Prepared By :Nisarg Amin:14BEEEG012

BRANCH: ELECTRICAL -1

TOPIC: Energy Resources

Energy resources

What is a resource?

Means available; stock or supply that can be drawn on.

Anything obtained from the living and non living environment to meet human needs and wants.

INTRODUCTION

Energy can be defined as the capacity to do work.

Supplementing free solar energy

99% of heat comes from the sun

Without the sun, the earth would be –240 0C (-400 0F)

We supplement the other 1% with primarily non-renewable energy sources

Energy Resources

Renewable (16%)

Solar

Wind

Falling, flowing water

Biomass

Non-renewable (84%)

Oil

Natural gas

Coal

Nuclear power

Energy sources and uses

Energy uses in developed countries industrialdomestic transportation

Electricity is not an energy source, converted from another source (coal, hydro, nuclear, etc.).

1st Law of Thermodynamics - the energy can neither be created nor be destroyed.

2ond Law – In any conversion of heat energy to useful work, some energy is always degraded to a lower quality energy.

Evaluating Energy Resources

Renewable Future availabilityNet energy yieldIt takes energy to get energy

Habitat degradation

Cost (initial and ongoing)

Community disruption

Political or international issues

Suitability in different locations

Polluting (air, water, noise, visual)

Each type of power project needs to be evaluated for the benefits and costs

Solar Energy

• Solar energy originates with the thermonuclear fusion reactions occurring in the sun.

• Fig. represents the entire electromagnetic radiation (visible light, infrared, ultraviolet, x-rays, and radio waves).

The surface receives about 47% of the total solar energy that reaches the Earth. Only this amount is usable.

Advantages:-

• All chemical and radioactive polluting byproducts of the thermonuclear reactions remain behind on the sun, while only pure radiant energy reaches the Earth.

• Energy reaching the earth is incredible. By one calculation, 30 days of sunshine striking the Earth have the energy equivalent of the total of all the planet’s fossil fuels, both used and unused!

Disadvantages:-

• Sun does not shine consistently.

• To harness solar energy, we must concentrate it into an amount and form that we can use, such as heat and electricity.

• The problems faced in using solar energy are:

1) collection, 2) conversion, 3) storage.

Solar Panels

Parabolic Dishes and Troughs

Power Towers

BIO-MASS ENERGY RESOURCES

Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. It most often refers to plants or plant-based materials which are specifically called lignocellulosic biomass.

As an energy source, biomass can either be used directly via combustion to produce heat, or indirectly after converting it to various forms of biofuel.

Conversion of biomass to biofuel can be achieved by different methods which are broadly classified into: thermal, chemical, and biochemical methods.

Biomass can be converted to other usable forms of energy like methane gas or transportation fuels like ethanol and biodiesel.

Rotting garbage, and agricultural and human waste, all release methane gas also called "landfill gas” or "biogas".

Biodiesel, another transportation fuel, can be produced from left-over food products like vegetable oils and animal fats.

Biomass

Thermal conversion

Thermal conversion processes use heat as the dominant mechanism to convert biomass into another chemical form.

The basic alternatives of combustion (torrefaction, pyrolysis, and gasification) are separated principally by the extent to which the chemical reactions involved are allowed to proceed (mainly controlled by the availability of oxygen and conversion temperature)

Energy created by burning biomass (fuel wood) is particularly suited for tropical countries where the fuel wood grows more rapidly.

There are a number of other less common, more experimental or proprietary thermal processes that may offer benefits such as hydrothermal upgrading (HTU) and hydroprocessing .

Some of the applications of thermal conversion are combined heat and power (CHP).In a typical dedicated biomass power plant, efficiencies range from 7–27% (HHV basis). Biomass cofiring with coal, by contrast, typically occurs at efficiencies 30–40% (HHVbasis).

WIND POWER

Large wind farms consist of hundreds of individual wind turbines which are connected to the electric power transmissionnetwork.

For new constructions, onshore wind is an inexpensive source of electricity, competitive with or in many places cheaper than fossil fuel plants.

Offshore wind is steadier and stronger than on land, and offshore farms have less visual impact, but construction and maintenance costs are considerably higher.

Small onshore wind farms can feed some energy into the grid or provide electricity to isolated off-grid locations.

Wind power, as an alternative to fossil fuels, is plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean, produces no greenhouse gas emissions during operation and uses little land. The effects on the environment are generally less problematic than those from other power sources.

As of 2011, Denmark is generating more than a quarter of its electricity from wind and 83 countries around the world are using wind power to supply the electricity grid.

WIND FARM

In 2010 wind energy production was over 2.5% of total worldwide electricity usage, and growing rapidly at more than 25% per annum.

A wind farm is a group of wind turbines in the same location used for production of electricity.

A large wind farm may consist of several hundred individual wind turbines distributed over an extended area, but the land between the turbines may be used for agricultural or other purposes.

Jaisalmer Wind Park 1,064 India

Shepherds Flat Wind Farm 845 United States

Roscoe Wind Farm 782 United States

Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center 736 United States

Capricorn Ridge Wind Farm 662 United States

Fântânele-Cogealac Wind Farm 600 Romania

Wind farm current countrycapacity

Nuclear Energy

Nuclear Fission

• Nuclear fission is the process of splitting a nucleus into two nuclei with smaller masses.

• Fission means “to divide”

• Remember that fission has 2 s’s, therefore it splits into TWO parts.

Fission • Only large nuclei with

atomic numbers above 90 can undergo fission.

• Products of fission reaction usually include two or three individual neutrons, the total mass of the product is somewhat less than the mass of Uranium-235.

Chain Reaction

• A chain reaction is an ongoing series of fission reactions. Billions of reactions occur each second in a chain reaction.

Chain Reaction

• On earth, nuclear fission reactions take place in nuclear reactors, which use controlled chain reactions to generate electricity.

Chain Reaction

• Uncontrolled chain reactions take place during the explosion of an atomic bomb.

Fission Products• The products of nuclear

fission reactions are radioactive, but the energy released from these reactions is less harmful to the environment than the use of fossil fuels.

• The products are intensely radioactive and must be treated and/or stored.

Nuclear Fusion• Nuclear fusion is the

combining of two nuclei with low masses to form one nucleus of larger mass.

• Nuclear fusion reactions are also called thermonuclear reactions.

Nuclear Fusion

• Fusion reactions exist in stars.

• Our sun is a good example of a thermonuclear (fusion) reaction.

• It is almost impossible to create fusion reactions on earth since they need temperatures above one million degrees Celsius in order to take place.

Nuclear Fusion• Nuclear fusion produces

less nuclear waste than nuclear fission and the materials are easier to obtain.

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

Geothemal Energy

What is geothemal energy?

Geothermal energy is the enegy which lies within the earths crust.There is an increase in temperature of the earth

with increase in depth below the surface of the earth

Uses of Geothermal Energy

• Geothermal power plant are generally build where geothermal reservoirs are located within a mile or two on the surface

• Geothermal heat pump are stable ground or water temperature near the earths surface to control building temperature above ground

Advantages of Geothermal energy

• Mot Versatile

• Least pollution source

• Low cost

• Provide steady base load power with very low variable cost

• High power generation than for solar and wind

Limitation of Geothermal Energy

• Overall efficiency for power production is quite low as compare to fossile fuels

• Air pollution results in case of release of gases present in steam

• Drilling operation at site causes noise pollution

Hydroelectricity

Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water.

It is the most widely used form of renewable energy, accounting for 16 percent of global electricity generation –3,427 terawatt-hours of electricity production in 2010, and is expected to increase about 3.1% each year for the next 25 years.

Hydropower is produced in 150 countries, with the Asia-Pacific region generating 32 percent of global hydropower in 2010.

China is the largest hydroelectricity producer, with 721 terawatt-hours of production in 2010, representing around 17 percent of domestic electricity use.

Conventional (dams):- Most hydroelectric power comes from

the potential energy of dammed water driving a water turbine and generator. The power extracted from the water depends on the volume and on the difference in height between the source and the water's outflow. This height difference is called the head. The amount of potential energy in water is proportional to the head. A large pipe (the "penstock") delivers water to the turbine.

Run of the river:- Run of the river hydroelectric stations are those

with small or no reservoir capacity, so that the water coming from upstream must be used for generation at that moment, or must be allowed to bypass the dam.

In the United States, run of the river hydropower could potentially provide 60,000 MW (about 13.7% of total use in 2011 if continuously available).

Low power costs:- The major advantage of hydroelectricity is

elimination of the cost of fuel. The cost of operating a hydroelectric plant is nearly immune to increases in the cost of fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas or coal, and no imports are needed. The average cost of electricity from a hydro plant larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt-hour.

Hydroelectric plants have long economic lives, with some plants still in service after 50–100 years. Operating labor cost is also usually low, as plants are automated and have few personnel on site during normal operation.