Energy Policy Act of 1992 Section 505 Second Report to ...infohouse.p2ric.org/ref/36/35698.pdfENERGY...

ENERGY POLICY ACT OF 1992SECTION 505

Second Report to Congress

Report on Voluntary Commitments for the Replacement FuelSupply and Demand Program

Clean Cities Program

October 1, 1999

U.S. Department of EnergyOffice of Transportation Technologies

Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

Clean Cities Program 1999 Report to Congress i October 1, 1999

TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Exhibits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

List of Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

I. Program Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

II. Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

III. Program Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

IV. Customer Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

V. Other Related EPACT Initiatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

VI. Program Strengths and Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

VII. Future Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Appendix: Clean Cities Profiles

ArizonaMaricopa Association of Governments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1Tucson Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3

ArkansasCentral Arkansas Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-5

CaliforniaCoachella Valley Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-7East Bay (Oakland) Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-10Lancaster Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-12Long Beach Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-14Los Angeles Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-16Riverside Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-18Greater Sacramento Regional Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . A-20San Diego Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-22San Francisco Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-25

Clean Cities Program 1999 Report to Congress ii October 1, 1999

San Joaquin Valley Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-27South Bay (San Jose) Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-29Southern California Association of Governments Clean Cities . . . . . A-31

ColoradoColorado Springs Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-33Denver Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-35Weld/Larimer/Rocky Mountain National Park Clean Cities Program A-38

ConnecticutCapitol Clean Cities of Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-40New Haven Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-42New London Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-44Norwich Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-46Southwestern Connecticut Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-48Greater Waterbury Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-50

DelawareDelaware Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-52

District of ColumbiaMetropolitan Washington, DC Regional Clean Cities Program . . . . . A-54

FloridaFlorida Gold Coast Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-56Florida Space Coast Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-59

GeorgiaClean Cities-Atlanta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-62

HawaiiHonolulu Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-64

IllinoisChicago Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-66Peoria Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-69

IndianaCentral Indiana Clean Cities Alliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-71Evansville Clean Cities Alliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-73South Shore Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-75

KansasSW Kansas Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-77

KentuckyCentral Kentucky (Louisville) Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-79

MaineGreater Portland Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-81

MarylandMetropolitan Baltimore Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-83

MassachusettsThe Greater Boston Clean Cities Initiative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-85

MichiganAnn Arbor Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-87Detroit/Toronto Clean Cities Corridor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-89

Clean Cities Program 1999 Report to Congress iii October 1, 1999

MissouriKansas City Regional Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-91St. Louis Regional Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-93

MontanaMissoula Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-95

NebraskaOmaha Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-97

NevadaLas Vegas Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-99

New JerseyNorth Jersey Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-101

New MexicoAlbuquerque Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-103

New YorkCapital District Clean Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-105Clean Communities of Central New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-107Genesee Region Clean Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-109Greater Long Island Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-111Clean Communities of Western New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-113White Plains Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-115

North DakotaRed River Valley Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-117

OhioNortheast Ohio Clean Fuels Coalition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-119Tri-State Alternative Fuels Coalition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-121

OklahomaCentral Oklahoma Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-123Tulsa Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-125

OregonColumbia/Willamette Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-127Rogue Valley Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-129

PennsylvaniaGreater Philadelphia Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-131Pittsburgh Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-133

Rhode IslandGreater Providence Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-135

TexasAustin Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-137Dallas/Fort Worth Regional Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-139Greater Houston Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-142Paso del Norte Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-144Texas Coastal Bend (Corpus Christi) Clean Cities Program . . . . . . A-147

UtahSalt Lake City Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-149

Clean Cities Program 1999 Report to Congress iv October 1, 1999

VirginiaHampton Roads Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-152

WashingtonPuget Sound Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-154

West VirginiaWest Virginia Clean Cities Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-156

WisconsinWisconsin Clean Cities-Southeast Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-158

Clean Cities Program 1999 Report to Congress v October 1, 1999

LIST OF EXHIBITS

Exhibit I-1: Energy Policy Act of 1992 Section 505 (42 U.S.C. 13255) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Exhibit I-2: Transportation Oil Gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Exhibit I-3: SEP Grants by Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Exhibit II-1: Map of Current Clean Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Exhibit II-2: List of Clean Cities and Designation Dates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Exhibit II-3: Growth in Number of Clean Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Exhibit II-4: Number of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in Clean Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Exhibit II-5: Number of Alternative Fuel Refueling Stations in Clean Cities . . . . . . . . 17

Exhibit III-1: The Clean Cities Roadmap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Exhibit III-2: Steps to a New Clean Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Exhibit IV-1: Number of Attendees in Clean Cities Conferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Exhibit IV-2: Example State Incentives (Arizona, 1999) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Exhibit V-1: Federal AFVs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Clean Cities Program 1999 Report to Congress vi October 1, 1999

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AF Alternative FuelsAFV Alternative Fuel VehicleAMFA Alternative Motor Fuels Act of 1988CAAA Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990CMAQ Congestion Mitigation Air QualityCNG Compressed Natural GasDMV Department of Motor VehiclesDOE U.S. Department of EnergyDOT U.S. Department of TransportationE85 Blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasolineEERE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable EnergyEIA Energy Information AdministrationEPA U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyEPACT Energy Policy Act of 1992EV Electric VehicleEVAA Electric Vehicle Association of the AmericasFHWA Federal Highway AdministrationFFV Flexible-Fuel VehicleGRI Gas Research InstituteGSA General Services AdministrationIACC Interagency Alternative Fuels Coordinating CommitteeICTC Interstate Clean Transportation CorridorISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991LEV Low Emission VehicleLNG Liquefied Natural GasLPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas (Propane)M85 Blend of 85% methanol and 15% gasolineMOU Memorandum of UnderstandingNGV Natural Gas VehicleNOPI Notice of Program InterestNYSERDA New York State Energy Research & Development AuthorityOEM Original Equipment ManufacturerOTT Office of Transportation TechnologiesPEPCO Potomac Electric Power CompanyRSO Regional Support OfficeSIP State Implementation PlanTLEV Transitional Low Emission VehicleUSPS U.S. Postal ServiceULEV Ultra Low Emission VehicleSULEV Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle

Clean Cities Program 1999 Report to Congress 1 October 1, 1999

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Impetus and Overview

This report to Congress presents the status, asof October 1, 1999, of the U.S. Department ofEnergy’s (DOE) Clean Cities Program, avoluntary program introduced in 1993 inaccordance with section 505 of the EnergyPolicy Act of 1992 (42 U.S.C. 13201 et. seq.)(EPACT). As required by EPACT, “TheSecretary is required to periodically report tothe Congress on the results of efforts to obtainvoluntary commitments in geographicallydiverse regions of the U.S. to: (a) makereplacement fuels available to the public; (b)have fleet owners of ten or more motorvehicles to acquire and use alternative fuelvehicles; and (c) have the manufacturers ofalternative fuel vehicles make sure that thevehicles and related services are available tothe public.” The activities andaccomplishments of the Clean Cities Program,since its introduction in September 1993, aresummarized in this report.

The DOE Clean Cities Program establishes asystematic process of working with cities todevelop “grass roots” plans for creating localalternative fuel markets. The programshepherds cities through the process of settinggoals, building coalitions, and making thenecessary commitments to earn a Clean Citiesdesignation. Through these commitments, keystakeholders pledge to pursue the followingnational goals:

� replace conventional transportation fuelswith domestically produced,cleaner-burning, alternative fuels;

� increase the acquisition and utilization ofalternative fuel vehicles (AFVs);

� develop alternative fuel infrastructure andvehicle conversion, maintenance, andrelated service industries; and

� advance public understanding of thebenefits and costs of using AFVs.

The key elements of success for this programare partnerships—public/private partnershipsthat engage the necessary market forces toaccomplish the infusion of new AFVtechnologies. DOE provides limited assistanceto offset the incremental cost of AFVs andprovides market development assistance. DOEtechnical and management resources aretargeted at building local coalitions,coordinating technology product suppliers,and improving market and customerinformation. Clean Cities works directly withlocal governments and local businesses andshares innovations “mayor-to-mayor” alongthe Clean Cities network.

The Clean Cities Program is developing thealternative fuels industry and is a workingmodel for the next generation of governmentinitiatives. DOE's vision for the future isclearly defined in its Performance Agreementwith the President of the United States: “Bythe turn of the century, the Department ofEnergy, through its leadership in science andtechnology, will continue to advance U.S.economic, energy, environmental, and nationalsecurity.” The Clean Cities Programcontributes to the accomplishment of thesekey goals with the following actions:


(1) leveraging DOE’s unique science andtechnology capabilities to advance thenation’s future;

(2) restoring, stabilizing, protecting, andenhancing the environment;

(3) developing and deploying clean energysources and enhancing energy security;and

(4) stimulating U.S. economic productivity.

Clean Cities Accomplishments

Now, six years after the program’s inception,Clean Cities has made great strides indiversifying transportation fuel consumption.Through voluntary partnerships formedaround the country, Clean Cities hasheightened public awareness of the benefits ofalternative fuel usage, increased the number ofAFVs on the road, and developed alternativefuel infrastructure throughout North America.Progress through October 1, 1999 includes thefollowing accomplishments:

� Seventy-five Clean Cities, representing3,700 stakeholders, participate in theClean Cities Program, reaching fromMaine to Hawaii and including cities inMexico and Canada.

� Participating cities now have 160,000AFVs (40 percent of all AFVs in the U.S.),and have pledged to have 186,000 AFVsby the end of 2001.

� Participating cities now have 4,800alternative fuel refueling facilities withintheir regions and have pledged to increasethis number to 5,100 by the end of 2001.

� With assistance from Clean Cities, 12 EV-Ready regions have been established.

� The Clean Cities AFVs have alreadydisplaced approximately 8 million barrelsof petroleum fuel, and will displace anadditional 10 million barrels by the end of2001.

� The Clean Cities AFVs have alreadyresulted in 639,000 tonnes of carbonreductions, and will reduce carbonemissions by an additional 860,000 tonnesby the end of 2001.

� The Clean Cities AFVs have alreadyresulted in 77,000 tonnes of criteriaemissions reductions, and will reducecriteria emissions by an additional 97,000tonnes by the end of 2001.

DOE has further enhanced the efforts of theClean Cities Coalitions through the StateEnergy Program Alternative Fuels SpecialProjects which awarded grants to new andinnovative uses of AFVs. Since the inceptionof these grants, over $13 million in DOEfunding has been awarded to recipients in 38states through 168 separate grants. In additionto the DOE funding, participants in these grantprojects have indicated that they wouldprovide $79 million in matching funding forthe projects. The grant program has resultedin 510 alternative fuel vehicles being placedinto service, and 1,100 more planned to beplaced in service. DOE grants are alsoproviding alternative fuel refuelinginfrastructure. A total of 28 stations havebeen put in service with over 100 more in theprocess of being installed. In addition, thegrants have provided the needed funds for atotal of 114 other projects that are described inthe following subcategories: funding ofcoordinators; Clean Cities activities;alternative fuels promotional materials oractivities; alternative fuels training &educational materials or activities;miscellaneous infrastructure improvements(e.g. universal card readers); workshops;planning & reporting activities; and alternativetransportation projects (i.e. electric bikes ortelecommuting initiatives).


DOE believes that the success of voluntaryinitiatives like the Clean Cities Program is acritical complement to mandates andregulations (such as EPACT), and indicatesthe desire and commitment of the governmentand private industry to work together to findalternative fuels solutions. EPACT providesthe progressive guidance needed to change ourdependance on imported oil in thetransportation sector. Ultimately, to make realchanges in our transportation system and ourdependence on imported fuel, continued andincreasing resources must be allocated to theEPACT programs, voluntary and mandated,including the Clean Cities Program. Inaddition, DOE must be given additionalauthorities within EPACT since it is now clearthat the EPACT goals will not be met withoutthem.

Organization of the Report

This report provides a comprehensive analysisof the Clean Cities Program— past, present,and future. Section I presents a detaileddescription of the program, includingdiscussion of the EPACT legislation thatinitiated this and other energy securityprograms, and the methods, goals, andobjectives for the future. Section II presentsthe tangible results achieved by the programfrom its inception. Section III provides theorganizational structure of the programincluding the responsibilities of DOE and thecoalitions participating in the program. Section IV details the program's assistance toClean Cities coalitions—the program'scustomers. Section V explains how CleanCities is integrated with other DOE initiativesto promote EPACT goals. Section VI outlinesthe strengths and weaknesses of the program,highlighting the benefits and limitations ofvoluntary initiatives. Section VII offers a lookinto the future of the Clean Cities Program,

detailing legislative objectives and plannedfuture activities.



What is Clean Cities and how does itwork?

One of Eight Raley’s Natural Gas Trucks in theSacramento Clean Cities Region

I. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION

Alternative Fuels: the Spark for theClean Cities Engine

The Clean Cities Program is a locally-basedgovernment/industry partnership programcoordinated by the U.S. Department of Energy(DOE) to expand the use of fuels that arealternatives to gasoline and diesel fuel byaccelerating the deployment of alternative fuelvehicles (AFVs), and building a local AFVrefueling infrastructure. The Clean Citiesorganization is built on the premise that wecan change our communities for the betterthrough cooperation and voluntarypartnerships, working to reduce our relianceon imported oil and improving air quality. Nopopulation relies more on the automobile andimported fuels to get from point to point thanpeople in the United States. The transportationsector has an enormous impact on oureconomy, our national energy security, and ourenvironment. Transportation is the one sectorwhich has not diversified its energy resourcesand remains highly vulnerable to petroleumprice spikes and shortages. Moreover,emissions from vehicles are the single largestcontributor to air pollution in many cities,making our air unhealthy to breathe andincreasing our health care costs. Fleets inurban areas are best suited to overcome thehurdles of using alternative fuels. As morevehicles use alternative fuels, these hurdleswill be diminished and others may start usingalternative fuels as well. Using alternative

fuels have the benefits of not only displacingpetroleum fuels, but could result in better airquality, increased domestic economic activity,and reduced contribution to global climatechange.

By combining local decision-making with thevoluntary action of Clean Cities partners, theClean Cities’ “grass roots” approach departsfrom traditional “top-down” Federal programs.

It creates an effective plan, carried out at thelocal level, to establish a sustainable,nationwide alternative fuels market. CleanCities builds on local initiative, providesoptions for solving local problems, and createspartnerships as the mechanism to developthose solutions. The program works directlywith local businesses and governments toshepherd them through goal-setting,coalition-building, and commitment processesto establish the foundations for a viablealternative fuels market. Clean Citiesdynamically promotes State and Federalobjectives by sharing local innovations


“The spirit and enthusiasm that infuses the CleanCities network...is leading us to the transportationmarket of tomorrow.” Secretary Richardson at thedesignation of the Capitol Clean Cities of Connecticut as the 72nd

member of Clean Cities

“mayor-to-mayor” along the Clean Citiesnetwork and providing continuous feedback tothe 3,700 industry and governmentstakeholders.

A Market-Based Solution that Works

The Clean Cities program thrives on stronglocal initiatives and a flexible approach to thechallenge of building alternative fuelsmarkets, providing participants with options toaddress problems unique to their cities, andfostering partnerships as the mechanism toovercome these problems. Clean Cities worksdirectly with local businesses andgovernments, guiding them through each stepin the process of building the foundation for avibrant localorganization, includinggoal-setting,coalition-building, andsecuring commitments.Current and potentialmembers of the CleanCities network alsohelp each other bysharing localinnovations "mayor-to-mayor," by addressingand relaying obstacles they encounter inpursuing alternative fuels programs, and byexchanging "do's" and "don'ts," based onexperiences in these programs. Clean Citiescan continually pioneer innovations and aspireto make strides nationally as well as locally.

Clean Cities is dedicated to:

� Creating new jobs and commercialopportunities

� Facilitating alternative fuel vehicleproduction

� Expanding local refueling infrastructure � Developing “Clean Corridors”� Increasing public awareness

� Advancing clean air objectives � Supporting regulated fleets� Identifying niche markets for AFVs

Diversification

In accordance with DOE's policy of fuelneutrality, Clean Cities advocates thepromotion and development of all alternativefuels. The goal of the program is to helpdiversify our nation's transportation fuels; noparticular alternative fuel is singled out fordevelopment. The Clean Cities Programencourages each coalition to focus on thealternative fuel or fuels best suited for itsregion's environment and economy.

Voluntary Accomplishment

Right now, in 75 areas around the country,Clean Cities partners are putting AFVs on theroad. The Clean Cities partners began in 1994with 30,000 AFVs which since then has grownto 160,000. The 3,700 stakeholders aroundthe country, including local governments, fleetmanagers, utilities, public entities, and privateindustries, work together to promote the use ofalternative fuels and AFVs. Their effortsinclude public information campaigns, vehicleconversions and purchases, development ofrefueling infrastructure, and “Clean Corridors”(major transportation routes among CleanCities). The country's leading automakers andfuel providers have approached Clean Cities


Why Clean Cities?

The Secretary shall, by January 1, 1994, and thereafter,undertake to obtain voluntary commitments ingeographically diverse regions of the United States -

1. from fuel suppliers to make available to the publicreplacement fuels, including providing for theconstruction or availability of related fuel deliverysystems;

2. from owners of 10 or more motor vehicles toacquire and use alternative fueled vehicles andalternative fuels, and

3. from suppliers of alternative fueled vehicles to makeavailable to the public alternative fueled vehiclesand to ensure the availability of necessary relatedservices,

in sufficient volume to achieve the goals described insection 502(b)(2) or as modified under section 504, andin order to meet any fleet requirement programestablished by rule under this title. The Secretary shallperiodically report to the Congress on the results ofefforts under this section. All voluntary commitmentsobtained pursuant to this section shall be available to thepublic, except to the extent provided in applicableprovisions of law protecting the confidentiality of tradesecrets and business and financial information, includingsection 1905 of title 18, United States Code.

Exhibit I-1. Energy Policy Act of 1992 Section 505 (42 U.S.C. 13255)

programs with initiatives to provide them withAFVs and alternative fuel infrastructure. Thishighly effective program—Clean Cities—hasresulted in voluntary commitments from thesestakeholders. Since September 1993, the DOEClean Cities Program has unified commonvisions for alternative fuels development inthese local markets, which include smallcommunities, large metropolitan areas, andentire states—and the program is still gainingmomentum. Moreover, Clean Citiescoalitions have been successful in winningapproximately 180 million dollars of fundingunder the Department of Transportation’sISTEA/CMAQ program for innovativealternative fuel projects. They have also beenleaders in influencing local and stateinitiatives to further support development ofthe AFV marketplace.

Legislative Impetus

Through the Energy Policy Act of 1992(EPACT), the U.S. Congress directs DOE topromote ways of increasing use of alternativesto gasoline and diesel fuels. Section 505 (42U.S.C. 13255) of EPACT requires DOE toseek sufficient voluntary commitments fromfuel and vehicle suppliers, and fleet ownersand operators to form the critical partnershipsnecessary for the successfulcommercialization of AFVs and thedevelopment of alternative fuel infrastructure(see Exhibit 1-1). The Clean Cities Program isDOE's action plan for implementing section505.

U.S. Transportation Dependence on Oil

DOE is working to reduce the country’sdependence on oil in the transportation sector

and to mitigate the air pollution problems it causes. America's growing dependence on oilimports is a potential threat to nationalsecurity, the economy, and the environment. Oil imports are projected to increase from 49percent of domestic consumption in 1997 toover 65 percent in 2020. With petroleumdemand projected to grow at an average rate of1.2 percent per year and domestic productionto decline by about 1.1 percent per year, theEnergy Information Administration (EIA)predicts that imported petroleum will accountfor 58 to 72 percent of domestic petroleumconsumption by 2020. The United Statesspends over $62 billion each year on oilimports, representing a major transfer ofwealth from the United States to oil exportingcountries. Ninety-seven percent of our total


Exhibit I-2. Transportation Oil Gap

A viable solution to a complexproblem

transportation energy comes from oil, and weuse 13 million more barrels of oil each daythan is domestically produced (see Exhibit I-2). Vehicle fuel efficiencies have shown largeimprovements since the 1970s but for the pastdecade have been fairly constant; increases invehicle population and per capita miles drivenhave eroded these gains, contributing to a netincrease in consumption of petroleum fortransportation. Moreover, emissions fromvehicles are the single largest contributor to airpollution in many cities, creating an unhealthyclimate and increasing our health care costs.According to the American Lung Association,approximately $50 billion is spent each yearon health care as a direct result of airpollution.

Potential Benefits

The potential benefits of the Clean CitiesProgram reach far beyond displacing oil as atransportation fuel. Promoting domesticproduction and use of alternative fuels andAFVs strengthens our nation’s economy,reduces our national security burden, andprovides a healthier environment. Divertingconsumption away from oil and towarddomestically produced alternative fuels andAFVs can potentially improve our trade

deficit, create tens of thousands of jobs indeveloping industries, and reduce thecontribution of transportation fuels to globalclimate change.

Coalition Building

The technologies to produce alternative fuelsand AFVs exist and are relatively simple toadopt. The challenge is bringing the variousplayers together and coordinating their mutualinterests into a definitive plan of action. Inorder to decrease oil consumption, the U.S.must place AFVs on the road, but consumerscannot buy vehicles that are not available. Theautomakers are reluctant to produce goodswithout quantifying a definite and substantialmarket demand, and consumers cannotdemand products that are not known to exist.Consumers cannot use AFVs if the alternativefuels are unavailable, but fuel providers, likethe automakers, are reluctant to make theinvestment to build an alternative fuelinfrastructure before there is sufficientdemand. The Clean Cities Program provides asolution to these problems by buildingpartnerships which bring key players togetherin order to create critical private sector interestand incentives to leverage private sectormarket activity. In effect, the partnershipsreduce market uncertainty, enabling each partyto market confident capital investment. Theseefforts have gained tremendous support fromlocal markets nationwide. The Clean CitiesProgram is designed to enable market forces toinfuse alternative fuels technology productsinto the marketplace. Its mission is to createeffective plans, carried out at the local level,for creating a sustainable, nationwidealternative fuels market. DOE provides limited


Where does Clean Cities take us?

assistance to offset the incremental cost ofAFV technologies and provides marketdevelopment assistance through the StateEnergy Program. DOE technical assistanceand management resources are targeted atbuilding local coalitions, coordinatingtechnology product suppliers, and informationdissemination.

Market Development

AFV producers and alternative fuel suppliersmust synchronize their efforts to successfullyinfluence consumer demands and U.S.transportation patterns. Through this process,the locally-based Clean Cities coalitionsdevelop plans that will create an alternativefuels market through commitments to:

• displace conventional transportation fuelswith domestically produced, clean-burningalternative fuels;

• increase acquisition and utilization ofAFVs;

• develop the alternative fuel supplyinfrastructure and vehicle conversion,maintenance, and related serviceindustries;

• advance public understanding of thebenefits of using AFVs; and

• raise awareness of the process forimplementing an AFV policy.

DOE has further enhanced the efforts of theClean Cities Coalitions through the StateEnergy Program Alternative Fuels SpecialProjects which awarded grants to new andinnovative uses of AFVs. Since the inceptionof these grants, $10.8 million in DOE fundinghas been awarded to recipients in 38 states

through 168 separate grants (see Exhibit I-3). In addition to the DOE funding, participants inthese grant projects have indicated that theywould provide $79 million in matchingfunding for the projects. The grant programhas resulted in 510 alternative fuel vehiclesbeing placed into service, and 1,100 moreplanned to be placed in service. DOE grantsare also providing alternative fuel refuelinginfrastructure. A total of 28 stations havebeen put in service with over 100 more in theprocess of being installed. In addition, thegrants have provided the needed funds for atotal of 114 other projects that are described inthe following subcategories: funding ofcoordinators; Clean Cities activities;alternative fuels promotional materials oractivities; alternative fuels training &educational materials or activities;miscellaneous infrastructure improvements(e.g. universal card readers); workshops;planning & reporting activities; and alternativetransportation projects (i.e. electric bikes ortelecommuting initiatives).

A Vision for the Future

The Clean Cities Program is developing thealternative fuels industry and is a workingmodel for the next generation of governmentinitiatives. DOE's vision for the future isclearly defined in its Performance Agreementwith the President of the United States: “Bythe turn of the century, the Department ofEnergy, through its leadership in science andtechnology, will continue to advance U.S.economic, energy, environmental, and nationalsecurity.” The Clean Cities Programcontributes to the accomplishment of thesekey goals with the following actions:


Exhibit I-3. SEP Grants by Region

(1) leveraging DOE’s unique science andtechnology capabilities to advance thenation’s future;

(2) restoring, stabilizing, protecting, andenhancing the environment;

(3) developing and deploying clean energysources and enhancing energy security;and

(4) stimulating U.S. economic productivity.

Proactive Deployment of AlternativeFuel Vehicles

By seeking voluntary commitments, the CleanCities Program fulfills several objectives.

Placing vehicles on the road through thesevoluntary actions can help ease the transitionto implement annual AFV acquisitionrequirements that apply to EPACT coveredfleets. Although additional rules may alsohave to be issued pertaining to other types ofentities, voluntary Clean Cities activity helpsto mitigate the number of new rules orguidelines. Heightened public awareness ofAFV deployment, infrastructure development,vehicle availability, rules and regulations, andalternative fuels will facilitate an easiertransition to the adoption of AFVs. CleanCities partners and stakeholders gain aconsiderable advantage by committing to thegoals of the program prior to the effectivedates of EPACT legislation. Those whopurchase AFVs before the mandates are put inplace may qualify for AFV credits. Taking


early steps to convert and purchase vehiclesand build alternative fuels infrastructure willease compliance with specific requirements.Furthermore, through voluntary commitmentsinitiated by Clean Cities, future public rulesmay be rendered unnecessary or less stringent.

A New Model for Government

Clean Cities also exemplifiesgovernment/private partnership andgovernment-to-government activity at theirbest and can serve as a model for a moreeffective, “reinvented” version of government.By providing guidance, while shifting theresponsibility to the private sector, the CleanCities Program is demonstrating the newparadigm of government action andpublic/private partnership. Clean Cities is alsoan example of how the Federal Governmentcan coordinate its own programs. Forexample, DOE promotes public and privatesector use of AFVs through such programs asthe Public Information Program (section 405;(42 U.S.C. 1323 1)), the Certification ofTraining Program (section 411; (42 U.S.C.12237)), and the Replacement Fuels Program(section 502; (42 U.S.C. 13252)).

DOE supports the missions of other Federalprograms and agencies. Clean Cities works toincrease coordination among Federal agenciesthrough the Interagency Committee onAlternative Fuels and Low Emission Vehicles(INTERFUEL). Several other Federalagencies, including the U.S. Postal Serviceand the General Services Administration,make substantial contributions to the CleanCities coalitions on a local level. The FederalGovernment is working aggressively toacquire alternative fuel vehicles for its ownvehicle fleets, as intended by EPACT and theAlternative Motor Fuels Act of 1988 (AMFA). EPACT section 303 requires the introduction

of light-duty AFVs into Federal fleets inspecific incremental percentages over the nextseveral years. President Clinton, in April1993, issued Executive Order 12844, whichincreases the acquisition requirements by 50percent for 1993-95 over the levels requiredby section 303 (Executive Order 13031 latersuperseded Executive Order 12844). President Bush had earlier issued ExecutiveOrder 12759 (April 1991) requiring Federalagencies to annually purchase the maximumpracticable number of alternative fuelvehicles. Executive Order 13123 (64 FR30851, June 8, 1999) revoked Executive Order12759. On December 13, 1996, PresidentClinton issued Executive Order 13031 whichallowed use of medium- and heavy-duty AFVsto be counted as part of EPACT in the FederalFleet. These efforts to date have resulted inthe acquisition of 44,000 AFVs by late 1998. DOE’s Clean Cities Program promotesvoluntary commitments and coordinatedaction by the key groups within participatingcity regions for installation of alternative fuelinfrastructure and acquisition of vehicles.

The key to the Clean Cities Program is thepartnership developed with local industries,organizations, and Federal agencies. Localconstituents avoid the usual inefficienciesassociated with top-down governmentprogramming, yet they retain the benefits ofFederal coordination, resources, and guidance.


Exh

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II-1

. Map

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Cu

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ies


What has the program accomplished?

Hazel O’Leary at the Los Angeles Clean CitiesDesignation

II. RESULTS

Membership Has Grown Rapidly

In 1993 Secretary of Energy Hazel R. O’Learyintroduced the Clean Cities initiative to theMayors of each of the 125 metropolitan areascovered by the Energy Policy Act of 1992(EPACT). The Secretary wrote to encourageall of the Mayors tosupport the use ofalternative fuels andalternative fuel vehicles(AFVs). The firstprogram was launched inAtlanta, Georgia onSeptember 8, 1993. Local businesses,Federal, State, and localagencies gathered to signa Memorandum ofUnderstanding (MOU)signifying theircommitments to thegoals and objectives of the Clean CitiesProgram, whereupon DOE declared the Cityof Atlanta to be the first of the Clean Cities.

Atlanta was an ideal initial target for thisvoluntary public/private partnership program,and the area had already taken steps towardbuilding coalitions to promote clean airthrough the use of alternative fuels. The CleanCities Program provided an organizationalstructure with which these varied entitiescould harness their collaborative efforts andeffectively alter their transportation

infrastructure. These efforts would result inefficient and low emission AFVs beingshowcased to the world during the 1996Summer Olympics. Six years and a total of 75Clean Cities later, the experiment has maturedinto a successful program for introducingalternative fuels technology into localcommunities around the country. Exhibit II-1presents a map of all the Clean Cities andExhibit II-2 lists each of the Clean Cities and

the dates they wereestablished. Allgeographical areas ofthe country arerepresented by CleanCities and membershipis also internationalwith the inclusion ofCiudad Juarez, Mexicoas part of the Paso delNorte Clean Cities, aswell as Winnipeg andToronto in Canada.

As of the end of FY1999, the Clean Cities Program boasts amembership of 3,700 stakeholders includingall the major auto manufacturers, most of themajor utilities in the U.S., dozens of vendorsof alternative fuel equipment, alternative fuelsuppliers, and hundreds of Federal, state, andlocal government agencies. The focus of theClean Cities Program within DOE has shiftedfrom growth of new Clean Cities to assistingexisting Clean Cities coalitions to capitalizeon their potential. Clean Cities stakeholdersare committed to diversifying the energyresources for transportation, making vehicles


1. Atlanta, Georgia (9/8/93)2. Denver, Colorado (9/13/93)3. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (9/22/93)4. Clean State, Delaware (10/12/93)5. Las Vegas, Nevada (10/18/93)6. Washington, DC (10/21/93)7. Boston, Massachusetts (3/18/94)8. Austin, Texas (4/18/94)9. Florida Gold Coast, Florida (5/3/94)10. Chicago, Illinois (5/13/94)11. Albuquerque, New Mexico (6/1/94)12. Southeast Area, Wisconsin (6/30/94)13. Colorado Springs, Colorado (7/13/94)14. Long Beach, California (8/31/94)15. Lancaster, California (9/22/94)16. Salt Lake City, Utah (10/3/94)17. White Plains, New York (10/4/94)18. Baltimore, Maryland (10/7/94)19. Clean State, West Virginia (10/18/94)20. Louisville, Kentucky (10/18/94)21. Rogue Valley, Oregon (10/21/94)22. San Francisco, California (10/21/94)23. Sacramento, California (10/21/94)24. South Bay (San Jose), California (10/21/94)25. East Bay (Oakland), California (10/21/94)26. San Joaquin Valley, California (10/21/94)27. Western Area, New York (11/4/94)28. Portland, Oregon (11/10/94)29. St. Louis, Missouri (11/18/94)30. Waterbury, Connecticut (11/21/94)31. Southwestern Area, Connecticut (11/21/94)32. Norwich, Connecticut (11/21/94)33. New London, Connecticut (11/21/94)34. Peoria, Illinois (11/22/94)35. Southwest Area, Kansas (3/30/95)36. Central Area, New York (6/15/95)37. Dallas/Fort Worth, Texas (7/25/95)38. Honolulu, Hawaii (8/29/95)

39. Missoula, Montana (9/21/95)40. New Haven, Connecticut (10/5/95)41. Central Area, Arkansas (10/25/95)42. Paso del Norte, Texas (11/17/95)43. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (12/5/95)44. SCAG, California (3/1/96)45. Los Angeles, California (3/22/96)46. Coachella Valley, California (4/22/96)47. Weld/Larimer/RMNP, Colorado (5/21/96)48. Central Area, Oklahoma (5/29/96)49. Hampton Roads, Virginia (10/4/96)50. San Diego, California (12/12/96)51. Long Island, New York (10/18/96)52. Detroit/Toronto Corridor, Michigan (12/18/96)53. Tri-State Area, Ohio (1/29/97)54. Evansville, Indiana (1/30/97)55. Greater Houston, Texas (9/4/97)56. Portland, Maine (9/4/97)57. Tulsa, Oklahoma (9/22/97)58. Maricopa Ass’n of Gov’ts, Arizona (10/8/97)59. Riverside, California (10/24/97)60. Northern Area, New Jersey (10/30/97)61. Corpus Christi, Texas (3/30/98)62. Genesee Region, New York (5/28/98)63. Red River Valley, North Dakota (8/10/98)64. Puget Sound, Washington (8/13/98)65. Providence, Rhode Island (9/14/98)66. Omaha, Nebraska (9/18/98)67. Kansas City, Missouri (11/18/98)68. Central Area, Indiana (3/4/99)69. Ann Arbor, Michigan (4/19/99)70. Capital District (Albany), New York (4/26/99)71. South Shores, Indiana (6/15/99)72. Capitol Clean Cities, Connecticut (6/21/99)73. Tucson, Arizona (8/24/99)74. Northeast Ohio Clean Fuels Coalition (9/14/99)75. Florida Space Coast (10/1/99)

Exhibit II-2. List of Clean Cities and Designation Dates

more efficient, and reducing theenvironmental impact on their use throughreduction of criteria pollutants and climatechange gases.

Exhibit II-3 illustrates the growth in thenumber of Clean Cities over time. DOE wasgiven two goals for the number of CleanCities: 25 by the end of 1994; and 50 by the

end of 1996. Both of these goals wereachieved. A measure of the success of theClean Cities concept is that since 1996, DOEhas stopped soliciting for new Clean Cities,yet the growth in new Clean Cities hascontinued almost unabated.


Exhibit II-3. Growth in Number of Clean Cities

Denver Natural Gas SuperShuttle BeingRefueled

Selected Achievements

The Clean Cities coalitionsare successfully performingthe tasks outlined in theiroriginal MOUs and ProgramPlans. Their activitiesinclude stakeholderrecruitment, vehiclepurchases, infrastructuredevelopment, and publicinformation campaigns. Their work has resulted inthousands of AFVs beingput into place and hundredsof new refueling facilities. The following are someselected achievements CleanCities coalitions have made. (For detailed discussion of many otheractivities sponsored by Clean Cities coalitions,please refer to the Appendix, Clean CitiesProfiles.)

� The Texas Department of Transportationoperates more than 5,000 AFVs, including400 bi-fuel propane pickup trucks.

� In the Denver area, SuperShuttle operatesa fleet of 18 AFVs, including 10 new CNGFord vans purchased in early 1999. Thesevans are expected to accumulate over70,000 miles per year.

� The U.S. Postal Service has the largestAFV fleet in the nation, with more than8,000 vehicles (primarily CNG, but also asmall number of EVs). They have recentlypurchased an additional 10,000 ethanolFFVs, which will be deployed across thecountry in 1999 and 2000.

� The Los Angeles Metropolitan TransitAuthority operates a total of 560 CNGtransit buses, and plans to add more than2,000 alternative fuel buses, mostly CNG,to the fleet by 2004.

� In June 1998, the City of Long Beach soldits one-millionth gasoline gallonequivalent of natural gas. The City sellsabout 30,000 gasoline gallon equivalentsper month from its five refueling sites.

� Yellow Cab of Connecticut currently has31 CNG Honda Civic GX sedans in itstaxi fleet, representing 30% of YellowCab’s entire fleet.

� Shenendehowa Central School District


Year Methanol Ethanol Propane CNG LNG Electric Other Total

1994 2,095 105 2,251 8,836 12 675 1,135 15,109

1995 3,095 575 7,525 17,283 12 1,055 2,791 32,336

1996 3,387 1,759 58,127 44,019 33 1,621 3,826 112,772

1997 2,377 2,557 61,218 51,474 198 1,941 2,343 122,108

1998 2,506 4,542 64,285 61,729 384 2,452 2,378 138,276

1999 2,381 9,386 66,676 70,427 518 3,049 4,395 156,832

2000 2,339 11,757 69,073 78,186 584 3,773 4,817 170,529

2001 2,370 12,734 69,702 88,274 607 4,212 7,710 185,609

Exhibit II-4. Number of Alternative Fuel Vehicles in Clean Cities

(near Albany, NY) currently operates a fleet of28 CNG school buses. This represents thehighest proportion of AFVs of any school busfleet in New York State.� Checker Cab of Atlanta currently has 70

CNG vehicles in its fleet. They are alsotesting a prototype CNG Ford Expeditionin taxi service.

� Pierce Transit of Tacoma, Washington,currently operates a fleet of 117 CNGtransit buses (out of a total of 173 buses). They plan to power their entire fleet withalternative fuels by 2003.

Vehicle Deployment

The Clean Cities Program has been successfulat helping to put AFVs into use incommunities across the country. Exhibit II-4shows past, current, and projected numbers ofAFVs in Clean Cities. Rapid growth in theearly years of the program has resulted inabout 40 percent of all the AFVs in the U.S.being part of Clean Cities coalitions (as of1999). As a result of this success indeveloping demand for AFVs, the major automanufacturers have asked for Clean Cities’

assistance in marketing their lines of AFVs,recognizing the nationwide “popularity” of theClean Cities Program and the concentration ofpotential customers represented by thenetwork of coalitions. DOE has respondedand worked hand-in-hand to provideopportunities for the private sector toimplement AFVs and their associatedinfrastructure. “With the Clean Citiesnetwork, we don't have to sell the concept ofalternative fuels, we only have to sell thevehicles, which is what we do best,” said TomArtushin of Ford Motor Company.

These Clean Cities AFVs generate significantbenefits in terms of petroleum fueldisplacement and emission reductions:

� The Clean Cities AFVs have alreadydisplaced approximately 8 million barrelsof petroleum fuel, and will displace anadditional 10 million barrels by the end of2001.

� The Clean Cities AFVs have alreadyresulted in 639,000 tonnes of carbonreductions, and will reduce carbon


Year Methanol Ethanol Propane CNG LNG Electric Other Total

1994 15 8 269 263 0 18 27 600

1995 29 9 559 487 1 113 66 1,264

1996 30 14 1,222 768 4 448 109 2,595

1997 29 15 1,471 1,051 6 688 45 3,305

1998 31 30 1,637 1,243 10 1,103 45 4,099

1999 33 56 1,865 1,507 12 1,279 62 4,814

2000 33 63 1,909 1,587 12 1,325 64 4,993

2001 33 70 1,929 1,622 12 1,350 64 5,080

Exhibit II-5. Number of Alternative Fuel Refueling Stations in Clean Cities

General Motors EV1 Electric Vehicle

emissions by an additional 860,000 tonnes bythe end of 2001.� The Clean Cities AFVs have already

resulted in 77,000 tonnes of criteriaemissions reductions, and will reducecriteria emissions by an additional 97,000tonnes by the end of 2001.

Infrastructure Development

Clean Cities coalitions have helped providerefueling and recharging infrastructure forAFVs. One of the largest hurdles for AFVs toovercome is the lack of convenient refuelingfacilities. By coordinating AFV placementwith refueling facility placement, Clean Citiescoalitions provide an essential element to thegrowth of AFVs. Exhibit II-5 shows past,current, and projected numbers of AFVrefueling stations in Clean Cities.

Clean Cities unites public and private sectorentities whose common goal is to build thealternative fuels market. Such cooperation hasallowed localities to choose the alternativefuels that best serve their communities basedon fuel availability, fuel performance,

emissions reductions, and economic factors.The partnerships fostered through Clean Citiesalso have led to the expansion of the refuelinginfrastructure. Fuel suppliers are continuallycommitting to provide facilities, fuel andservice, which is crucial to further growth ofthe AFV market.

Clean Cities has assisted the electric vehicle(EV) industry in developing EV-Readycommunities. EV-Ready communities areasked to undertake several specific activitiesincluding adoption of incentives (monetaryand non-monetary) to encourage EV use andinfrastructure deployment; development of a


plan to deploy charging equipment;assessment and modification of building,electrical, and safety codes for expediteddeployment of charging equipment; andexecution of a public information/awarenesscampaign. Clean Cities, in partnership withthe Electric Vehicle Association of theAmericas (EVAA), and the Department ofTransportation (DOT), hosted ten EV-Readyworkshops around the country in Sacramento,Los Angeles, Phoenix, Atlanta, Washington,DC, New York, Richmond, Boston, Detroit,and Ft. Lauderdale. EV-Ready Regions thathave resulted from these workshops include(as of mid-1999):

� Arizona - Phoenix;� Arizona - Tucson Area;� California - Northern;� California - Southern;� Georgia - Atlanta;� Florida - Broward County;� Michigan - Detroit;� Massachusetts - Boston;� Metropolitan Washington D.C.;� New York City Metropolitan Area;� Virginia - Northern; and� Virginia - Southern.

Niche Market Fleets

Alternative fuels are typically best suited tofleets which consume large amounts of fueland operate in a small, well-definedgeographic area. Because these fleets are notnecessarily typical of most fleets and oftenserve very specific purposes, they are referredto as “niche market fleets.” Examples ofniche market fleets include airport shuttleservices, school buses, bakery trucks, andpackage delivery vehicles. Clean Cities hasbeen challenging these niche market fleets toachieve 100% alternative fuel use in theirvehicles. This will help build a stronger local

market base for alternative fuels, which willencourage other fleets in the area to buyAFVs.

Clean Cities coalitions can play a key role inbringing niche market fleets together withlocal fuel providers and by facilitatingcooperative infrastructure developmentplanning. Having conveniently locatedrefueling facilities is essential for niche marketfleets because of their fixed routes or limitedarea of operation. Large fuel consumption isdesirable not only because it makes theeconomics for the fleet operator morefavorable, but because it provides the businessopportunity that is needed for fuel providers tomake the capital investments in new refuelinginfrastructure. After the refueling facilities areestablished for niche market fleets, theconvenience and availability of refuelinginfrastructure will facilitate Clean Cities toentice non-niche market fleets in the area tochoose AFVs, and generate greater confidencein fuel providers to invest in additionalrefueling facilities.

Alternative Fuels Promotion

The DOE is working with severalorganizations to facilitate acquisition of AFVs,establish refueling infrastructure, develop newAFV technology, and educate students aboutalternative fuels through student engineeringcompetitions. In all these efforts DOE isleveraging its available funds through sharedparticipation with other organizations.

Rebate Program

In FY1999, DOE awarded $1.2 million tofleets that acquired AFVs to partially offsettheir incremental costs. As a result, 567additional AFVs will be put on the road. DOEanticipates continuing the Rebate Program in


FY2000, but at a reduced level using a morestreamlined process. In FY 2000, rebates of$2,000 per vehicle will be available throughClean Cities Coalitions to those who purchasededicated OEM alternative fuel vehicles.

GRI/DOE Grants

In 1995 and 1998, the Gas Research Institute(GRI) provided financial assistance of$400,000 to $500,000 to promote the use ofnatural gas vehicles and to establish naturalgas refueling facilities. The DOE providedmatching funds to those of the GRI and hasallowed GRI access to the Clean Citiesnetwork.

“The magic of this cooperative initiative ishow closely the Clean Cities and GRIobjectives coincide,” said GRI NGV GroupManager, Rajeana Gable. “Deployment ofGRI's NGV portfolio of products andtechnologies is very important toimplementing the NGV Industry Strategy,which focuses on high fuel-use fleets andopen-access fueling facilities. Through thiscooperative effort with DOE's Clean Cities,we can see an immediate impact on themarketplace. These demonstration projectswill also give GRI and the gas industry anopportunity to better understand the technical,economic, environmental, and social benefitsthat influence the use of natural gas vehiclesnow and in the future,” Ms. Gable said.

E85 Refueling Station Assistance

Several hundred thousand ethanol flexible-fuelvehicles (FFVs) will soon be on the roadsacross the U.S. Many of these will be used tosatisfy EPACT requirements, and they shouldalso be popular with Clean Citiesstakeholders. However, as of September 1999there are only 47 ethanol (E85) refueling

facilities across the U.S. DOE is assisting fuelproviders to increase the number of E85refueling facilities in locations convenient tolarge numbers of FFVs in an effort to increasethe use of E85.

PERC/DOE Grants

DOE committed $250,000 in FY1999 forpropane vehicle demonstration projects thatwas matched by the Propane Education &Research Council (PERC). The combinedfunding allowed eight projects to by funded in1999. Applicants had to provide at least 40percent matching funds and be a Clean CitiesStakeholder or partner with a local CleanCities program. The purpose of thedemonstration program is to identify and makepublic the air quality benefits of propane, toreduce transportation petroleum fuelconsumption, and to expand the awareness ofpropane as an alternative fuel.

Student Competitions

While not strictly a part of Clean Cities, DOEsponsors several university competitionswhich demonstrate that alternative fuelvehicles can perform as well as (or better than)their gasoline counterparts in every way. DOEsupported the following advanced vehicletechnology competitions:

1996-1997 Propane Vehicle Challengeencouraged students to convertgasoline-fueled 1996 Chrysler minivans topropane-fueled vehicles. Winners developedan ultra low emission vehicle (ULEV) that hasa minimum range of 400 km (approximately250 miles) and performance equal to or betterthan an equivalent gasoline-fueled vehicle.

1997 EV International Challenge, the first andonly event of its kind in the world, gave


Crowder College’s Ethanol Challenge ChevySilverado

Secretary Richardson with the EngineeringStudents who Participated in FutureCar 1999

students, teachers, EV experts, and the generalpublic an opportunity to display theirknowledge or learn about EVs.

In the Ethanol Challenge (1998-2000), 14college and university student teams from 10states and Canada convert General Motorscars and trucks to use ethanol as fuel. In 1999,most teams showed that a dedicated E85Silverado pickup truck could accelerate better,achieve better emissions and fuel economy,and provide better towing capability than theconventional gasoline counterpart.

The primary objectives of the FutureCarChallenge (1996-1999) were to provideopportunities for universities and engineeringstudents to join the national challenge todevelop an 80-mpg midsize sedan usinghybrid electric technology. At the same time,FutureCar creates a valuable pool of futureautomotive engineers with hands-onexperience in advanced automotivetechnologies. Two teams were able todemonstrate fuel economy over 60 mpgwithout sacrificing performance or utility.

FutureTruck 2000, co-sponsored by GM, willshow that large sport utility vehicles—with thehelp of advanced technologies—can be“green” and efficient.

Since its debut in 1990, the Sunrayce program's flagship activity continues to be abiennial intercollegiate competition to design,build and race solar-powered cars in achallenging long-distance event.

New Markets

Alternative fuels and alternative fuel vehiclescan benefit both the local and nationaleconomy by creating new jobs andcommercial opportunities. Activities such asAFV conversions, new technologydevelopment, and greater use of domesticallyproduced fuels and feedstock all generatebusiness growth and new profit opportunities.In addition, Clean Cities spurs new demandfor AFV products, as program stakeholderspledge to make AFV acquisitions through theyear 2005. Clean Cities is working totransform these pledges into firm vehiclepurchases or conversion orders, whilechallenging manufacturers to develop product


lines that meet the various needs of themarket.

Coalitions Complement EPACT andEPA Mandates

The 75 current Clean Cities coalitions includemore than one-half of the nation’s Clean AirAct (42 U. S.C. 7401 et seq.) ozonenon-attainment areas with populations of over250,000. While many of the coalitions includeor serve large metropolitan areas, smallcommunities are also involved. Manycommunities within Clean Cities such asGrand Forks in the Red River Valley CleanCities, are not subject to EPACT mandates orEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA)imposed air quality restrictions. Theirparticipation is truly on a voluntary basis andresults from the recognition that promotingalternative fuels and participating in the CleanCities Program are worthy pursuits.

Nontraditional Participation-NationalParks and Airports

The Clean Cities Program is exploringinnovative approaches for organizingcoalitions and deploying AFVs innontraditional regions. For example, RockyMountain National Park became a “CleanPark” as a member of the Weld/LarimerCounty, Colorado program. DOE has alsosupported the development of “CleanAirports.” Many urban areas with largeairports (many of them already being CleanCities) have come to the realization that theincrease in air travel was affecting the airquality in their region. To date, two CleanAirport conferences have been held to discussways that emissions from airport groundvehicles can be reduced, with the primaryemphasis on use of alternative fuels. Airport

ground vehicles are ideally suited to usingalternative fuels because of their limited rangeof operation. The EPA supports the conceptof Clean Airports and has participated andsupported the conferences.

Summary of Results

The Clean Cities Program has successfullybuilt coalitions dedicated to putting AFVs onthe road and building the supportinginfrastructure. The program has created 75partnerships that include 3,700 stakeholderswho collectively operate about 160,000 AFVs,which represents about 40 percent of all AFVsin the U.S. The Clean Cities Program hasbeen instrumental in the placement of severalthousand new alternative fuel refuelingfacilities.


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