialized to transmit electrical signals

One nerve One cell

• Dendrites: send/receive information

• Axon: Transmission of signal

• Glial cells: Line the axon and protect it. – (ex: Myelin sheaths)

Action potentials

• Cells rest at a negative mV level.

• Sodium influx into cell causes mV to raise

• Potassium enters to reset the mV

CNS

• Composed of spinal cord and brain– Brain: Central

processing of information

– Spine: Linking the brain to the PNS (rest of the body’s nerves)

The brain

• Frontal: movement, speech, cognition

• Temporal: smell, hearing, language

• Parietal: sensation, taste, speech, reading

• Occipital: vision

• Cerebellum: balance, posture

PNS

• Composed of sensory and motor nerves.

• Motor nerves have two types:– Somatic: under voluntary

control– Autonomic: involuntary control

of organs and glands

Sight

• Images are transmitted to electrical signals using photorecepting rods and cones.– Rods: Sense light/dark– Cones: Detect color (red, green, blue)

Sound

• Converts sound waves to electrical signals.– Cochlea: organ that contains

mechanoreceptors for hearing.

Taste

• Papilla on the tongue respond through chemoreception.

Smell

• Olfaction (smell) is a chemoreceptor signal much like taste.

Touch

• Skin is lined with nerves to sense touch and pressure.