ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN POWER PLANTS

Frans van AartEnergy Efficiency in IPPC installations

October 21, Vienna

CONTENT

1. Introduction2. Demand Side Management3. Energy Efficiency in Power Generation4. LCP and other directives5. Conclusions

1 Introduction

high efficiency is good for economy and the environment high efficiency is in line with core business electricity

industry

Annual average electrical efficiency

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

1980 1990 2000 2001 2002

jaar

elec

tric

effic

ienc

y (%

)

1 INTRODUCTION

high efficiency is good for economy and the environment high efficiency is in line with core business electricity industry

– reducing emissions (protection environment)– conservation fuels (preservation of resources)– reducing dependence on fuel import outside EC

too high efficiencies are expensive and thus uneconomic:– market advantage to less efficient (=cheaper) plants– thus not beneficiary for the environment

Energy Efficiency of power plant

scope of definition (gross, net) combustion technology (installation, fuel) type of cooling ambient conditions vs. ISO conditions temperature cooling water / air

Efficiency loss vs. cooling temperature

-2.5%

-2.0%

-1.5%

-1.0%

-0.5%

0.0%

0 2.5 5 7.5 10

Temperature rise cooling water [K]

Effic

ienc

y lo

ss [%

]

Super critical boiler

Gas turbine topping

Combined cycle

Energy Efficiency of power plant

scope of definition (gross, net) combustion technology (installation, fuel) type of cooling ambient conditions vs. ISO conditions temperature cooling water / air operating load annual average vs. guaranteed performance

no fixed figures that can be compared right away

2 DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT

reducing energy demand good principle not the task of power industry, but of spatial planners,

architects etcetera not in scope BREF Energy Efficiency but in scope Directive

“Energy end-use efficiency and energy services” “framework conditions and not an over-detailed set of rules that

could interfere with the development of the electricity market”

3 EFFICIENCY IN POWER GENERATION Efficiency figure depends on

– type of generation

Efficiency in Electricity Generation

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Hydro

power

plant

Tidal p

ower

plant

Large

gas f

ired C

CGT power

plant

Melted

carbo

nates

fuel

cell (

MCFC)

Pulveri

sed c

oal b

oilers

with

ultra

-critic

al ste

am pa

ramete

rs

Solid o

xide f

uel c

ell (S

OFC)

Coal fi

red IG

CC

Atmos

pheri

c Circ

ulatin

g Flui

dised

Bed

Com

busti

on (C

FBC)

Pressu

rised

Fluidis

ed B

ed C

ombu

stion

(PFBC)

Large

gas t

urbine

(MW

rang

e)

Steam tu

rbine

coal-

fired p

ower

plant

Steam tu

rbine

fuel-

oil po

wer pla

nt

Wind

turbi

ne

Nuclea

r pow

er pla

nt

Biomas

s and

biog

as

Was

te-to-

electr

icity

power

plant

Diesel

engin

e as d

ecen

tralis

ed C

HP unit (

electr

ical s

hare)

Small an

d micr

o turb

ines (

up to

100 k

W)

Photov

oltaic

cells

Geothe

rmal

power

plant

Solar p

ower

tower

Effic

ienc

y (%

)

3 EFFICIENCY IN POWER GENERATION Efficiency figure depends on

– type of generation– condition of power plant (operation, maintenance)– ambient conditions– design of power plant

ultra super critical steam boilers

Improved boiler materials → improved steam parameters

3 EFFICIENCY IN POWER GENERATION Efficiency figure depends on

– type of generation– condition of power plant (operation, maintenance)– ambient conditions– design of power plant

ultra super critical steam boilers gas turbine based power plant

– higher firing temperature– supercritical steam parameters HRSG

BAT and BAT levels (coal / lignite)

Fuel Technique Electrical efficiency (net) (%)New plants Existing plants

Coal PC (DBB and

WBB)

43 – 47 The achievable improvement of thermal efficiency

depends on the specific plant, but as an indication,

a level of 30 – 40 % or

an incremental improvement of more than 3 % points

can be seen as associated with the use of BAT

FBC >41Lignite PC (DBB) 39 – 45

FBC >40

BAT and BAT levels (biomass / peat)

Fuel Technique Electrical efficiency (net)(%)

Biomass Grate-firing Around 20

Spreader-stoker >23

FBC (CFBC) >28 – 30

Peat FBC (BFBC and CFBC)

>28 – 30

BAT and BAT levels (gaseous fuels)

Plant type Electrical efficiency (%)New plants Existing plants

Gas turbineGas turbine 36 – 40 25 – 40

Gas-fired boilerGas-fired boiler 40 – 42 35 – 40

CCGTCombined cycle with or

without supplementary firing (HRSG) for

electricity generation only

54 – 58 40 – 54

4 LCP AND OTHER DIRECTIVES

Directive 2004/8/EC Promotion of cogeneration– powerful instrument to improve fuel utilisation

Fuel utilisation instead of efficiency

thermal efficiency and electrical efficiency are apples and oranges

cogeneration efficiency → fuel utilisation

BAT and BAT levels (Cogeneration)

Plant type Fuel utilisation(%)New and existing plants

Coal

75 – 85

Depending on the specific plant application and the heat and electricity demand

LigniteBiomass

PeatGas-fired boiler

Combined cycle with or without supplementary

firing

LCP and other directives

Directive 2004/8/EC Promotion of cogeneration– powerful instrument to improve fuel utilisation– fuel utilisation dependent on long term heat

demand (district heating or process heat)– in case heat delivery feasible:

cogeneration can be considered as BAT

LCP and other directives

Directive 2004/8/EC Promotion of cogeneration Directive 2003/87/EC

Greenhouse gas emission allowance trading

Emission Trading Directive

Market mechanism will result in – lower emissions – higher efficiency

No definition of BAT or BAT levels for energy efficiency of LCP in BREF Energy Efficiency (Article 26)

Article 26 Emission Trading Directive

“…the permit shall not include an emission limit value for direct emissions of that gas unless,...”

“…Member States may choose not to impose requirements relating to energy efficiency in respect of combustion units or other units emitting carbon dioxide on the site.”

OPTIONS FOR EXTRA REGULATIONS

Goal should be: public demonstration that optimal efficiency is applied

Practical options: Drafting Energy Plans to optimize economically feasible

options Benchmarking against "World Class Plants"

6 CONCLUSIONS The efficiency of Power Plants has been improved and will be improved continuously To be demonstrated by:

– Energy plans– Benchmarking

No BAT or BAT levels for LCP in BREF Energy Efficiency (not in line with a liberalized market)

Framework conditions and not an over-detailed set of rules

real assistance licensing authorities for permitting an installation