Engineering Experimentation - Calibration of Sensors

8/11/2019 Engineering Experimentation - Calibration of Sensors

1/30

PROJECT 2

By

Ramon Lopes de Arajo

ME438 Section 802_13858

Mec anica! En"ineerin" E#perimentation

$ni%ersity o& 'isconsin ( Mi!)a*+ee

,o!!e"e o& En"ineerin" App!ied Science

-. Bo# /84

Mi!)a*+ee 'isconsin 53201 0/84

Marc 28t 2014


2/30


3/30


4/30


5/30

1.Introduction

is report e!on"s to t e second project o& t e co*rse ME, ECD

438 Mec anica! En"ineerin" E#perimentation &rom $ni%ersity o&

'isconsin Mi!)a*+ee6 e e#periments carried o*t are ca!i ration o&

&re9*ency !oad ce!! and air %e!ocity transd*cer6 e project is di%ided

into c apters ) ic t ey are denominated in !iterat*re re%ie)

met odo!o"y res*!ts disc*ssion o& res*!ts and conc!*sion6 >n !iterat*re

re%ie) contains in&ormations &rom oo+s artic!e or anot er so*rce) ic t ey e!p t e reader to *nderstand t e iss*es o& t e

e#perimenta! )or+ and interpretation o& t e data6 Met odo!o"y e#p!ains

o) t e e#periments )as cond*cted t e e9*ipment and so&t)are *sed

and t e settin"s o& t e e#periment6 Res*!ts s o) t e res*!ts o tained in

"rap s and ta !es6 isc*ssion o& res*!ts as a t eoretica! &o*ndation

t at aims to e#p!ain t e res*!ts e%en i& t e res*!ts are not consistent

)it t e !iterat*re6 ina!!y t e conc!*sion ) ic contains a c!ear

s*mmary a o*t ) o!e project6

,a!i ration is a set o& operations t at ens*res t at a meas*rin"

instr*ment operates )it in a "ood standard o& meas*rement6 >t can not

to ta!+ a o*t ca!i ration i& it not ta!+ a o*t statistica!6 *s statistica! is

a too! presents in t is project t at assists to *nderstand t e data6 An

important topic present in t is project is t e statistica! *ncertainty

ana!ysis6 >t is a )ay to interpret e#perimenta! data6

1


6/30

2.Literature Review

e p*rpose o& t e !iterat*re re%ie) is to e#emp!i&y t e t eoretica!

&o*ndations and to "i%e s*pport &or a "ood *nderstandin" o& t e

e#periments done6 .&ten t e data are diFc*!t to *nderstand *t t ey

can e so!%ed )it t eoretica! &o*ndations6 e e#periments carried o*t

are ca!i ration o& &re9*ency !oad ce!! and air %e!ocity transd*cer6 A!on"

)it t is t e statistica! st*dy is %ery important to interpret and

*nderstand e#perimenta! data t e est )ay as possi !e6

o *nderstand a o*t ca!i ration process carried o*t in t e

e#periments one m*st 7rst *nderstand its de7nition6 ,a!i ration as

een de7ned y t e >nternationa! B*rea* o& 'ei" ts and Meas*res as

an .peration t at *nder speci7ed conditions in t e 7rst step

esta !is es a re!ation et)een t e 9*antity %a!*es )it meas*rement

*ncertainties pro%ided y t e meas*rement standards and

correspondin" indications )it associated meas*rement *ncertainties

?o& t e ca!i rated instr*ment or secondary standard and in t e second

step *ses t is in&ormation to esta !is a re!ation &or o tainin" a

meas*rement res*!t &rom an indication 6 Calibration is defined as an

association between measurements one of a scale or accuracy made or set

with one piece of equipment and another measurement made in as similar a way

as possible with a second piece of equipment. The piece of equipment or device

with the known or assigned accuracy is called the standard.

2


7/30

ast o*rier rans&orm ? is a type o& discrete appro#imation o& a

o*rier trans&orm6 ,arr G Madan ?1=== ad t e &o!!o)in" to say a o*t

t is met odH I6667nd t at t e *se o& t e is considera !y &aster t an

most a%ai!a !e met ods and &*rt ermore t e traditiona! met od

descri ed in eston Bates Ba+s i and Madan and Scott can e ot

s!o) and inacc*rate666J6

3


8/30


9/30

C> =1N2 $+*!e!e -o)er s*pp!y

Figure 1: NI9162 used in t e ex!eriment 1"

Speci7c data &rom t e acce!erometer ca!i rator is in 7"*re 26 >ts

main in&ormations areH &re9*ency e9*a! to 15=62 K ?O P 1 000 radQs 6

Acce!eration e9*a! to 10 ms < ?RMS 3@6 :e!ocity e9*a! to 10 ms

?RMS 3@6

Figure 2: a# $ccelerometer calibrator used in t e ex!eriment 1" b# %ata of t eaccelerometer

5


10/30


11/30

Load ce!!H .me"a L,101 Stain!ess Stee! C> =21= -o)er s*pp!y

Figure ): Load cell calibration*s setu!"

e e#perimenta! desi"n o& t e e#periment 261 )as or"aniKed as

&o!!o)sH

-er&orm t e sensor e#periment in ascendin" and

descendin" increments &or 4 cyc!es ?0! T 1! T 3! T N! T

/


12/30

8! T N! T 3! T 1! T 0! 6 Record a!! t e data )it t e

LabView" Statistica! ana!yses6 Meas*re &o*r *n+no)n %aria !es *sin" a*tomatic

con%ersion &*nction in LabView 6 ,ompare t e res*!ts o& e#periments )it t e t eoretica!

prediction6

3.3 E !eri"ent 2.2# 'ir (elocity

Tran)ducer Cali&ration

or t e rea!iKation o& t e e#periment ca!!ed !oad ce!! t e

e9*ipment t at a%e een *sed areH

Air %e!ocity ransd*cer C> =21= -o)er s*pp!y

Air %e!ocity transd*cerJs in&ormations can e &o*nd in t e 7"*re

56

8


13/30

Figure +: $ir ,elocit- transducer*s informations"

e e#perimenta! desi"n o& t e e#perimente 262 )as or"aniKed

as &o!!o)sH

-er&orm t e sensor e#periment in ascendin" and

descendin" increments &or 4 cyc!es ?5 : T / : T = : T 11 :

T 13 :T 11 : T = : T / : T 5 : 6 Record a!! t e data )itt e LabView"

Statistica! ana!yses6 Meas*re &o*r *n+no)n %aria !es *sin" a*tomatic

con%ersion &*nction in LabView 6 ,ompare t e res*!ts o& e#periments )it t e t eoretica!

prediction6

=


14/30

Figure 6 . /etu! of t e ex!eriment 2"2"

*.Re)ult)

e c apter 4 contains res*!ts &rom t e e#periments 1 261 and

2626 e res*!ts are s o)n in "rap s and ta !es6

*.1 E !eri"ent 1# $re%uency Cali&ration

10


15/30

E#periment 1 as t)o partsH ca!i ratin" t ro*" ce!!p one is t e

7rst part and t e anot er is ca!i ratin" *sin" $+*!e!e6 e ne#t t)o

&o!!o)in" "rap s are &rom ca!i ration *sin" t e ce!p one6

N604=============NE 4

15

10

5

05

10

15

20

ata ,e!!p one

ime

Amp!it*de Acce!eration ?RMS

Figure 0: %ata from cell! one"

11


16/30


17/30

N604=============NE 4

062

0

062

064

06N

068

1

162

ata $+*!e!e

ime


Figure 9: %ata from '(ulele"

00605

0610615

0620625

0630635

0640645065

$+*!e!e

re9*ency Acce!eration ?RMS


Figure 14: FF 5 '(ulele

e disc*ssion o& res*!ts is in t e topic 56 e "rap s amp!it*de

%s time amp!it*de %s &re9*ency and t e statistica! ana!yses are

more t an eno*" to e%a!*ate a!! o& data6

13


18/30

*.2 E !eri"ent 2.1# Load Cell

e topic 462 as t e res*!ts o& e#periment 2616 e &o!!o)in"ta !e contains t e %a!*e meas*red in %o!ts accordin" to t e )ei" t6

able 1: %ata from load cell"

+eight

,l&-

$ir)t Run,'-

$ir)t Run, -

/econdRun,'-

/econd Run, -

Third Run,'-

Third Run, -

'verage

0 0 0315/ 0 0315=5=3N

0 031N 0 031N 0 031N 0 031N 0 0315=4323

1 0 032043 0 031/4N15/ 0 031/4830= 0 031/5031= 0 031/5024N 0 031/5028/ 0 031/=80533 0 0324=N1

480 0320302

=N0 032052=2

=0 032053/85 0 032053N

380 03251048

/0 0321==5

4/0 032/==/

=0 031/214

N/0 0325103N

/0 032511303 0 0325102

N0 03251048

/0 03242/2

/=0 0324=1N

N=0 0325 0 03281521

30 0328 0 032814/

=10 032814/=

10 032/0N0

//

0 1 2 ! " # $ % &0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

f'() * 0( + 0.0,- * 0."#

f'() * 0( + 0.0,- * 0.#"

irst ,un

/scendinginear '/scending)escendinginear ' escending)

eight 'lb)

3utput '4)

Figure 11: First run of calibration of t e load cell"

14


19/30

0 1 2 ! " # $ % &

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

f'() * 0( + 0.0,- * 1f'() * 0( + 0.0,- * 1

5econd ,un


eight 'lb)

3utput '4)

Figure 12: /econd run of calibration of t e load cell"

0 1 2 ! " # $ % &0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

f'() * 0( + 0.0,- * 0.%"f'() * 0( + 0.0,- * 1

Third ,un

/scending

inear '/scending)escendinginear ' escending)

eight'lb)

3utput '4)

Figure 1&: ird run of calibration of t e load cell"

15


20/30


21/30

0 1 2 3 4 5 N / 8 =

0603

0603

0603

0603

0603

0603

0603

0603

0603

0603&?# P 0# U 0603R< P 06=/

ina! ,a!i ration ,*r%e E#periment 261

A%era"eLinear ?A%era"e

'ei" t ?!

.*tp*t ?:

Figure 1) . Final calibration cur,e of t e ex!eriment 2"1

,a!c*!*sH

Acc*racy !imits

bound = upper lower2

a 0 =0.03187066 0.03146402

2

a 0 = 0.00040664

a 1 =0.00017605 0.000089351

2

a 1 = 0.000086699

1/


22/30

*.3 E !eri"ent 2.2# 'ir (elocity

Tran)ducer

e topic 463 as t e res*!ts o& e#periment 2626 e &o!!o)in"

ta !e contains t e %a!*e meas*red in %o!ts accordin" to t e )ei" t6

! " # $ % & 10 11 12 1 1!

6".00760"

6 .00760"

61.00760"

1.00760"

.00760"

".00760"

$.00760"

&.00760"

1.10760!

f'() * 0( 6 0,- * 0.1&f'() * 0( + 0,- * 0.12

irst ,un

/scendinginear '/scending)escending

inear ' escending)

8nput '4)

3utput '4)

Figure 1+ . First run of t e ex!eriment 2"1"

18


23/30

! " # $ % & 10 11 12 1 1!

6".00760"

6 .00760"

61.00760"

1.00760"

.00760"

".00760"

$.00760"&.00760"

1.10760!

f'() * 0( 6 0,- * 0."$f'() * 0( 6 0,- * 0.12

5econd ,un


8nput '4)

3utput '4)

Figure 16 . /econd run of t e ex!eriment 2"2"

! # % 10 12 1!

6".00760"

6 .00760"

61.00760"

1.00760"

.00760"

".00760"

$.00760"

&.00760"

1.10760!

f'() * 0( + 0,- * 0

inal Calibration Curve 6 7(periment 2.2

/verageinear '/verage)

8nput '4)

3utput '4)

Figure 10 . Final calibration cur,e of t e ex!eriment "

1=


24/30

A&ter to "enerate t e t ree r*n o& t e e#periment 262 it )as

created t e re"ression ana!ysis t ro*" E#ce! 6

able &: egression anal-sis . Ex!eriment 2"2

/ MM'R4 O TP T

Regression StatisticsMulti!le

R0 05=0N4

R /%uare 0 00348='d5u)ted

R /%uare

0 328N8

/tandardError

1 /=E 05

O&)ervation)

5

'6O('df // M/ F /igni7cance F

Regre))ion

1 3 3NE12

3 3NE12

0 010502

0 =24841

Re)idual 3 = N1E10

3 2E10

Total 4 = N4E10

3oe8cients

/tandard

Error

t /tat 5,alue

9+inferiores

9+su!erior

esInter)e89o 2 05E 05 2 N/E

050 /NN5

8/0 4==1

28N 4E 05 0 000105

(ari:vel 71

2 =E 0/ 2 83E0N

0 102481

0 =24841

8 /E 0N = 3E 0N

,a!c*!*sH

Acc*racy !imits

bound = upper lower2

20


25/30

a 0 =0.000105 0.000064

2

a 0 = 0.000002055

a1

=0.0000093 0.0000087

2

a 1 = 0.0000006

;. i)cu))ion o< Re)ult)

' en it comes to ca!i ration e#pected res*!t )it a !inear "ro)t 6

e project 2 )as di%ided in t ree i" parts ca!!ed e#periment 1 as

&re9*ency ca!i ration ) ere it )as *sed a ce!!p one and an *+*!e!e to

per&orm samp!e meas*rement6 e e#periment 261 is ca!!ed !oad ce!!

and t e e#periment 262 is ca!!ed air %e!ocity transd*cer 6

e e#periment 1 treats a o*t ca!i rate i" &re9*ency data *sin"

6 Rea!iKes t at t e res*!ts o tained &rom ce!!p one compared )it

t e res*!ts o tained &rom *+*!e!e a%e a di;erence et)een di;erent

types o& so*nds at a p ysica! !e%e!6 ' i!e t e ce!!p one as t e i" est

&re9*ency ( acce!eration ?RMS aro*nd 1N0 and t e i" est meas*re o&

amp!it*de ( acce!eration ?RMS aro*nd = t e *+*!e!e as t emeas*rement !o)er t an ce!!p one6 >t as t e i" est &re9*ency

aro*nd 0645 and t e i" est meas*re o& amp!it*de ( acce!eration ?RMS

aro*nd 36

e e#periment 261 ad t e meas*rement as e#pected6 e second

r*n )as a!most per&ect a%in" t e R< a!most e9*a! 16 Amon" t reee#periments t e e#periment 261 Load ,e!! presented t e res*!ts in a

21


26/30

more consistent ca!i ration )it t e !iterat*re6 >n addition t e res*!ts

o tained represent a 9*ite re"*!ar series o& data and 7t )it in a sma!!

con7dence and6 R< o& t e 7na! ca!i ration c*r%e is 06=/ ) at means

t at it )as a satis&actory ca!i ration

e e#periment 262 s o)ed )e!! dispersed and *nconnected

meas*res6 >t )as attempted to ma+e t e e#periment c an"in" t e

position o& t e sensor *t it did not a%e e;ect and t e error persisted6

>n t e 7na! ca!i ration c*r%e t e R< is 0600356 is means t at t e

meas*rements are &ar &rom t e e#pected6 Co one +no)s &or s*re ) y

*t a possi i!ity o& t is error is t e settin" o& t e sensor6 is pro !em

can e inV*enced y t*r *!ence6 e transd*cer )as attac ed to a

pipe and t is pipe can e may a%e mas+ed t e rea! %a!*e ?meas*res

o& t e e#periment6 Anot er possi i!ity can e t e sensiti%ity o& t e

sensor ) ere it )as not in a"reement )it t e ade9*ate sca!e6

22


27/30

.Conclu)ion)

e e#periments attained t e e#pectations "enerated y !iterary

st*dy )it t e e#ception o& t e e#periment 262 Air :e!ocity ransd*cer 6 e statistica! ana!yses )as made )it con7dence !e%e! o&

=5@ a "ood option et)een a!! o& ot er con7dence !e%e!6 e

e#periment 1 and 261 con7rmed t e e#pects in t e !iterat*re re%ie)6

e app!ication o& transd*cers depends direct!y on t e acc*racy at

) ic t ey can ta+e meas*rements and t e ease at ) ic t ese

res*!ts are ana!yKed )it re!ation to t e inp*t and o*tp*t6

e t*r *!ence can e a &actor t at )i!! inV*ence in t e 7na! res*!t

in t is case it is t e ca!i ration6

e e#perience o& ma+in" a ca!i ration is an e#ce!!ent tas+ &or

en"ineerin" st*dent6 >t is tota!!y di;erent ) en t e data are ready and

23


28/30

it is necessary on!y do t e ana!yses6 e project 2 contri *ted &or t e

&ormation o& t e st*dents since ca!i ration o& sensors is e!p&*! and

common in t e ind*stry6

=.Re!;@es %e %Alar ?aseado No Modelo %e

Volatilidade EstocBstica %e Ceston 6 issertation ?Masters *ndaZ[o

Det!io :ar"as S[o -a*!o BR 20106

W2X ' ee!er A6 \6 Introduction to Engineering Ex!erimentationD

?-rentice a!! $pper Sadd!e Ri%er Ce) \ersey 2010 t ird edition6

W3X empcon6 - is 3alibration /o Im!ortant

? ttpHQQ)))6tempcon6co6*+Qca!i ration@20ser%icesQ' at@20is

@20,a!i ration]6$K5 SVd:8E accessed Marc 22 t 2014 6

W4X 3alibration Exciter 5 -!e )29) 6

24
http://www.tempcon.co.uk/calibration%20services/What%20is%20Calibration#.Uz5-SfldV8Ehttp://www.tempcon.co.uk/calibration%20services/What%20is%20Calibration#.Uz5-SfldV8Ehttp://www.tempcon.co.uk/calibration%20services/What%20is%20Calibration#.Uz5-SfldV8Ehttp://www.tempcon.co.uk/calibration%20services/What%20is%20Calibration#.Uz5-SfldV8E


29/30

? ttpHQQ)))6 r*e!6 *Qdo+si+QreK"es+a!i rator6pd& accessed Marc 22 t

2014 6

W4X -orta! Action egress


30/30

Figure 1 . Instructions of t e roGect 2"

Date post:	03-Jun-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	ramon-lopes
View:	224 times
Download:	0 times

Engineering Experimentation - Calibration of Sensors

Documents