ENERGY STATISTICSOF NON-OECD COUNTRIESI E A S T A T I S T I C S2010EDI T I ONInternationalEnergy AgencyPlease note that this PDF is subject to specifc restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The terms and conditions are available online atwww.iea.org/about/copyright.asp2010EDI T I ON(61 2010 03 3 P1) 120ISBN 978-92-64-08410-0-:HSTCQE=U]YVUU:ENERGY STATISTICSOF NON-OECD COUNTRIESThis volume contains data for 2007 and 2008 on energy supply and consumption in original units for coal, oil, gas, electricity, heat, renewables and waste for over 100 non-OECD countries. Historical tables summarise data on production, trade, final consumption and oil demand by product, and include preliminary estimates of 2009 production (and trade when available) for natural gas, primary coal and oil. The book also includes definitions of products and flows and explanatory notes on the individual country data and sources. In the 2010 edition of Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries, the sister volume of this publication, the data are presented as comprehensive energy balances expressed in tonnes of oil equivalent.ENERGY STATISTICSOF NON-OECD COUNTRIES2010EDI T I ONINTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCYThe International Energy Agency (IEA), an autonomous agency, was established in November 1974. Its mandate is two-fold: to promote energy security amongst its member countries through collective response to physical disruptions in oil supply and to advise member countries on sound energy policy. The IEA carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among 28 advanced economies, each of which is obliged to hold oil stocks equivalent to 90 days of its net imports.The Agency aims to: n Secure member countries access to reliable and ample supplies of all forms of energy; in particular, through maintaining effective emergency response capabilities in case of oil supply disruptions. n Promote sustainable energy policies that spur economic growth and environmental protection in a global context particularly in terms of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions that contribute to climate change. n Improve transparency of international markets through collection and analysis of energy data. n Support global collaboration on energy technology to secure future energy supplies and mitigate their environmental impact, including through improved energy efciency and development and deployment of low-carbon technologies.n Find solutions to global energy challenges through engagement and dialogue with non-member countries, industry, international organisations and other stakeholders. IEA member countries: Australia Austria Belgium CanadaCzech RepublicDenmarkFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIreland ItalyJapanKorea (Republic of)LuxembourgNetherlandsNew Zealand NorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited StatesThe European Commissionalso participates inthe work of the IEA.Please note that this publicationis subject to specifc restrictionsthat limit its use and distribution.The terms and conditions are availableonline at www.iea.org/about/copyright.asp OECD/IEA, 2010International Energy Agency 9 rue de la Fdration 75739 Paris Cedex 15, FranceENERGY STATISTICS OF NON-OECD COUNTRIES (2010 Edition) - iii INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ vii PART I: METHODOLOGY 1. Issues of data quality........................................... I.3 2. General notes ...................................................... I.7 3. Notes on energy sources ................................... I.13 4. Notes on summary tables .................................. I.19 5. Geographical coverage ...................................... I.21 6. Country notes and sources ................................. I.23 PART II: STATISTICAL DATA ANNUAL TABLES 2007-2008 World ...................................................................... II.4 OECD Total .......................................................... II.10 Non-OECD Total .................................................. II.16 Africa .................................................................... II.22 Latin America........................................................ II.25 Asia (excluding China) ......................................... II.28 China (P.R. of China and Hong Kong) ................. II.31 Non-OECD Europe ............................................... II.37 Former Soviet Union ............................................. II.40 Middle East ........................................................... II.46 Albania .................................................................. II.49 Algeria ................................................................... II.52 Angola ................................................................... II.58 Argentina ............................................................... II.61 Armenia ................................................................. II.67 Azerbaijan ............................................................. II.70 Bahrain .................................................................. II.73 Bangladesh ............................................................ II.76 Belarus .................................................................. II.79 Benin ..................................................................... II.85 Bolivia ................................................................... II.88 Bosnia and Herzegovina ....................................... II.91 Botswana .............................................................. II.94 Brazil ..................................................................... II.97 Brunei Darussalam .............................................. II.103 Bulgaria ............................................................... II.106 Cambodia ............................................................ II.112 Cameroon ............................................................ II.115 Chile ................................................................... II.118 China, Peoples Republic of ............................... II.124 Chinese Taipei .................................................... II.130 Colombia ............................................................ II.136 Congo ................................................................. II.142 Democratic Republic of Congo .......................... II.145 Costa Rica ........................................................... II.148 Cte dIvoire ....................................................... II.151 Croatia ................................................................ II.154 Cuba .................................................................... II.160 Cyprus................................................................. II.163 Dominican Republic ........................................... II.166 Ecuador ............................................................... II.169 Egypt................................................................... II.172 El Salvador ......................................................... II.175 Eritrea ................................................................. II.178 Estonia ................................................................ II.181 Ethiopia ............................................................... II.187 Gabon ................................................................. II.190 Georgia ............................................................... II.193 Ghana .................................................................. II.196 Gibraltar .............................................................. II.199 Guatemala ........................................................... II.202 Haiti .................................................................... II.205 Honduras ............................................................. II.208 Hong Kong, China .............................................. II.211 India .................................................................... II.217 Indonesia ............................................................. II.223 iv - ENERGY STATISTICS OF NON-OECD COUNTRIES (2010 Edition) INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY Iran, Islamic Republic of ..................................... II.229 Iraq ...................................................................... II.232 Israel .................................................................... II.235 Jamaica ................................................................ II.241 Jordan .................................................................. II.244 Kazakhstan .......................................................... II.247 Kenya .................................................................. II.250 Korea, Democratic Peoples Republic of ............ II.253 Kuwait ................................................................. II.256 Kyrgyzstan .......................................................... II.259 Latvia .................................................................. II.262 Lebanon ............................................................... II.268 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ...................................... II.271 Lithuania ............................................................. II.274 Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) ............................................................ II.280 Malaysia .............................................................. II.283 Malta ................................................................... II.289 Moldova, Republic of .......................................... II.292 Mongolia ............................................................. II.298 Morocco .............................................................. II.301 Mozambique ........................................................ II.307 Myanmar ............................................................. II.310 Namibia ............................................................... II.313 Nepal ................................................................... II.316 Netherlands Antilles ............................................ II.319 Nicaragua ............................................................ II.322 Nigeria ................................................................. II.325 Oman ................................................................... II.328 Pakistan ............................................................... II.331 Panama ................................................................ II.337 Paraguay ............................................................. II.340 Peru ..................................................................... II.343 Philippines .......................................................... II.346 Qatar ................................................................... II.352 Romania .............................................................. II.355 Russian Federation ............................................. II.361 Saudi Arabia ....................................................... II.367 Senegal ............................................................... II.370 Serbia .................................................................. II.373 Singapore ............................................................ II.376 Slovenia .............................................................. II.379 South Africa ........................................................ II.385 Sri Lanka ............................................................ II.391 Sudan .................................................................. II.394 Syrian Arab Republic ......................................... II.397 Tajikistan ............................................................ II.400 Tanzania, United Republic of ............................. II.403 Thailand .............................................................. II.406 Togo .................................................................... II.412 Trinidad and Tobago .......................................... II.415 Tunisia ................................................................ II.418 Turkmenistan ...................................................... II.424 Ukraine ............................................................... II.427 United Arab Emirates ......................................... II.433 Uruguay .............................................................. II.436 Uzbekistan .......................................................... II.439 Venezuela ........................................................... II.445 Vietnam .............................................................. II.451 Yemen ................................................................. II.454 Zambia ................................................................ II.457 Zimbabwe ........................................................... II.460 SUMMARY TABLES Production ........................................................... II.464 Refinery output of oil products ........................... II.495 Net imports .......................................................... II.498 Final consumption .............................................. II.513 Consumption in industry .................................... II.526 Consumption in transport ................................... II.539 COUNTRY-SPECIFIC CONVERSION FACTORS FOR OIL PRODUCTS ..................................... II.545 OIL DEMAND BY MAIN PRODUCT GROUP ................................................................................... II.553 ENERGY STATISTICS OF NON-OECD COUNTRIES (2010 Edition) - v INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY ABBREVIATIONS Btu: British thermal unit GWh: gigawatt hour kcal: kilocalorie kg: kilogramme kJ: kilojoule kt: kilotonne Mt: million tonnes m3: cubic metre t: metric ton = tonne = 1000 kg TJ: terajoule toe: tonne of oil equivalent = 107 kcal CHP: combined heat and power GCV: gross calorific value HHV: higher heating value = GCV LHV: lower heating value = NCV NCV: net calorific value PPP: purchasing power parity AfDB: African Development Bank EU-27: European Union - 27 FAO: Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations IEA: International Energy Agency OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development OLADE: Organizacin Latinoamericana de Energa UN: United Nations IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ISIC: International Standard Industrial Classification UNIPEDE: International Union of Producers and Distributors of Electrical Energy .. not available - nil x not applicable vi - ENERGY STATISTICS OF NON-OECD COUNTRIES (2010 Edition) INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY MULTILINGUAL GLOSSARIES See multilingual glossary at the end of the publication. Voir le glossaire en plusieurs langues la fin du prsent recueil. Deutsches Glossar auf der letzten Umschlagseite. Riferirsi al glossario multilingue alla fine del libro. Vase el glosario plurilinge al final del libro. ENERGY STATISTICS OF NON-OECD COUNTRIES (2010 Edition) - vii INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY INTRODUCTION This publication is intended for those involved in ana-lytical and policy work related to international energy issues. It provides detailed statistics on production, trade and consumption for each source of energy in more than 100 non-OECD countries and main re-gions, including developing countries, Central and Eastern European countries, and the Former Soviet Union. The consistency and complementarity of OECD and non-OECD countries statistics ensure an accurate picture of the global energy situation. For the member countries of the Economic Commis-sion for Europe of the United Nations (UN-ECE), the data shown in this publication are mostly based on information provided by the national administrations through annual questionnaires. The five annual ques-tionnaires, common to the OECD, the UN-ECE and the European Union, are: Oil, Natural Gas, Solid Fossil Fuels and Manufactured Gases, Renewables and Wastes, and Electricity and Heat. The commodity balances for all the other countries are based on national energy data of heterogeneous nature, converted and adjusted to fit the IEA format. This volume has been prepared in close collaboration with other international organisations including the Organizacon Latino Americana De Energa (OLADE), the Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre (APERC), the United Nations Statistics Division, the Organisa-tion of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), and the Forestry Department of the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) of the United Nations. It draws upon and complements the extensive work of the United Nations in the field of world energy statistics. While every effort is made to ensure the accuracy of the data, quality is not homogeneous throughout the publication. Special methodological issues arise in a number of countries. In some countries data are based on secondary sources and, where incomplete or unavailable, on estimates. In general, data are likely to be more accurate for production, trade and total con-sumption than for individual sectors in transformation or final consumption. Commodity balances are presented in two formats depending on the available degree of detail, which is generally lower than that of OECD countries For ex-ample, the breakdown by fuel of electricity and heat production in transformation, provided in the report Energy Statistics of OECD Countries, is not shown here. General issues of data quality, as well as country notes and sources, should be always consulted when using data. A companion volume Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries presents corresponding data in comprehensive balances expressed in a common unit, million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe), with 1 toe = 107 kcal = 41.868 gigajoules. Energy data on OECD and non-OECD countries are collected by the team in the Energy Statistics Division (ESD) of the IEA Secretariat, headed by Mr. Jean-Yves Garnier. For this edition, non-OECD countries statistics have been the responsibility of Ms. Zakia Adam, Ms. Anne Durand, Mr. Jrme Garcia, Mr. Jan Kubat, Mr. Jung Woo Lee, Ms. Heidi Pokki and Mr. Tomasz Tru. Ms. Roberta Quadrelli has overall editorial responsibility. Secretarial support was sup-plied by Ms. Sharon Burghgraeve. We would like to thank Ms. Chunyan Zhu and Ms. Nan Zhang for their precious help, as well as our numerous contacts worldwide in national administrations and in public and private companies for their helpful co-operation. Complete supply and consumption data from 1971 to 2008 and selected estimates for 2009 are available on CD-ROM suitable for use on IBM-compatible systems. viii - ENERGY STATISTICS OF NON-OECD COUNTRIES (2010 Edition) INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY In addition, a data service is available on the internet. It includes unlimited access through an annual subscription as well as the possibility to obtain data on a pay-per-view basis. Details are available at http://www.iea.org. Enquiries about data and methodology, comments and suggestions should be addressed to the head of the non-OECD Countries Section, Energy Statistics Division, at: Energy Statistics Division International Energy Agency 9, rue de la Fdration, 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France Telephone: (+33-1) 40-57-66-48 Fax: (+33-1) 40-57-66-49 E-mail: wed@iea.org. WHATS NEW Selected estimates for 2009 Preliminary 2009 estimates for all countries and regions have been included in summary tables for production (primary coal, primary oil, natural gas) and trade (primary coal, natural gas). Conversion factors The country-specific conversion factors for oil products (in barrels per tonne) used to compute oil demand by main product group have been included in Part II. InterEnerStat The IEA is currently working with a group of 24 international organisations that collect or use energy statistics. The purpose of this group, called InterEnerStat, is to improve the quality of energy data by harmonising definitions for energy sources and flows. As a result of this work, the IEA has made some small changes in the terminology that do not affect the definitions. A few examples include: transformation sector becomes transformation processes energy sector becomes energy industry own use petroleum products becomes oil products heavy fuel oil becomes fuel oil ENERGY STATISTICS OF NON-OECD COUNTRIES (2010 Edition) - I.1 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY PART I METHODOLOGY ENERGY STATISTICS OF NON-OECD COUNTRIES (2010 Edition) - I.3 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY 1. ISSUES OF DATA QUALITY Methodology Considerable effort has been made to ensure that the data presented in this publication adhere to the IEA definitions reported in Part I.2, General notes, and Part I.3, Notes on energy sources. These definitions are used by most of the international organisations that collect energy statistics. Nevertheless, energy statistics at the national level are often collected using criteria and definitions which differ, sometimes considerably, from those of interna-tional organisations. The IEA Secretariat has identi-fied these differences and, where possible, adjusted the data to meet international definitions. Recognised anomalies occurring in specific countries are presented in Part I.6, Country notes and sources. Country notes present the most important deviations from the IEA methodology, and are by no means a comprehensive list of anomalies by country. Estimation In addition to adjustments compensating for differ-ences in definitions, estimations are sometimes re-quired to complete major aggregates, when key statis-tics are missing. The Secretariat has aimed to provide all the elements of commodity balances down to the level of final con-sumption, for all countries and years. Providing all the elements of supply, as well as all inputs and outputs of the main transformation activities (such as oil refining and electricity generation), has often required estima-tions. Estimations have been generally made after consultation with national statistical offices, oil com-panies, electricity utilities and national energy experts. Time series and political changes Commodity balances for the individual countries of the Former Soviet Union and the Former Yugoslavia start in 1990, and are not available for previous years. These balances are generally based on official sub-missions, but some estimations have been made by the Secretariat. Energy statistics for some countries undergo con-tinuous changes in their coverage or methodology. Consequently, breaks in series are considered to be unavoidable. The IEA Secretariat reviews its databases each year. In the light of new assessments, important revisions may be made to time series of individual countries during the course of this review. Therefore, some data in this publication have been substantially revised with respect to previous editions. Please always con-sult Part I.6, Country notes and sources. Classification of fuel uses National statistical sources often lack adequate infor-mation on the consumption of fuels in different cate-gories of end use. Many countries do not conduct an-nual surveys of consumption in the main sectors of economic activity, and published data may be based on out-of-date surveys. Therefore, sectoral disaggre-gation of consumption should generally be interpreted with caution. In transition economies (Eastern European countries and countries of the Former Soviet Union) and in China, the sectoral classification of fuel consumption before the reforms of the 1990s significantly differed from that of market economies. Sectoral consumption was defined I.4 - ENERGY STATISTICS OF NON-OECD COUNTRIES (2010 Edition) INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY according to the economic branch of the user, rather than according to the purpose or use of the fuel. For example, consumption of gasoline in the vehicle fleet of an enter-prise attached to the economic branch Iron and steel was classified as consumption in the Iron and steel industry itself. Where possible, data have been adjusted to fit interna-tional classifications. For example, all gasoline is as-sumed to be consumed in transport. However, it has not been possible to reclassify products other than gasoline and jet fuel as easily, and few other adjustments have been made to the other products. Imports and exports For a given product, imports and exports may not sum up to zero at the world level for a number of reasons. Fuels may be classified differently (i.e. residual fuel oil exports may be reported as refinery feedstocks by the importing country; NGL exports may be reported as LPG by the importing country, etc.). Other possible reasons include discrepancies in conversion factors, inclusion of international marine bunkers in exports, timing differences, data reported on a fiscal year basis instead of calendar year for certain countries, and un-derreporting of imports and exports for fiscal reasons. Specific issues by fuel Oil The IEA Secretariat collects comprehensive statistics for oil supply and use, including oil for own use of refineries, oil delivered to international bunkers, and oil used as petrochemical feedstock. National statistics often do not report all these amounts. Reported production of refined products may refer to net rather than gross refinery output; consumption of oil products may be limited to sales to domestic markets, and may not include deliveries to international ship-ping or aircraft. Oil consumed as petrochemical feed-stock in integrated refinery/petrochemical complexes is often not included in available official statistics. Where possible, the Secretariat has estimated those unreported data, in consultation with the oil industry. In the absence of any other indication, refinery fuel use is estimated to be about 5% of refinery through-put, and equally split between refinery gas and fuel oil. For a description of some adjustments made to the sectoral consumption of oil products, see the above section Classification of fuel uses. Natural gas Natural gas should be comprised mainly of methane; other gases, such as ethane and heavier hydrocarbons, should be reported under the heading of oil. The IEA defines natural gas production as the marketable production, i.e. net of field losses, flaring, venting and re-injection. However, the lack of adequate definitions makes it difficult or impossible to identify all quantities of gas at all different stages of its separation into dry gas (methane) and heavier fractions. National data for natural gas not always explicitly show separate quan-tities for field losses, flaring, venting and re-injection. Natural gas supply and demand statistics are normally reported in volumetric units, and it is difficult to ob-tain accurate data on the calorific value. In the absence of specific information, the IEA generally applies an average gross calorific value of 38 TJ/million m3. Reliable consumption data for natural gas at a disag-gregated level are often difficult to find. This is espe-cially true for some of the largest natural gas consum-ing countries in the Middle East. Therefore, industrial use of natural gas for these countries is frequently missing from the data published here. Electricity The IEA classification shows main activity produc-ers separately from autoproducers of electricity and heat. As defined in Part I.2, General notes, an auto-producer of electricity is an establishment which, in addition to its main activities, generates electricity wholly or partly for its own use. For non-OECD coun-tries, data on autoproducers are not always reported. In such cases, the quantities of fuels used as input to electricity are included under the appropriate end-use sector. When statistics of production of electricity from com-bustible renewables and waste are available, they are included in total electricity production. However, these data are not comprehensive; for example, much of the electricity generated from waste biomass in sugar refining facilities remains unreported. When unreported, inputs of fuels for electricity gen-eration are estimated using information on electricity output, fuel efficiency and type of generation capacity. ENERGY STATISTICS OF NON-OECD COUNTRIES (2010 Edition) - I.5 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY Heat For heat, transition economies (Eastern European countries and countries of the Former Soviet Union) and China used to adopt a different methodology from that adopted in market economies. They allocated the transformation of primary fuels (coal, oil and gas) by industry into heat for consumption on site to the trans-formation activity heat production, not to industrial consumption, as in the IEA methodology1. The trans-formation output of Heat was then allocated to the various end use sectors. The losses occurring in the transformation of fuels into heat in industry were not included in final consumption of industry. Although a number of countries have recently switched to the practice of international organisations, this important issue reduces the possibility of cross-country comparisons for sectoral end use consumption between transition economies and market economies. Combustible renewables and waste The IEA publishes data on production, domestic sup-ply and consumption of combustible renewables and waste for all non-OECD countries and all regions. Data are often based on secondary sources, and may be of questionable quality, which makes comparisons between countries difficult. For many countries, his-torical data derive from surveys which were often irregular, irreconcilable, and conducted at a local rather than national level. Where historical series were incomplete or unavail-able, they were estimated using a methodology con-sistent with the projection framework of the IEAs 1998 edition of World Energy Outlook (September 1998). First, nation-wide domestic supply per capita of biomass and wastes was compiled or estimated for 1995. Then, per capita supply for the years 1971 to 1994 was estimated using a log/log equation with 1. For autoproducer plants, the international methodology restricts the inclusion of heat in transformation processes to that sold to third par-ties. See definition in Part I.2, General notes. either GDP per capita or percentage of urban popula-tion as exogenous variable, depending on the region. Finally, supply of total biomass and waste after 1996 was estimated assuming a growth rate either constant, or equal to the population growth, or based on the 1971-1994 trend. Those estimated time series should be treated very cautiously. The chart below provides a broad indica-tion of the estimation methodology and of the data quality by region. Region Main source of data Data quality Exogenous variables Africa FAO database and AfDB low population growth rate Latin America national and OLADE high none Asia surveys high to low population growth rate Non-OECD Europe questionnaires and FAO high to medium none Former Soviet Union national, ques-tionnaires and FAO high to medium none Middle East FAO medium to low none Given the importance of vegetal fuels in the energy picture of many developing countries, balances down to final consumption by end-use for individual prod-ucts or product categories have been compiled for all countries. Data for the years 2007 and 2008 are shown in the Annual tables. Time series for charcoal produc-tion are shown in the Summary tables. The IEA hopes that the inclusion of these data will encourage national administrations and other agencies active in the field to enhance level and quality of data collection and coverage for biomass data. More de-tails on the methodology used by country may be pro-vided on request, and comments are welcome. ENERGY STATISTICS OF NON-OECD COUNTRIES (2010 Edition) - I.7 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY 2. GENERAL NOTES The tables include all commercial sources of en-ergy, both primary (hard coal, brown coal/lignite, peat, natural gas, crude oil, NGL, hydro, geothermal/solar, wind, tide/wave/ocean, etc. and nuclear power) and secondary (coal products, manufactured gases, oil products, electricity and heat). Data also include vari-ous sources of combustible renewables and waste, such as solid biomass, liquid biomass, municipal waste and industrial waste. Each table is divided into three main parts: the first showing supply elements, the second showing the transformation processes and energy industries, and the third showing final consumption broken down into the various end-use sectors. Supply The first part of the basic energy balance shows the following elements of supply: Production + From other sources + Imports Exports International marine bunkers International aviation bunkers Stock changes = Domestic supply Production refers to the quantities of fuels extracted or produced, calculated after any operation for re-moval of inert matter or impurities (e.g. sulphur from natural gas). For other hydrocarbons (shown with crude oil), production should include synthetic crude oil (including mineral oil extracted from bituminous minerals such as shale and tar sands, etc). Production of secondary oil products represents the gross refinery output. Secondary coal products and gases represent the output from coke ovens, gas works, blast furnaces and other transformation processes. From other sources refers to both primary that has not been accounted for under production and secon-dary energy that has been accounted for in the produc-tion of another fuel. For example, under additives: benzol, alcohol and methanol produced from natural gas; under refinery feedstocks: backflows from the petrochemical industry used as refinery feedstocks; under other hydrocarbons (included with crude oil) ; liquids obtained from coal liquefaction and GTL plants, under primary coal: recovered slurries, mid-dlings, recuperated coal dust and other low-grade coal products that cannot be classified according to type of coal from which they are obtained; under gas works gas: natural gas, refinery gas, and LPG, that are treated or mixed in gas works (i.e. gas works gas pro-duced from sources other than coal). Imports and exports comprise amounts having crossed the national territorial boundaries of the coun-try whether or not customs clearance has taken place. For coal: Imports and exports comprise the amount of fuels obtained from or supplied to other countries, whether or not there is an economic or customs union between the relevant countries. Coal in transit should not be included. For oil and gas: Quantities of crude oil and oil prod-ucts imported or exported under processing agree-ments (i.e. refining on account) are included. Quanti-ties of oil in transit are excluded. Crude oil, NGL and natural gas are reported as coming from the country of origin; refinery feedstocks and oil products are re-ported as coming from the country of last consign-ment. Re-exports of oil imported for processing within bonded areas are shown as an export of product from the processing country to the final destination. For electricity: Amounts are considered as imported or exported when they have crossed the national I.8 - ENERGY STATISTICS OF NON-OECD COUNTRIES (2010 Edition) INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY territorial boundaries of the country. If electricity is wheeled or transited through a country, the amount is shown as both an import and an export. International marine bunkers covers those quantities delivered to ships of all flags that are engaged in in-ternational navigation. The international navigation may take place at sea, on inland lakes and waterways, and in coastal waters. Consumption by ships engaged in domestic navigation is excluded. The domestic/international split is determined on the basis of port of departure and port of arrival, and not by the flag or nationality of the ship. Consumption by fishing ves-sels and by military forces is also excluded. See defi-nitions of transport, fishing, and other non-specified. International aviation bunkers includes deliveries of aviation fuels to aircraft for international aviation. Fuels used by airlines for their road vehicles are ex-cluded. The domestic/international split should be determined on the basis of departure and landing loca-tions and not by the nationality of the airline. For many countries this incorrectly excludes fuel used by domestically owned carriers for their international departures. Note: In October 2008 the IEA hosted the 3rd meeting of InterEnerStat a group of 24 international organi-zations that collect or use energy statistics whose ob-jective is to harmonize definitions. As a result of this meeting, the IEA has decided to align its energy sta-tistics with most other organizations by treating inter-national aviation bunkers in the same way as interna-tional marine bunkers (subtracted out of supply in the same way as international marine bunkers). For World, World marine bunkers and World aviation bunkers represent the sum of International bunkers from all countries. They are not subtracted out of the supply, but included in the transport sector. Stock changes reflects the difference between open-ing stock levels on the first day of the year and closing levels on the last day of the year of stocks on national territory held by producers, importers, energy trans-formation industries and large consumers. Oil and gas stock changes in pipelines are not taken into account. With the exception of large users mentioned above, changes in final users' stocks are not taken into ac-count. A stock build is shown as a negative number, and a stock draw as a positive number. Domestic supply is defined as production + from other sources + imports - exports - international ma-rine bunkers - international aviation bunkers stock changes. Transfers comprises interproduct transfers, products transferred and recycled products. Interproduct transfers result from reclassification of products either because their specification has changed or because they are blended into another product, e.g. kerosene may be reclassified as gasoil after blending with the latter in order to meet its win-ter diesel specification. The net balance of interpro-duct transfers is zero. Products transferred is intended for oil products im-ported for further processing in refineries. For exam-ple, fuel oil imported for upgrading in a refinery is transferred to the feedstocks category. Recycled products are finished products which pass a second time through the marketing network, after hav-ing been once delivered to final consumers (e.g. used lubricants which are reprocessed). Statistical difference is defined as deliveries to final consumption + use for transformation processes and consumption by energy industry own use + losses domestic supply transfers. Statistical differences arise because the data for the individual components of supply are often derived from different data sources by the national administration. Furthermore, the inclu-sion of changes in some large consumers' stocks in the supply part of the balance introduces distortions which also contribute to the statistical differences. Transformation processes Transformation processes comprises the conversion of primary forms of energy to secondary and further transformation (e.g. coking coal to coke, crude oil to oil products, fuel oil to electricity). Electricity plants refers to plants which are designed to produce electricity only. If one or more units of the plant is a CHP unit (and the inputs and outputs can not be distinguished on a unit basis) then the whole plant is designated as a CHP plant. Both main activity pro-ducers1 and autoproducer2 plants are included here. Combined heat and power plants refers to plants which are designed to produce both heat and electricity 1. Main activity producers generate electricity and/or heat for sale to third parties, as their primary activity. They may be privately or publicly owned. Note that the sale need not take place through the public grid. 2. Autoproducer undertakings generate electricity and/or heat, wholly or partly for their own use as an activity which supports their primary activity. They may be privately or publicly owned. ENERGY STATISTICS OF NON-OECD COUNTRIES (2010 Edition) - I.9 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY (sometimes referred to as co-generation power sta-tions). If possible, fuel inputs and electricity/heat out-puts are on a unit basis rather than on a plant basis. However, if data are not available on a unit basis, the convention for defining a CHP plant noted above should be adopted. Both main activity producers and autoproducer plants are included here. Note that for autoproducer CHP plants, all fuel inputs to electricity production are taken into account, while only the part of fuel inputs to heat sold is shown. Fuel inputs for the production of heat consumed within the autopro-ducer's establishment are not included here but are included with figures for the final consumption of fu-els in the appropriate consuming sector. Heat plants refers to plants (including heat pumps and electric boilers) designed to produce heat only and who sell heat to a third party (e.g. residential, com-mercial or industrial consumers) under the provisions of a contract). Both main activity producers and auto-producer plants are included here. Heat pumps that are operated within residential where the heat is not sold are not considered a transformation process and are not included here the electricity consumption would ap-pear as residential use. Blast furnaces covers the quantities of fuels used for the production of blast furnace gas and oxygen steel furnace gas. The production of pig-iron from iron ore in blast furnaces uses fuels for supporting the blast furnace charge and providing heat and carbon for the reduction of the iron ore. Accounting for the calorific content of the fuels entering the process is a complex matter as transformation (into blast furnace gas) and consumption (heat of combustion) occur simultane-ously. Some carbon is also retained in the pig-iron; almost all of this reappears later in the oxygen steel furnace gas (or converter gas) when the pig-iron is converted to steel. In principle, the quantities of all fuels (e.g. pulverised coal injection (PCI) coal, coke oven coke, natural gas and oil) entering blast furnaces and the quantity of blast furnace gas and oxygen steel furnace gas produced are collected. However, except for coke oven coke inputs, the data are often uncertain or incomplete. The Secretariat then needs to split these inputs into the transformation and consumption components. The transformation component is shown in the row blast furnaces in the column appropriate for the fuel, and the consumption component is shown in the row iron and steel in final consumption in the column appropriate for the fuel. Starting with the 1998 edition, the Secretariat decided to assume a transformation efficiency such that the carbon input into the blast furnaces should equal the carbon output. This is roughly equivalent to assuming an energy transformation efficiency of 40%, based on the results of the model developed for OECD countries.3 It pro-vides a more consistent balancing of the carbon input into and output from the blast furnaces when the IEA data are used to calculate CO2 emissions from fuel combustion using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodology as published in the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.4 Gas works covers the quantities of fuels used for the production of town gas. Note, this item also includes other gases blended with natural gas. Coke/patent fuel/BKB plants covers the use of fuels for the manufacture of coke, coke oven gas, patent fuels and BKB. Oil refineries covers the use of hydrocarbons for the manufacture of finished oil products. Petrochemical plants covers backflows returned from the petrochemical industry. Note that backflows from oil products that are used for non-energy purposes (i.e. white spirit and lubricants) are not included here, but in non-energy use. Liquefaction plants includes diverse liquefaction processes, such as coal liquefaction plants and gas-to-liquids-plants. Other transformation includes the transformation of solid biomass into charcoal and other non-specified transformation. Energy industry own use Energy industry own use covers the amount of fuels used by the energy producing industries (e.g. for heat-ing, lighting and operation of all equipment used in the extraction process, for traction and distribution). It includes energy consumed by energy industries for heating, pumping, traction and lighting purposes [ISIC5 Divisions 05, 06, 19 and 35, Group 091 and Classes 0892 and 0721]. Fuel mining and extraction includes both coal mining and oil and gas extraction. For hard coal and lignite 3. Please refer to Energy Statistics of OECD Countries for more infor-mation on the blast furnace model used for the OECD countries. 4. The Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories are available from the IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme at http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp. 5. International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities, Series M, No. 4/Rev. 4, United Nations, New York, 2008. I.10 - ENERGY STATISTICS OF NON-OECD COUNTRIES (2010 Edition) INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY mining, this represents the energy which is used di-rectly within the coal industry. It excludes coal burned in pithead power stations (included under electricity plants in transformation processes) and free alloca-tions to miners and their families (considered as part of household consumption and therefore included un-der residential). For oil and gas extraction, flared gas is not included. Oil refineries. Electricity, CHP and heat plants. Pumped storage (electricity consumed in hydro-electric plants). Other energy industries (including own consumption in patent fuel plants, coke ovens, gas works, blast fur-naces, BKB and lignite coke plants, coal liquefaction plants, gas-to-liquids plants, charcoal production plants, nuclear plants as well as use in non-specified energy industries). Losses Losses includes losses in energy distribution, trans-mission and transport. Final consumption The term final consumption (equal to the sum of the consumption in the end-use sectors) implies that energy used for transformation processes and for own use of the energy producing industries is excluded. Final consumption reflects for the most part deliveries to consumers (see note on stock changes). Backflows from the petrochemical industry are not in-cluded in final consumption (see from other sources un-der supply and petrochemical plants in transformation). Starting with the 2009 edition, international aviation bunkers is no longer included in final consumption at the country level. For details see the note in Supply. Industry Industry consumption is specified as follows (energy used for transport by industry is not included here but is reported under transport): Iron and steel industry [ISIC Group 241 and Class 2431]; Chemical and petrochemical industry [ISIC Divi-sion 20 and 21] excluding petrochemical feedstocks; Non-ferrous metals basic industries [ISIC Group 242 and Class 2432]; Non-metallic minerals such as glass, ceramic, ce-ment, etc. [ISIC Division 23]; Transport equipment [ISIC Divisions 29 and 30]; Machinery Fabricated metal products, machinery and equipment other than transport equipment [ISIC Divisions 25 to 28]; Mining (excluding fuels) and quarrying [ISIC Divi-sions 07 and 08 and Group 099]; Food and tobacco [ISIC Divisions 10 to 12]; Paper, pulp and print [ISIC Divisions 17 and 18]; Wood and wood products (other than pulp and paper) [ISIC Division 16]; Construction [ISIC Divisions 41 to 43]; Textile and leather [ISIC Divisions 13 to 15]; Non-specified 6 (any manufacturing industry not in-cluded above) [ISIC Divisions 22, 31 and 32]. Note: Most countries have difficulties supplying an industrial breakdown for all fuels. In these cases, the non-specified industry row has been used. Regional aggregates of industrial consumption should therefore be used with caution. Transport Consumption in transport covers all transport activity (in mobile engines) regardless of the economic sector to which it is contributing [ISIC Divisions 49 to 51], and is specified as follows: Domestic aviation includes deliveries of aviation fuels to aircraft for domestic aviation - commercial, private, agricultural, etc. It includes use for purposes other than flying, e.g. bench testing of engines, but not air-line use of fuel for road transport. The domestic/international split should be determined on the basis of departure and landing locations and not by the na-tionality of the airline. Note that this may include journeys of considerable length between two airports in a country (e.g. San Francisco to Honolulu). For many countries this incorrectly includes fuel used by domestically owned carriers for outbound interna-tional traffic (see international aviation bunkers); ENERGY STATISTICS OF NON-OECD COUNTRIES (2010 Edition) - I.11 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY Road includes fuels used in road vehicles as well as agricultural and industrial highway use. Excludes military consumption as well as motor gasoline used in stationary engines and diesel oil for use in tractors that are not for highway use; Rail includes quantities used in rail traffic, including industrial railways; Pipeline transport includes energy used in the sup-port and operation of pipelines transporting gases, liquids, slurries and other commodities, including the energy used for pump stations and maintenance of the pipeline. Energy for the pipeline distribution of natural or manufactured gas, hot water or steam (ISIC Division 35) from the distributor to final users is excluded and should be reported in energy indus-try own use, while the energy used for the final dis-tribution of water (ISIC Division 36) to household, industrial, commercial and other users should be in-cluded in commercial/public services. Losses occur-ring during the transport between distributor and final users should be reported as losses; Domestic navigation includes fuels delivered to vessels of all flags not engaged in international naviga-tion (see international marine bunkers). The domestic/international split should be determined on the basis of port of departure and port of arrival and not by the flag or nationality of the ship. Note that this may in-clude journeys of considerable length between two ports in a country (e.g. San Francisco to Honolulu). Fuel used for ocean, coastal and inland fishing and military consumption are excluded; Non-specified 6 includes all transport not elsewhere specified. Note: International marine bunkers and International aviation bunkers are shown in Supply and are not in-cluded in transport as part of final consumption, ex-cept for the world total (see note on Supply). More-over, information about military consumption is not available for most of non-OECD countries. Other Residential includes consumption by households, ex-cluding fuels used for transport. Includes households with employed persons [ISIC Divisions 97 and 98] which is a small part of total residential consumption; 6. In the short country tables, non-specified is shown together with other categories not explicitly listed (Other/non-specified). Commercial and public services [ISIC Divisions 33, 36-39, 45-47, 52, 53, 55, 56, 58-66, 68-75, 77-82, 84 (excluding Class 8422), 85-88, 90-96 and 99]; Agriculture/forestry includes deliveries to users clas-sified as agriculture, hunting and forestry by the ISIC, and therefore includes energy consumed by such users whether for traction (excluding agricultural highway use), power or heating (agricultural and domestic) [ISIC Divisions 01 and 02]; Fishing includes fuels used for inland, coastal and deep-sea fishing. Fishing covers fuels delivered to ships of all flags that have refuelled in the country (including international fishing) as well as energy used in the fish-ing industry [ISIC Division 03]. Prior to the 2007 edi-tion, fishing was included with agriculture/forestry and this may continue to be the case for some countries; Non-specified 6 includes all fuel use not elsewhere specified as well as consumption in the above-designated categories for which separate figures have not been provided. Military fuel use for all mobile and stationary consumption is included here (e.g. ships, aircraft, road and energy used in living quarters) regardless of whether the fuel delivered is for the military of that country or for the military of another country. Non-energy use Non-energy use covers those fuels that are used as raw materials in the different sectors and are not con-sumed as a fuel or transformed into another fuel. Non-energy use is shown separately in final consumption under the heading non-energy use. Note that for biomass commodities, only the amounts specifically used for energy purposes (a small part of the total) are included in the energy statistics. There-fore, all non-energy use of biomass is not taken into consideration and the quantities are null by definition. of which: petrochemical feedstocks. The petrochemi-cal industry includes cracking and reforming proc-esses for the purpose of producing ethylene, propyl-ene, butylene, synthesis gas, aromatics, butadene and other hydrocarbon-based raw materials in processes such as steam cracking, aromatics plants and steam reforming [part of ISIC Group 201]. ENERGY STATISTICS OF NON-OECD COUNTRIES (2010 Edition) - I.13 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY 3. NOTES ON ENERGY SOURCES Coal/peat The fuels in this section are expressed in thousand tonnes. Coking coal Coking coal refers to coal with a quality that allows the production of a coke suitable to support a blast furnace charge. Its gross calorific value is greater than 23 865 kJ/kg (5 700 kcal/kg) on an ash-free but moist basis. Other bituminous coal and anthracite Other bituminous coal is used for steam raising and space heating purposes and includes all bituminous coal that is not included under coking coal. It is usually composed of more than 10% volatile matter with a rela-tively high carbon content (less than 90% fixed carbon). Its gross calorific value is greater than 23 865 kJ/kg (5 700 kcal/kg) on an ash-free but moist basis. Anthracite is a high rank coal used for industrial and residential applications. It is generally less than 10% volatile matter and a high carbon content (about 90% fixed carbon). Its gross calorific value is greater than 23 865 kJ/kg (5 700 kcal/kg) on an ash-free but moist basis. Sub-bituminous coal Non-agglomerating coals with a gross calorific value between 17 435 kJ/kg (4 165 kcal/kg) and 23 865 kJ/kg (5 700 kcal/kg) containing more than 31% volatile matter on a dry mineral matter free basis. Lignite and brown coal Lignite/brown coal is a non-agglomerating coal with a gross calorific value of less than 17 435 kJ/kg (4 165 kcal/kg), and greater than 31% volatile matter on a dry mineral matter free basis. Oil shale and tar sands produced and combusted di-rectly are included in this category. Oil shale and tar sands used as inputs for other transformation proc-esses are also included here (this includes the portion consumed in the transformation process). Shale oil and other products derived from liquefaction are in-cluded in from other sources under crude oil (other hydrocarbons). Peat Peat is a combustible soft, porous or compressed, fos-sil sedimentary deposit of plant origin with high water content (up to 90% in the raw state), easily cut, of light to dark brown colour. Peat used for non-energy purposes is not included. Coke oven coke, gas coke and coal tar Coke oven coke is the solid product obtained from the carbonisation of coal, principally coking coal, at high temperature. It is low in moisture content and volatile matter. Coke oven coke is used mainly in the iron and steel industry, acting as an energy source and a chemical agent. Also included are semi-coke (a solid product obtained from the carbonisation of coal at a low temperature), lignite coke (a semi-coke made from lignite/brown coal), coke breeze and foundry coke. The heading other energy industries includes the consumption at the coking plants themselves. Consumption in the iron and steel industry does not include coke converted into blast furnace gas. To ob-tain the total consumption of coke oven coke in the iron and steel industry, the quantities converted into blast furnace gas have to be added (these are included in blast furnaces). Gas coke is a by-product of hard coal used for the production of town gas in gas works. Gas coke is used I.14 - ENERGY STATISTICS OF NON-OECD COUNTRIES (2010 Edition) INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY for heating purposes. Other energy industries includes the consumption of gas coke at gas works. Coal tar is a result of the destructive distillation of bituminous coal. Coal tar is the liquid by-product of the distillation of coal to make coke in the coke oven process. Coal tar can be further distilled into different organic products (e.g. benzene, toluene, naphthalene), which normally would be reported as a feedstock to petrochemical plants. Patent fuel and brown coal / peat briquettes (BKB) Patent fuel is a composition fuel manufactured from hard coal fines with the addition of a binding agent. The amount of patent fuel produced is, therefore, slightly higher than the actual amount of coal con-sumed in the transformation process. Consumption of patent fuels during the patent fuel manufacturing process is shown under other energy industries. BKB are composition fuels manufactured from lignite/brown coal, produced by briquetting under high pres-sure. These figures include peat briquettes, dried lig-nite fines and dust. The heading other energy indus-tries includes consumption by briquetting plants. Crude oil, NGL, refinery feedstocks The fuels in this section are expressed in thousand tonnes. Crude oil Crude oil is a mineral oil consisting of a mixture of hydrocarbons of natural origin and associated impuri-ties, such as sulphur. It exists in the liquid phase under normal surface temperatures and pressure and its physical characteristics (density, viscosity, etc.) are highly variable. It includes field or lease condensates (separator liquids) which are recovered from associ-ated and non-associated gas where it is commingled with the commercial crude oil stream. Other hydrocarbons, including emulsified oils (e.g. orimulsion), synthetic crude oil, mineral oils ex-tracted from bituminous minerals such as oil shale, bituminous sand, etc. and liquids from coal liquefac-tion, are included here. Natural gas liquids (NGL) NGLs are the liquid or liquefied hydrocarbons pro-duced in the manufacture, purification and stabilisation of natural gas. These are those portions of natural gas which are recovered as liquids in separators, field fa-cilities, or gas processing plants. NGLs include but are not limited to ethane, propane, butane, pentane, natural gasoline and condensate. Refinery feedstocks A refinery feedstock is a processed oil destined for further processing (e.g. straight run fuel oil or vacuum gas oil) other than blending in the refining industry. It is transformed into one or more components and/or finished products. This definition covers those fin-ished products imported for refinery intake and those returned from the petrochemical industry to the refin-ing industry. Additives Additives are non-hydrocarbon substances added to or blended with a product to modify its properties, for example, to improve its combustion characteristics. Alcohols and ethers (MTBE, methyl tertiary-butyl ether) and chemical alloys such as tetraethyl lead are included here. The biomass fractions of biogasoline, biodiesel and ethanol are not included here, but under liquid biomass. This differs from the presentation of additives in the Oil Information publication. Oil products The fuels in this section are expressed in thousand tonnes. Oil products are any oil-based products which can be obtained by distillation and are normally used outside the refining industry. The exceptions to this are those finished products which are classified as refinery feedstocks. Production of oil products shows gross refinery out-put for each product. Refinery fuel (row oil refineries, under energy indus-try own use) represents consumption of oil products, both intermediate and finished, within refineries, e.g. for heating, lighting, traction, etc. Refinery gas (not liquefied) Refinery gas is defined as non-condensable gas ob-tained during distillation of crude oil or treatment of oil products (e.g. cracking) in refineries. It consists mainly of hydrogen, methane, ethane and olefins. It also in-cludes gases which are returned from the petrochemical ENERGY STATISTICS OF NON-OECD COUNTRIES (2010 Edition) - I.15 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY industry. Refinery gas production refers to gross pro-duction. Own consumption is shown separately under oil refineries in energy industry own use. Liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) and ethane Liquefied petroleum gases are the light hydrocarbon fraction of the paraffin series, derived from refinery processes, crude oil stabilisation plants and natural gas processing plants, comprising propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10) or a combination of the two. They could also include propylene, butylene, isobutene and isobutylene. LPG are normally liquefied under pres-sure for transportation and storage. Ethane is a naturally gaseous straight-chain hydrocar-bon (C2H6). It is a colourless paraffinic gas which is extracted from natural gas and refinery gas streams. Motor gasoline Motor gasoline is light hydrocarbon oil for use in in-ternal combustion engines such as motor vehicles, excluding aircraft. Motor gasoline is distilled between 35oC and 215oC and is used as a fuel for land based spark ignition engines. Motor gasoline may include additives, oxygenates and octane enhancers, including lead compounds such as TEL (tetraethyl lead) and TML (tetramethyl lead). Motor gasoline does not in-clude the liquid biofuel or ethanol blended with gaso-line - see liquid biomass. This differs from the presen-tation of motor gasoline in the Oil Information publication. Aviation fuel Aviation fuel comprises gasoline and kerosene type jet fuels meeting specifications for use in aviation turbine power units as well as small amounts of avia-tion gasoline. Gasoline type jet fuel includes all light hydrocarbon oils for use in aviation turbine power units, which distil between 100oC and 250oC. This fuel is obtained by blending kerosenes and gasoline or naphthas in such a way that the aromatic content does not exceed 25% in volume, and the vapour pressure is between 13.7 kPa and 20.6 kPa. Additives can be included to improve fuel stability and combustibility. Kerosene type jet fuel is a medium distillate used for aviation turbine power units. It has the same distilla-tion characteristics and flash point as kerosene (be-tween 150oC and 300oC but not generally above 250oC). In addition, it has particular specifications (such as freezing point) which are established by the International Air Transport Association (IATA). It includes kerosene blending components. Aviation gasoline is motor spirit prepared especially for aviation piston engines, with an octane number suited to the engine, a freezing point of -60oC, and a distillation range usually within the limits of 30oC and 180oC. Kerosene Kerosene (other than kerosene used for aircraft trans-port which is included with aviation fuels) comprises refined petroleum distillate intermediate in volatility between gasoline and gas/diesel oil. It is a medium oil distilling between 150oC and 300oC. Gas/diesel oil (distillate fuel oil) Gas/diesel oil includes heavy gas oils. Gas oils are obtained from the lowest fraction from atmospheric distillation of crude oil, while heavy gas oils are ob-tained by vacuum redistillation of the residual from atmospheric distillation. Gas/diesel oil distils between 180oC and 380oC. Several grades are available de-pending on uses: diesel oil for diesel compression ignition (cars, trucks, marine, etc.), light heating oil for industrial and commercial uses, and other gas oil including heavy gas oils which distil between 380oC and 540oC and which are used as petrochemical feed-stocks. Gas/diesel oil does not include the liquid bio-fuel blended with gas/diesel oil see liquid biomass. This differs from the presentation of gas/diesel oil in the Oil Information publication. Fuel oil Fuel oil defines oils that make up the distillation resi-due. It comprises all residual fuel oils, including those obtained by blending. Its kinematic viscosity is above 10 cSt at 80oC. The flash point is always above 50oC and the density is always higher than 0.90 kg/l. Naphtha Naphtha is a feedstock destined either for the petro-chemical industry (e.g. ethylene manufacture or aro-matics production) or for gasoline production by re-forming or isomerisation within the refinery. Naphtha comprises material that distils between 30oC and 210oC. Naphtha imported for blending is shown as an import of naphtha, and then shown in the transfers row as a negative entry for naphtha and a positive entry for the corresponding finished product (e.g. gasoline). I.16 - ENERGY STATISTICS OF NON-OECD COUNTRIES (2010 Edition) INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY Petroleum coke Petroleum coke is defined as a black solid residue, obtained mainly by cracking and carbonising of petro-leum derived feedstocks, vacuum bottoms, tar and pitches in processes such as delayed coking or fluid coking. It consists mainly of carbon (90 to 95%) and has a low ash content. It is used as a feedstock in coke ovens for the steel industry, for heating purposes, for electrode manufacture and for production of chemi-cals. The two most important qualities are green coke and calcinated coke. This category also in-cludes "catalyst coke" deposited on the catalyst during refining processes: this coke is not recoverable and is usually burned as refinery fuel. Other oil products The category other oil products groups together white spirit and SBP, lubricants, bitumen, paraffin waxes and others. White spirit and SBP are refined distillate interme-diates with a distillation in the naphtha/kerosene range. White Spirit has a flash point above 30oC and a distillation range of 135oC to 200oC. Industrial spirit (SBP) comprises light oils distilling between 30oC and 200oC, with a temperature difference between 5% volume and 90% volume distillation points, including losses, of not more than 60oC. In other words, SBP is a light oil of narrower cut than motor spirit. There are seven or eight grades of industrial spirit, depending on the position of the cut in the distillation range defined above. Lubricants are hydrocarbons produced from distillate or residue; they are mainly used to reduce friction between bearing surfaces. This category includes all finished grades of lubricating oil, from spindle oil to cylinder oil, and those used in greases, including mo-tor oils and all grades of lubricating oil base stocks. Bitumen is a solid, semi-solid or viscous hydrocarbon with a colloidal structure that is brown to black in colour. It is obtained by vacuum distillation of oil residues from atmospheric distillation of crude oil. Bitumen is often referred to as asphalt and is primarily used for surfacing of roads and for roofing material. This category includes fluidised and cut back bitumen. Paraffin waxes are saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons. These waxes are residues extracted when dewaxing lubricant oils, and they have a crystalline structure which is more or less fine according to the grade. Their main characteristics are that they are colourless, odourless and translucent, with a melting point above 45oC. Other oil products not classified above (e.g. tar, sul-phur and grease) are included here. This category also includes aromatics (e.g. BTX or benzene, toluene and xylene) and olefins (e.g. propylene) produced within refineries. Gases The gases in this section are expressed in terajoules on a gross calorific value basis. Natural gas Natural gas comprises gases, occurring in under-ground deposits, whether liquefied or gaseous, con-sisting mainly of methane. It includes both non-associated gas originating from fields producing only hydrocarbons in gaseous form, and associated gas produced in association with crude oil as well as methane recovered from coal mines (colliery gas) or from coal seams (coal seam gas). Production represents dry marketable production within national boundaries, including offshore pro-duction and is measured after purification and extrac-tion of NGL and sulphur. It includes gas consumed by gas processing plants and gas transported by pipeline. Quantities of gas that are re-injected, vented or flared are excluded. Gas works gas Gas works gas covers all types of gas produced in public utility or private plants, whose main purpose is the manufacture, transport and distribution of gas. It includes gas produced by carbonisation (including gas produced by coke ovens and transferred to gas works), by total gasification (with or without enrichment with oil products) and by reforming and simple mixing of gases and/or air. Coke oven gas Coke oven gas is obtained as a by-product of the manufacture of coke oven coke for the production of iron and steel. Blast furnace gas Blast furnace gas is produced during the combustion of coke in blast furnaces in the iron and steel industry. It is recovered and used as a fuel, partly within the plant and partly in other steel industry processes or in power stations equipped to burn it. ENERGY STATISTICS OF NON-OECD COUNTRIES (2010 Edition) - I.17 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY Oxygen steel furnace gas is obtained as a by-product of the production of steel in an oxygen furnace and is recovered on leaving the furnace. Oxygen steel fur-nace gas is also known as converter gas, LD gas or BOS gas. Combustible renewables and waste The fuels in this section are expressed in terajoules on a net calorific value basis, with the exception of liq-uid biomass which is in thousand tonnes. Note that for biomass commodities, only the amounts specifically used for energy purposes (a small part of the total) are included in the energy statistics. There-fore, all non-energy use of biomass is not taken into consideration and the quantities are null by definition. Solid biomass Solid biomass is defined as any plant matter used di-rectly as fuel or converted into other forms before combustion. This covers a multitude of woody mate-rials generated by industrial process or provided di-rectly by forestry and agriculture (firewood, wood chips, bark, sawdust, shavings, chips, sulphite lyes also known as black liquor, animal materials/wastes and other solid biomass). Charcoal produced from solid biomass is also in-cluded here. Since charcoal is a secondary product, its treatment is slightly different than that of the other primary biomass. Production of charcoal (an output in the transformation process) is offset by the inputs of primary biomass into the charcoal production process. The losses from this process are included in the row other transformation. Other supply (e.g. trade and stock changes) as well as consumption are aggregated directly with the primary biomass. In most countries, only the primary biomass is reported. Biogas Biogas is derived principally from the anaerobic fer-mentation of biomass and solid wastes and combusted to produce heat and/or power. Included in this cate-gory are landfill gas, sludge gas and other biogas such as biogas produced from the anaerobic fermentation of animal slurries and of wastes in abattoirs, breweries and other agro-food industries. Liquid biomass Liquid biomass includes the liquid biofuel that is blended into gasoline and gas/diesel oil and other liq-uid biofuels. It does not include the total volume of gasoline or diesels into which the biofuels are blended. Biogasoline includes bioethanol (ethanol produced from biomass and/or the biodegradable fraction of waste), biomethanol (methanol produced from bio-mass and/or the biodegradable fraction of waste), bioETBE (ethyl-tertio-butyl-ether produced on the basis of bioethanol; the percentage by volume of bio-ETBE that is calculated as biofuel is 47%) and bioM-TBE (methyl-tertio-butyl-ether produced on the basis of biomethanol: the percentage by volume of bioM-TBE that is calculated as biofuel is 36%). Biodiesels includes biodiesel (a methyl-ester produced from vegetable or animal oil, of diesel quality), bio-dimethylether (dimethylether produced from bio-mass), Fischer Tropsh (Fischer Tropsh produced from biomass), cold pressed bio-oil (oil produced from oil seed through mechanical processing only) and all other liquid biofuels which are added to, blended with or used straight as transport diesel. Other liquid biofuels includes liquid biofuels not re-ported in either biogasoline or biodiesels. Waste and other non-specified Municipal waste consists of products that are com-busted directly to produce heat and/or power and com-prises wastes produced by households, industry, hospi-tals and the tertiary sector that are collected by local authorities for incineration at specific installations. Industrial waste of non-renewable origin consists of solid and liquid products (e.g. tyres) combusted di-rectly, usually in specialised plants, to produce heat and/or power. Renewable industrial waste is not in-cluded here, but with solid biomass, biogas or liquid biomass. Electricity and heat Electricity is expressed in gigawatt hours and heat is expressed in terajoules. Electricity Gross electricity production is measured at the termi-nals of all alternator sets in a station; it therefore in-cludes the energy taken by station auxiliaries and I.18 - ENERGY STATISTICS OF NON-OECD COUNTRIES (2010 Edition) INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY losses in transformers that are considered integral parts of the station. The difference between gross and net production is generally estimated as 7% for conventional thermal stations, 1% for hydro stations, and 6% for nuclear, geothermal and solar stations. Production in hydro stations includes production from pumped storage plants. Heat Heat production includes all heat produced by main activity producer CHP and heat plants, as well as heat sold by autoproducer CHP and heat plants to third parties. Fuels used to produce quantities of heat for sale are included in transformation processes under the rows CHP plants and heat plants. The use of fuels for heat which is not sold is included under the sectors in which the fuel use occurs. Hydro power Hydro power represents the potential and kinetic en-ergy of water converted into electricity in hydroelec-tric plants. Geothermal energy Geothermal energy is the energy available as heat emitted from within the earths crust, usually in the form of hot water or steam. It is exploited at suitable sites: x for electricity generation using dry stream or high enthalpy brine after flashing x directly as heat for district heating, agriculture, etc. Solar energy Solar energy is the solar radiation exploited for hot water production and electricity generation, by: x flat plate collectors, mainly of the thermosyphon type, for domestic hot water or for the seasonal heating of swimming pools x photovoltaic cells x solar thermal-electric plants Passive solar energy for the direct heating, cooling and lighting of dwellings or other buildings is not included. Tide/wave/ocean energy Tide, wave and ocean represents the mechanical energy derived from tidal movement, wave motion or ocean current and exploited for electricity generation. Wind energy Wind energy represents the kinetic energy of wind exploited for electricity generation in wind turbines. ENERGY STATISTICS OF NON-OECD COUNTRIES (2010 Edition) - I.19 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY 4. NOTES ON SUMMARY TABLES Production of charcoal Charcoal is a secondary biomass product and refers to the solid residue, consisting mainly of carbon, derived from the distillation of wood or other biomass prod-ucts in the absence of air. Please note that in the An-nual tables, charcoal is included under Solid biomass. See also Part I.3, Notes on energy sources. Consumption of electricity Covers electricity used in transformation, energy in-dustry own use and final consumption, but excludes losses. Oil demand by main product group In this publication, oil demand is defined as the sum of domestic supply, transfers and statistical differ-ences less inputs to refinery, petrochemical plants and liquefaction in transformation processes, and refiner-ies own use in the energy industry own use. Motor gasoline includes additives, biogasoline, bio-diesels and other liquid biofuels. Other covers crude oil, other hydrocarbons, refinery gas, petroleum coke, white spirit and SBP, lubricants bitumen, paraffin waxes and others such as tar, sulphur, grease, as well as aromatics (e.g. BTX or benzene, toluene and xylene) and olefins (e.g. propylene) pro-duced within refineries. Refinery fuel shows oil refineries own use of oil prod-ucts for operation of equipment, heating and lighting. It mainly includes refinery gas, gas/diesel oil and fuel oil. International marine bunkers shows international ma-rine bunkers consumption of liquid fuels, mainly gas/diesel oil and fuel oil. Please note that only in the ta-bles of oil demand by product International aviation bunkers is included under demand on the country level. All data on oil demand have been converted using the conversion factors by product (in barrels/tonne) shown in the section Country-specific conversion fac-tors for oil products of Part II. ENERGY STATISTICS OF NON-OECD COUNTRIES (2010 Edition) - I.21 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY 5. GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE Africa includes Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana (from 1981), Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Cte dIvoire, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia (from 1991), Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, United Republic of Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Other Africa. Other Africa includes Botswana (until 1980), Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Namibia (until 1990), Niger, Reunion, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Swaziland, Uganda and Western Sahara (from 1990). Middle East includes Bahrain, Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Israel1, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, United Arab Emirates and Yemen. Non-OECD Europe includes Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus2, Gibraltar, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), Malta, Romania, Serbia3 and Slovenia. Former Soviet Union includes Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, 1. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsi-bility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. 2. See the note on Cyprus in Part I.6, Country notes and sources. 3. Serbia includes Montenegro until 2004 and Kosovo until 1999. Latvia, Lithuania, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. Latin America includes Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile5, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela and Other Latin America. Other Latin America includes Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Falkland Islands, French Guyana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Martinique, Montserrat, Puerto Rico4 (for natural gas and electricity), St. Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre et Miquelon, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, and Turks and Caicos Islands. China includes the Peoples Republic of China and Hong Kong (China). Asia includes Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, Cam-bodia (from 1995), Chinese Taipei, India, Indonesia, DPR of Korea, Malaysia, Mongolia (from 1985), Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam and Other Asia. Other Asia includes Afghanistan, Bhutan, Cambodia (until 1994), Cook Islands, East Timor, Fiji, French Polynesia, Kiribati, Laos, Macau, Maldives, Mongolia (until 1984), New Caledonia, Palau (from 1994), Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu. 4. Oil statistics as well as coal trade statistics for Puerto Rico are in-cluded under the United States. I.22 - ENERGY STATISTICS OF NON-OECD COUNTRIES (2010 Edition) INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development5 (OECD) includes Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. OECD North America includes Canada, Mexico and the United States. OECD Pacific includes Australia, Japan, Korea and New Zealand. OECD Europe includes Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. Within the OECD: x Australia excludes the overseas territories; x Denmark excludes Greenland and the Danish Faroes, except prior to 1990, where data on oil for Greenland were included with the Danish statis-tics. The Administration is planning to revise the series back to 1974 to exclude these amounts; x France includes Monaco, and excludes the following overseas departments and territories: Guadeloupe, Guyana, Martinique, New Caledonia, French Polynesia, Reunion and St.-Pierre and Miquelon; x Germany includes the new federal states of Germany from 1970 onwards; x Italy includes San Marino and the Vatican; x Japan includes Okinawa; x The Netherlands excludes Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles; x Portugal includes the Azores and Madeira; x Spain includes the Canary Islands; 5. Chile became a member country of the OECD with effect from 7 May 2010. Since the preparation of the annual statistics publications was well on its way at that stage, data for Chile have not been included in OECD totals for the 2010 edition and will continue to be included in Latin America with the OECD non-member countries. The IEA Secre-tariat will work closely with the Chilean Administration, especially on the consistency of the time series, to incorporate Chile into OECD totals in the 2011 edition. x Switzerland includes Liechtenstein for oil data; x Shipments of coal and oil to the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man from the United Kingdom are not classed as exports. Supplies of coal and oil to these islands are, therefore, included as part of UK supply. Exports of natural gas to the Isle of Man are included with the exports to Ireland. x United States includes the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Oil statisti