english 29 final.pptx

8/18/2019 english 29 final.pptx

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Chapter 1

ORAL COMMUNICATIONOral Communication it is the process by which

thoughts are transferredthrough spoken words from oneperson to another.

It is an interaction betweentwo persons involved:

the s eaker and the listener.


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Public Speaking

sometimes termed oratory ororation) is the process or act of

performing a presentation (aspeech) focused around anindividual directly speaking to a

live audience in a structureddeliberate manner in order tin!r"# in$uence# r

entertain the"%


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&hat is the di'erence

bet(een cn)dence and tensin*


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Cn)denceis a belief in your abilities as an

individual. It is typically associatedwith an en!oyment of the process a

rela"ed approach to a#airs withoutworry. It is an intrinsic en+,"ent .

Con$dence is good because ittypically allows you to e"pressyourself in a creative manner.


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Tensin It is typi$ed by a !cus n gettinggd results understanding theimportance of what you are doing

and taking e-trinsic en+,"ent forwhat you are doing i.e. seeing thegreater purpose of what you are

doing (winning parents pride).

It is good because it ensures there is

a high level of application to the taskat hand and ou take nothin for


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elivery

1% Plat!r" .ehavir * everythingthat the speaker does and does notdo on the stage must have propermotivation. %here should be areason for every movement. +voidmannerisms.

/% Psture * refers to the way you

stand. 'alance the weight of yourbody on both feet.

0% Ludness * &peak loud enough to

be heard. ,ay attention to the


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% Clarit, * &peak clearly. &peechmust be delivered slower than

in an ordinary conversation.

2%Prnunciatin * -se correctpronunciation. henever youhave doubt as to yourpronunciation consult a modern

dictionary.3%4ra""ar * -se correctgrammar. /"pose yourself often

to language through practice


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Principles ! 5eliver,

1%Audience6centered

0 speakers o#er their ideas in

ways that respond to a feltneed are appropriate tooccasion re1ect careful

research make sense andsound interesting.


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2 rhetorical appeals:

1% 7ths 0 everything you say and doto convey competence and good

character./% Paths * everything you say and do

appeal to emotions

0% Lgs * everything you say and doto appeal to logic and soundreasoning


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/% Audience6Apprpriate cntent

0 it encompasses your purpose forgiving the speech the main ideasyou will present and the evidenceyou use to develop your main ideas.

8 7'ective evidence has su3cientbreadth and depth.


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.readth0 refers to the amount and typesof evidence you use.

5epth

0 is the level of detail you providefrom each piece of evidence.


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0% An e'ective speech is (ellstructured

0 the structure of the speech isthe framework that organi4esthe content.


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% An e'ective speech isdelivered e-pressivel,

0 the manner in which a speechis delivered can dramaticallya#ect the audience5s ability to

listen to understandremember and act on the ideaspresented.

S7L9


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CON9I57NC7&elf0Con$dence (in ,ublic

&peaking)it is the positive feeling of

the speaker that he canface up an audience anddeliver a good if not a

brilliant speech.


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7N5


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;I. Ine"perience * a person who

has a little or no e"periencein delivering a speechgenerally lacks self0

con$dence.2.-npreparedness *

unprepared person is not at

all con$dent of himself.


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?. ecisiveness of

&[email protected] of the

-nknown * 9ou are

afraid because youdo not know what

is ahead of you


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6O %O /A/O, &/0

CO7I/7C/ %ake care of your physicalappearance.

,repare well.

ace up to your audience.

/"ercise before delivery andmove within proper bounds

during delivery.


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Concentrate on your

speech and on youraudience.

'e determined.


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C6+,%/; 2

8/%6O& O &,/+BI7<I8,;O8,%- &,//C6 * is where

the development of both theideas and language isthought out only at the

moment of delivery.888 it shuld nt bedeliberatel, chsen as a

"atter ! ractice%


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/%/8,O;+7/O-& &,//C6 *

is one where the ideas areprepared but the language isde$nitely composed only at

the moment of delivery.It is c""nl, !avredbecause it standsbet(een the i"pr"ptuand the read speeches%


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;/+ &,//C6 * is a speech that iswritten out and read word for word

during delivery. %his speech is good for the

audience and the press.

It usually employs a Dghost writer *somebody who prepares a speechto be delivered by other person

%he necessity for this type ofspeech is felt when the speakerwants to make sure of what he isgoing to say as in important historic

occasions where speech will be


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8/8O;IE/ &,//C6 * is a

speech that is committedentirely to memory anddelivered from memory .

this is the speech thatneeds most preparation

because you have tomemori4e not only the

content but also the


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t Purpse

1%T Actuate * a speech whichattempts to make the audience dosomething.

/"ample: %he speaker wants the audienceto vote for a particular candidateF

to contribute for a charitablecauseF to !oin a clubF or to stopsmoking.

.In order to actuate you


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/% T Cnvince 0 a speech whichattempts to make the audience agree

with or believe in a certainproposition. if your main proposition is thatsmoking produces cancer you

merely want the audience to agreewith youF you do not want them tostop smoking.

the speaker should concentrateon making his ideas reach thelisteners in the clearest terms

possible. 7o person gets convinced


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% T In!r" * a speech which attemptsto impart knowledge to the listeners.

%his is also called speech to instruct orto educate%

%he speaker may advance his ownviews but his real and ultimatepurpose is to make the audience learnsomething they had not known aboutbefore.

%he lecture of a professor thoughnot strictly a speech falls under thiscategory.

Other e"amples include those


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2% T 7ntertain * is a speechwhich attempts to amuse theaudience.

Its main purpose is to

in!ect humor and to evokelaughter.

It is one of the hardestspeeches to make becauseone of the most di3cult

things to do is to make


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T:7 PRO4RAM

1% Opening0 the emcee takes tothe microphone and begins theprogram often by !ust saying

that they will now begin theprogram. It may start with thesinging of the 7ational +nthem

or the delivery of an invocationor both one after the other.


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/% &elc"e 0 refers to the welcomeaddress or the opening remarks. If

there is no such part of theprogram the function of welcomingis performed by the emcee.

0% Intrductin * &omeone is askedto introduce the guest speaker.+gain the emcee handles the !ob if

there is no other person assigned todo it.

% Speech * the main part of the

program. %he success of the entire


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2% Reactins ; this is where audiencegive their reactions to the speaker5s

speech.(Optional)3% Open69ru" * Guestions are askedfrom the 1oor supervised by themoderator or the emcee.

0 also called the Guestion andanswer portion.


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;O/1 % The 7"cee * his task is to

announce the ne"t part of theprogram. %here are emcees whodeliver a speech every time they

do. on5t be one of them. 9ou mayprepare a well0thought out phrase ortwo or a little humorous comment

here and there./% Presiding O=cer * takes charge

of the conduct of the proceedings.

6e may be called the Chairman


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0% Mderatr * he also presides butonly in a particular activity where

moderation is needed.% 9lr Leader ; legislative bodies

have 1oor leaders: the ma!ority 1oor

leader and the minority 1oor leader.6e initiates moves controls theproceedings and maintains order in

the discussion. he steers the proceedings fromthe 1oor. 6e assigns di#erentpersons to make various motionsand to second them.


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2% Rapprteur * he is assigned toreport to the plenary session of an

assembly on what transpired in awork session

3% Reslutins C""ittee

Chair"an * takes over at the endof the convention where resolutionsare e"pected to be passed. %he last

resolutions should be resolutions ofgratitude for all those who madethe convention possible.


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% 9ine Master 6 the personassigned to supervise the $ning

sessions in clubs who impose$nes as a means of raisingfunds


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The Speaking 7nvirn"ent

cHnsider the place or the venue of

the speaking activity. Consider the noise of the crowd and

outside the hall.

It may be hot and uncomfortableConsider the audience5s mood.

If you are going to speak in a festiveoccasion be acutely conscious ofthe length of your speech. ,eoplehave come to be merry and sociali4e

not to listen to you.


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be sensitive enough tonotice this becausegenerally they try their bestto hide their feelings from

you. If you do not catcheasily you become theprincipal sub!ect ofunsavory conversation bygossipers behind your back.


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PROO9 * is anything that e#ectspersuasion.

1% Persnal Pr! * a kind ofproof furnished by the person orthe speaker himself his integrity

and his good reputation. Characteris revealed in the following ways:

+. how the speaker looksF

'. what he does or how he actsFC. what he says or how he says

itF and

. what other people say about


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/% 7"tinal Pr! ; a kind ofproof that appeals to the

emotions. &ometimes anaudience is won over by purelyemotional appeals.

this is usually used in speechto stimulate.

0% Lgical Pr! ; it is a kind ofproof based on reason.


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Supprt ; is a speech material thatclari$es or backs up an assertion.

=. /"planation * is an e"position thatmakes an idea clear andintelligible.

>. +nalogy or Comparison * a form ofe"planation that points outsimilarities between two ob!ects.

2. Illustration * a detailed e"ample ina narrative form of idea. It can beh,pthetical or !actual%


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?.&peci$c Instance or &peci$c;eference0 is a brie1y stated

e"ample. %here are generalstatements that may notparticularly impress an audience

unless the speaker mentionsspeci$c persons places orthings.

7-a"ple: a short person can win aslam dunk competition in 7'+.


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@.&tatistics * these are

numerical data about astate of a#airs. It is themost scienti$c of all

techniGues of support./"ample: D%here are

more women on earththan menJ

K.;estatement or Iteration *


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L. %estimony * is a statement of a personwho is usually prominent that favors acertain assertion.

Intrductin


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Intrductin=.;eference to the &ub!ect *

mention the sub!ectMtopic ofthe speech.

>.&igni$cance of the Occasion2.6umorous +necdote?.Illustration

@.NuotationK.&tartling &tatementL.;hetorical Nuestion

.Complimentary ;eference


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&a,s ! Making Cnclusin

=.&ummary

>.+ppeal

2.Inducement

?.Nuotation

@.Illustration

K.,ersonal Intention

L.,rayer

8echanism


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8echanism

Tidal Air6 the minimal amount ofair we inhale for breathingpurposes.

C"ple"entar, Air * theadditional air we inhale forspeaking purposes.

STA47S O9 ?OIC7PRO5UCTION

=. C"pressin * speaking starts

with the movement of the air out


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Motor – is the structure of the body

that works to compress the air needed for

speaking.Ex: lungs, bronchial tubes, windpipe or

trachea, etc.

it is to be noted that no sound is yet produced in the compression stage. it is an essential part of the process

of voice production because without the

movement of compressed air out of the

body, no sound can ever be produced.


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/% ?ibratin * it is where theinitial sound is produced. when the air hits thewindpipe it passes through

the laryn" or the vocal bo".It is known as the vibrator.Aocal olds0 a pair of thin

membranes which vibratewhen the air passesthrough. %hey are called the


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0% A"pli)catin * the initial soundis made loud and ampli$ed into our

true voice by air chambers in ourbody called the resnatrs%

A% vestibule ; the $rst air

chamber located above the laryn"F.% Phar,n- * or the throat the

>nd air chamber located at the end

of the mouth.C% Nasal Cavities * the airchamber of the nose.

5% Muth * a very important


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% Mdi)catin * the sound madeloud by the resonators is carved out

into intelligible sounds the vowelsand consonants by the modi$ers orarticulators. %hey are the

+. ips * for bilabial sounds'. %eeth * for the sound MsMC. %ongue * the key modi$er.

ithout the tongue we cannotspeak.. 6ard ,alate * for t drnlch !

sounds/. &oft ,alate * for k n " and

?OCAL ?ARI7T@


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?OCAL ?ARI7T@ It is a key to good speaking. It is

not enough that we know how toproduce our voice properlyF (e"ust als learn h( t change

ur vice as (e speak%9ur &a,s t ?ar, Our ?ice

1%Rate ; is the speed in speaking.

All(able Rate * 7ot so fastthat the speaker cannot beunderstood and not so slow that

the listeners will et bored.

;+%/


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;+%/1% uantit, ; the length of time spent

within spoken words. /": roll hit/% Pause * is the length of time spentin silence between words.

Purpses ! Pause2.to divide sentences intothought phrases.

% %o enable the audience tothink of what the speakerhas !ust said.


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/% 9rce ; it is the loudness inspeaking.

All(able 9rce * not so soft that thespeaker cannot be heard and not soloud that the listeners will get

distracted. orce may be applied asto degree and form.

5egree * refers to the amount of force

applied ranging from whisper toshout.

9r" * refers to the manner in whichforce is applied.


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.% 7-pulsive 9rce0 the shortand Guick application of forceto the words. It is the ordinaryway in which we speak.

C% 7-plsive 9rce * is theabrupt and violent applicationof force to the words. It is used

when the speaker is in a highlyemotional state.


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Stress ; is the force applied todi#erent syllables in a word or

to di#erent words in aphrase.

7-B LA.oratoryD C7remonyD5OL5larF PAssageF .LI44ardF&ORT:lessF LOcateF

:ONorableF COMmandantcomMITteeD atTACEDbat

TAL5ionF e"

C:AN47F


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0% Pitch0 is the musical

position of the speech sound.All(able Pitch should bewithin your range provided

only that you do not strainyour voice or it is not too lowto sound mumbled.

Intnatin r In$ectin * isthe change of pitch from

syllable to syllable.


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%wo Binds of In1ection1%4lide r Slide * the gradual

change of pitch./%Step * is the abrupt change of

pitch.

Rules t Re"e"berB0%Avid a sing6sng intnatin0

your voice goes up and down

without reason%Avid a patterned intnatin

* you have a certain accent in


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h Nuestions use the fallingintonation

9es07o Nuestions use the risingintonation.

7"phasis * any act of thespeaker that calls attention tothe ideas being conveyed.

?cal Cli"a- * it is a vocale"pression that grows steadily inpower or intensi$es gradually in

feeling until the peak is reached.


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&//&


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&//&

&ight is as important as sound inoral communication. hat thelisteners see is !ust as important

as what they hear.?isual Aids ; may come in theform of the ob!ects we are

e"plaining like maps diagramsgraphs charts models picturesslides and movies.

. dil . h i f t th k 5


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.dil, .ehavir * refers to the speaker5smovement from the time he walks upstageto the time he leaves it.

7,e Cntact * a speaker must look atindividual members of the audience

straight in the eye

Psture * a speaker must be conscious ofthe way he stands. 6e may be comfortable

with a certain stance but if it is notcomfortable from the point of view of theaudience such a posture must be avoided.

4esture is any act of the


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4esture * is any act of thespeaker that reinforces or

demonstrates ideas. e mayuse any part of the body togesture particularly the !ace#

head# shulders# ar"s# andhands%

9acial 7-pressin ; the use oflips eyes eyebrows or theface as a whole to show life on

our face whether we e"hibit


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:ead 4esture * may beemployed by ndding (to

assist an a3rmative idea)shaking (to e"press a negativeidea) pinting (with a !erk ofthe head) or by e"phasiing (with one de$nite nod).

a shrug of the shouldersmay mean indi#erenceresignation or lack of

knowledge.

.asic :and 4estures


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.asic :and 4estures1%Pal"s6up 4esture * the

palm of the hand is eitherfacing the audience or facingupwards. %his is an a3rmative

or giving or receiving gesture.

/% Pal"s6d(n 4esture * the

back side of the palm is eitherfacing the audience or facingupwards. %his is the negative

or re!ecting gesture.

0 I d ) 4 t


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0% Inde-6)nger 4esture *the inde" $nger is e"tended

and all the other $ngers areclosed. %his is a pointing

gesture.% Clenched 9ist 4esture *all the $ngers are closed with

the thumb over the closed$ngers. %his is the emphatic

gesture or one that denotes

unction


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unction

1%Lcative 4estures * pointout persons places or thingswithin the sight of the

listeners or within theimagination.

/%Picturing 4estures *describe or demonstrateob!ects ideas or action.

/"ample: demonstrating the


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0% 7"phatic 4estures0 stressor emphasi4e ideas. %he inde"$nger gesture or the clenched$st gesture may be used.

% Suggestive 4estures0stimulate the imagination ofthe listeners. If a gesture does

not fall under the $rst threeabove0enumerated gestures

it falls under this type of


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% 5e)niteness * the gesturemust be precise.

2% ?ariet, * the gesture mustbe varied.

;epetition of gesturemust be avoided.

do not gesture at every

word. %his appears comical.

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