English Study Grammar

5/28/2018 English Study Grammar

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PRESENT CONTINUOUS

V d

Xt tnh hung sau:

Ann is in her car. She is on her way to work.Ann ang trong xe hi. C y ang trn ng i lm.She is drivingto work.C y ang li xe i lm.

Cu ny c ngha l: C y by gi ang li xe.Ti thi im ang ni, hnh ng li xecha chm dt.

Am/is/are -ing l th hin ti tip din (present continuous)

Hn h n g xy r a t i h ay g n th i im n i

I am doing something= Ti ang lm vic g ; Ti ang gia thi im lm cng vic ; Ti khi s v chahon tt cng vic.

Thng th hnh ng ang xy ra ti thi im ni:

Please dont make so much noise. Im working.(notI work).Xin ng lm n qu nh vy. Ti ang lm vic.

Wheres Margaret? Shes having a bath.(notshe has a bath).Margaret u vy? C y ang tm.

Lets go out now. It isnt rainingany more.(notIt doesnt rain).


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By gi chng ta ra ngoi i! Tri khng cn ma na u.

(at a party) Hello, Jane. Are you enjoying the party? (notdo you enjoy).

(ti mt bui tic) Xin cho Jane. Bn c thch bui tic ny khng?

Im tired. Im going to bed now. Goodnight!Ti mt ri. Gi ti i ng y. Chc ng ngon nh!

Nhng hnh ng khng nht thit xy ra ti thi im ang ni. V d nh:

Tom and Ann are talking in a caf. Tom says:Im reading an interesting book at the moment. Ill lend it to you when Ive finished it.Tom v Ann ang ni chuyn trong qun c ph. Tom ni: Lc ny ti ang c mt quyn sch hay. Ti s cho

bn mn khi no ti c xong.

Tom khng c sch vo lc ni vi Ann. Anh y mun ni l anh y khi s c cun sch nhng cha cxong. Anh y ang trong thi gian c.

Xem thm mt s v d:

Catherine wants to work in Italy, so she is learningItalian.(Vo thi im ni c th c y khng phi anghc ting ).Some friends of mine are buildingtheir own house. They hope it will be finished before next summer.

N i v n h n g th ay i an g d in r a t r o n g th i g ian n iChng ta dng thpresent continuous khi ni v nhng vic xy ra ti mt khong thi gian gn vi lc ni, v d nhtoday(hm nay), this week(tun ny), this evening(chiu nay) v.v...

Youre working hard today. Yes, I have a lot to do.(notyou work hard today).IsSusanworking this week? No, shes on holiday.


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Chng ta dng thpresent continuous khi ni v nhng thay i ang din ra trong thi gian ni:

The population of the world is risingvery fast. (notrise).Dn s th gii ang gia tng rt nhanh.

Isyour English gettingbetter?Ting Anh ca bn kh hn ri ch?


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PRESENT SIMPLE

V d

Xt tnh hung sau:

Alex is bus driver, but now he is in bed asleep. So:He is notdriving a bus. (He is asleep)

but He drivesa bus. (He is a bus driver.)(Alex l mt ti x li xe but, nhng by gi anh y ang ng). V vy:

Anh y khng ang li xe. (Anh y ang ng.)

nhng Anh y li xe but. (Anh y l ti x xe but.)Drive(s)/Work(s)/Do(es), v.v... l thpresent simple (th hin ti n).

D n g p r esen t s imp le

Chng ta dng thpresent simple ni mt cch chung chung v nhng s vt hay s vic no . Ta khng chring cp n hin ti m thi. Chng ta dng th ny ni v nhng s vic, hnh ng xy ra thng xuyn hay lpi lp li, hoc nhng s vic hin nhin ng ni chung. S vic ang ni c din ra lc hay khng l khng quantrng.

Nurses lookafter patients in hospitals.I usuallygo away at weekends.The earth goes round the sun.

Hy nh rng ta ni: he/she/it -s. ng qun thm svo ng t.


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I work...nhng He works...They teach nhng My sister teaches.

D n g d o /d o es

Chng ta dng do/does t cu nghi vn v ph nh:

I come from Canada. Where doyou come from?Would you like a cigarette? No, thanks. I dont smoke.

What doesthis word mean? (notWhat means this word. )Rice doesnt growin cold climates.(La khng mc c vng kh hu lnh)

Trong nhng v d sau docng l ng t chnh:

What doyou do?(= Whats your job?) I work in a shop.Hes so lazy. He doesnt do anything to help me.(notHe doesnt anything.)

Din t mc th n g xu yn xy r a c a s v ic

Chng ta dng thpresent simplekhi mun din t mc thng xuyn xy ra ca s vic:

I get up at 8 oclockevery morning.How often doyou go to the dentist?

Ann doesnt drinkteavery often.In summer John usuallyplays tennis once or twice a week.


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I p rom ise/ I apologise, v .v . . .

I promise / I apologise, v.v...

Khi bn ha lm vic g , bn c th ni I promise...; khi bn ngh iu g, bn c th ni I suggest.... Chng tadng thpresent simple(promise/suggestv.v...) trong nhng cu nh vy:

I promiseI wont be late.(notIm promising).What doyou suggest I do?. I suggest that you...

Tng t chng ta ni: I apologise... / I advise / I insist....(nn n) / I agree...(ng ) / I refuse(t chi) v.v...


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PRESENT CONTINUOUS AND PRESENT SIMPLE (1)

S o s n h

Hy nghin cu cc li gii thch v so snh cc v d sau:

Present continuous (I am doing)

Hy dng thPresent Continuous din t nhng s vic xy ra ngay lc ta ni hay xung quanh thi im , v hnhng cha chm dt.

The water is boiling. Can you turn it off?(Nc ang si. Bn c th tt bp c khng?)

Listen to those people. What language are theyspeaking?(Hy nghe nhng ngi kia. H ang ni ting nc no vy?)

Lets go out. It isnt raining now.(Mnh ra ngoi i. Hin tri khng ma u.)

Dont disturb me. Im busy. Why? What areyou doing?(ng quy ry ti. Ti ang bn. a? Bn ang lm g ?)

I am going to bed now. Goodnight!(Ti i ng y. Chc ng ngon!)

Maria is in Britain at the moment. Shes learning English.(Maria hin gi ang Anh quc. C y ang hc ting Anh.)

Hy dng thPresent Continuous din t mt tnh hung hay trng thi c tnh cht tm thi:

Im livingwith some friends until I find a flat.(Ti hin chung vi my ngi bn cho n khi ti tm c mt cn h.)


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Youre working hard today. Yes, Ive got a lot to do.(Hm nay bn lm vic vt v y. , mnh c nhiu vic phi lm qu.)

Xem thm UNIT 1.

Present Simple (I do)

Hy dng thPresent Simple cp ti cc s vic mt cch chung chung, hay nhng s vic c lp i lp li:

Waterboils at 100 degrees celsius.(Nc si 100C).

Excuse me. Doyou speakEnglish?(Xin li. Bn ni c ting Anh khng?)

It doesnt rainvery much in summer.(Tri khng ma qu nhiu vo ma h.)

What doyou usuallydo at weekends?(Bn thng lm g vo cui tun?)

I always go to bed before midnight.(Ti thng i ng trc 12 gi m)

Most people learn to swim when they are children.(Hu ht mi ngi hc bi khi h cn nh.)

Hy dng thPresent Simple din t mt tnh hung hay trng thi c tnh n nh, lu di:My parents live in London. They have lived there for all their lives.(Cha m ti sng London. Hai ngi sng sut i.)

John isnt lazy. Heworksvery hard most of the time.(John khng li u. Hu nh lc no anh y cng lm vic rt chm ch.)


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Xem thm UNIT 2.

I a lways d o v I m a lways d o in g

I always dov Im always doing.

Thng thng chng ta dng I always do something (=Ti lun lun lm iu g ):

I always go to work by car.Ti lun i lm bng xe hi. (khng niIm always going).

Bn cng c th ni Im always doing something, nhng vi mt ngha khc. V d:

Ive lost my key again. Im always losing things.

Ti li lm mt cha kha. Ti c lm mt mi.Im always losing things khng c ngha l ti lc no cng lm mt m c ngha l vic ti lm mt xy ra

qu thng xuyn, nhiu hn bnh thng.

Youre always -ing c ngha bn lm vic rt thng xuyn, s thng xuyn m ngi ni cho l nhiu hnbnh thng.


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PRESENT CONTINUOUS AND PRESENT SIMPLE (2)

M t s n g t c b i t kh n g d n g vi P r esen t Co n t in u o u s

Chng ta ch dng thPresent Continuousvi cc hnh ng hay nhng iu ang xy ra (nhthey are eating/it israining ...). Mt s ng t, v d nh knowv like, khng phi l nhng ng t din t hnh ng. Bn khng thni I am knowinghaythey are liking; bn ch c th ni I know, they like.

Nhng ng t sau y khng c dng vi thPresent Continuous:

like love hatewant need prefer

know realise supposemean understand

believe remember belongcontain consist dependseem

Im hungry. Iwant something to eat.(notI am wanting)Ti ang i. Ti mun n mt cht g .

Doyou understandwhat I mean?Bn c hiu ti mun ni g khng?

Ann doesnt seemvery happy at the moment.Lc ny dng nh Ann khng c vui.

Khi thinkc dng vi nghabelieve (tin tng), ta khng dng thPresent Continuous:

What doyou think(=believe) will happen?


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Bn ngh iu g s xy ra? (khng dng What are you thinking)

nhngYou look serious. What areyou thinking about? (= What is going on in your mind?)Bn trng tht m chiu. Bn ang ngh iu g vy? (ci g din ra trong tm tr bn vy?)

Im thinking of giving up my job.(= I am considering)Ti ang ngh ti chuyn thi vic (= Ti ang xem xt)

Khi have c ngha s hu (possess)...,ta khng dng vi th continuous (xem UNIT 17):

Were enjoying our holiday. We have a nice room in the hotel. (notwere having)(Chng ti hi lng vi k ngh ca chng ti. Chng ti c mt phng tt khch sn.)

nhngWere enjoying our holiday. Were having a great time.Chng ti hi lng vi k ngh ca chng ti. Chng ti ang c mt khong thi gian hnh phc.

See, hea r , smel l , taste

See, hear, smell, taste

Ta thng dng thpresent simple (khng dng continuous) vi nhng ng t di y:

Doyou see that man over there? (notare you seeing)Bn c nhn thy ngi n ng ng kia khng?

This room smells. Lets open a window.Phng ny c mi. Ta m ca s ra i.

Chng ta thng dng can + see/hear/smell/taste:


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Listen! Canyou hear something?Ch ! Bn c nghe thy g khng?

Nhng bn c th dng th continuousvi see (Im seeing) mang ngha having a meeting with (gp mt, gpg) c bit th tng lai (Xem UNIT 19A):

Im seeing the manager tomorrow morning.Sng mai ti s gp ngi qun l.

He is se l f ish v He is be ing sel f ish

He is selfishv He is being selfish

ng tbe chia thpresent continuous l I am being/He is being / You are being /v.v... Im being =Im behaving / I am acting. So snh cc cu sau:

I cant understand whyhes being so selfish. He isnt usually like that.Ti khng hiu ti sao gi anh ta li t ra ch k nh vy. Bnh thng anh y u c nh vy u.

(Being selfish= behaving selfishly at the moment = hnh vi ch k ti thi im )

nhng

He never thinks about other people. He isvery selfish.Anh ta khng bao gi ngh n ngi khc c. Anh ta rt ch k.

(= Ni chung l tnh anh ta ch k, khng ch ring vo lc no c.)Chng ta dng am/is/are being ni hnh vi ca ngi khc nh th no, v khng thng c dng trong nhngtrng hp khc, chng hn nh:

Itshot today.Hm nay tri nng. (khng dng it is being hot)


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Sarah isvery tired.Sarah rt mt. (khng dng Sarah is being tired)

L o o k v fee l

Lookv feel

Bn c th dng thpresent simple haycontinuous khi din t dng v hay cm gic ca ngi no vo thi imni:

You look well today.hayYoure looking well today.Hm nay trng bn khe y.

Howdoyou feel now? hay Howareyou feelingnow?

By gi bn cm thy th no?

nhng

I usuallyfeel tired in the morning.Ti thng cm thy mt vo bui sng. (notIm usually feeling)


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PAST SIMPLE

V d

Xem xt v d sau:

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozartwasan Austrian musician and composer. He livedfrom 1756 to 1791.He startedcomposing at the age of five and wrote more than 600 pieces of music. He wasonly 35

years old when he died.Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart l mt nhc s v nh son nhc ngi o. ng sng t nm 1756 n nm 1791. ngbt u son nhc lc nm tui v vit hn 600 bn nhc. ng cht khi ng ch mi 35 tui.

Lived/Started/wrote/was/diedu thpast simple.

n g t c q u y tc v b t q u y tc

Thng th ng t thpast simpletn cng bng -ed(ng t c qui tc regular verbs):

I work in a travel agency now. Before that Iworkedin a shop.Ti hin gi ang lm mt vn phng du lch. Trc y ti lm vic mt ca hiu.

We invitedthem to our party but theydecidednot to come.Chng ti mi h d tic vi chng ti nhng h quyt nh khng n.

The police stoppedme on my way home last night.Ti qua cnh st chn ng ti khi ti v nh.

She passedher examination because she studiedvery hard.

Nhng c nhiu ng t bt qui tc (irregular) khi thpast simplekhng tn cng bng -ed.


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V d:

write

wrote Mozartwrotemore than 600 pieces of music.see saw We sawRose in town a few days ago.

go went Iwentto cinema three times last week.

shut shut It was cold, so I shutthe window.

Xem bng lit k cc ng t bt qui tc.

did/didn t + infinit ive

Trong cc cu nghi vn v cc cu ph nh chng ta dng did/didnt + infinitive (enjoy/see/go...):

A: Didyou goout last night?B:Yes, Iwentto the cinema but I didnt enjoythe film much.

When didMr. Thomas die? About ten years ago.Theydidnt inviteher to party, so he didnt go.Didyou havetime to write the letter? No, I didnt.

Cn thn khi dol ng t chnh trong cu:

What didyou doat the weekend? (khng ni what did you at the weekend)I didnt doanything.(khng ni I didnt anything)

Q u k h c a b e


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Qu kh cabe(am / is / are) lwas / were:

Ch rng ta khng dng didtrong cu nghi vn v ph nh viwas/were:

Iwasangry because theywerelate.Wasthe weather good when youwereon holiday?Theywerentable to come because theywereso busy.

Didyou goout last night orwereyou too tired?


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PAST CONTINUOUS

V d

Hy xem v d sau:

Yesterday Karen and Jim played tennis. They began at 10 oclock and finished at 11.30. So, at 10.30theywere playingtennis.

Hm qua Karen v Jim chi qun vt. H bt u chi lc 10h v kt thc lc 11h30.Vy lc 10h30 h ang chi qun vt.Theywere playing= H ang gia cuc chi lc v h cha kt thc cuc chi.

Was/were -ing l thpast continuous (qu kh tip din):

C c h d n g

Chng ta dng thpast continuous din t mt ngi no ang thc hin mt cng vic d dang ti thi imc cp. Hnh ng hay s vic xy ra trc thi im ny nhng cha kt thc.

This time last year Iwas livingin Brazil.


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Vo thi im ny nm ngoi ti ang sng Brazil.

Whatwereyou doingat 10 oclock last night?

I waved to her but shewasnt looking.

S o sn h v i p ast s imp le

So snh thpast continuous qu kh tip din (I was doing) vpast simple qu kh n (I did):

Past continuous (ang gia hnh ng)

Iwas walkinghome when I met Dave.(= gia ng i v nh ti gp Dave)

Annwas watchingtelevision when the phone rang.Ann ang xem TV th in thoi reng.

Past simple (hon tt hnh ng)

Iwalkedhome after the party last night.(= ti i v nh, hon tt).

Annwatchedtelevision a lot when she was ill last year.Ann xem TV rt nhiu khi c y bnh nm ngoi.

D n g th p ast s imp le v p ast co n t in u o u s c n g n h auTa thng dng thpast simplevpast continuous cng vi nhau din t mt s vic xy ra vo lc ang xy ramt s vic khc:

Tomburnthis hand when hewas cookingthe dinner.I sawyou in the park yesterday. Youwere sittingon the grass and reading a book.


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While Iwas workingin the garden, I hurtmy back.

Nhng chng ta dng thpast simple khi mt s vic xy ra sau mt s vic khc:Iwas walkingalong the road when I sawDave. So I stoppedand we hada chat.Khi ang i trn ng th ti gp Dave. Ti dng li v chng ti cng tr chuyn.

Hy so snh hai cu sau thy r s khc bit v ngha:

When Karen arrived, wewere havingdinner.Khi Karen ti, chng ti ang n ti.(= Chng ti n ti trc khi Karen ti.)

When Karen arrived, we haddinner.

Khi Karen ti, chng ti n ti.(= Karen ti trc ri sau chng ti n ti.)

Cc n g t kh n g d n g vi co n t in u o u s

C mt s ng t (v d nh know/want/believe) khng c dng cc th continuous (xem UNIT 4A bitthm chi tit):

We were good friends. We kneweach other well.(not we were knowing)Chng ti l bn tt. Chng ti bit r nhau.

I was enjoying the party but Chriswantedto go home.(not was wanting)Ti rt thch bui tic nhng Chris mun v nh.


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PRESENT PERFECT (1)

Th present per fect

Xt v d sau:

Tom is looking for his key. He cant find it.He has losthis key.Tom ang tm chic cha kha. Anh y khng tm thy n.

Anh lm mt cha kha.

He has lost his key = Anh y lm mt chic cha kha v n by gi vn cha tm ra.

Have/has lost l thPresent perfect simple:

Th Present perfect simple = Have/has + past participle (qu kh phn t) thng tn cng bng -ed(finished/dicided...)nhng nhiu ng t quan trng li l bt qui tc irregular (lost/done/been/written...).

Xem bng ng t bt quy tc.

C c h d n g

Khi chng ta dng thpresent perfectth lun lun c mt s lin h ti hin ti. Hnh ng xy ra qu kh nhngkt qu ca n li hin ti:


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Wheres your key? I dont know. Ive lostit.(I havent got it now).

He told me his name but Ive forgotten it.(I cant remember it now).

Is Sally here? No, shes goneout.(she is out now).

Chng ta thng dng thpresent perfect a ra mt thng tin mi hay cng b mt s vic va xy ra:

Ow! Ive cutmy finger.The road is closed. Theres been(= there hasbeen) an accident.(from the news) The police have arrested two men in connection with the robbery.Cnh st va bt hai ngi lin quan ti v cp.

Presen t per fect s im ple vi just , a l ready v yet

Bn c th dng thpresent perfect simplevijust, alreadyv yet:

Just = a short time ago (va mi y):

Would you like something to eat? No, thanks. Ive just had lunch.Hello. Haveyoujust arrived?Xin cho. Anh va mi n h?

Chng ta dng already ni v mt s vic xy ra sm hn d tnh (nn xem Unit 110D):

Dont forget to post the letter, will you? Ive already postedit.

ng qun gi th nh? Ti va mi gi th ri.What time is Mark leaving? Hes already gone.My gi Mark mi i? Anh y i ri.

Yet = until now cho n by gi v din t ngi ni mong ch s vic no xy ra. Ch dngyet trong cu nghi


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vn v ph nh. (xem UNIT 110C).

Has it stopped rainingyet? (Tri dt ma cha?)Ive written the letter but I havent posted ityet.Ti vit xong l th nhng ti cha gi.

S kh c n h au g ia g o n e to v b een to

Ch s khc nhau gia gone (to)v been (to):

Jim is away on holiday. He has gone to Spain. (= he is there now or on his way there)Jim ang i ngh xa nh. Anh y i Ty Ban Nha. (= Anh y hin gi ang hay ang trn ng n ).

Jane is back home from holiday now. She has been to Italy. (= she has now come back from Italy).

Jane hin gi i ngh v. C y . (= C y v t ).

Xem thm UNIT 8v 125B.


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PRESENT PERFECT (2)

N i t i kh o n g th i g ian l in t c t q u kh n h in t i

Hy xem mu i thoi di y:

Dave:Haveyou travelleda lot, Jane?Bn c i du lch nhiu khng, Jane?

Jane:Yes, Ive beento lots of places.Dave:Really? Haveyou everbeento China?

Tht ? Th bn tng n Trung Quc cha?Jane:Yes, Ive beento China twice.Dave: What about India?Jane: No, I havent beento India.

Khi chng ta cp ti mt khong thi gian lin tc t qu kh n hin ti, chng ta dng th present perfect(have been/ have travelled...). y Dave v Jane ang ni v nhng ni m Jane n trong cuc i c y(l khong thi gian ko di n hin ti).

Haveyou ever eaten caviar? (in your life)Bn c bao gi n mn trng c mui cha?

Weve never had a car.

Chng ti cha bao gi c c mt chic xe hi.

Haveyou read Hamlet? No, I havent read any of Shakespeares plays.Bn c Hamlet cha? Cha, ti cha c tc phm no ca Shakespeare c.

Susan really loves that film. Shes seen it eight times!


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Susan tht s thch cun phim . C y xem cun phim tm ln!

What a boring film! Its the most boring film Iveever seen.Cun phim mi chn lm sao! l mt cun phim chn nht m ti tng xem.

Trong nhng v d sau ngi ni ang cp n khong thi gian tip din n by gi (recently / in the last fewdays / so far / since breakfastv.v ...):

Haveyou heard from George recently?Gn y bn c c tin g v George khng?

Ive meta lot of people in the last few days.Trong my ngy qua ti gp nhiu ngi.

Everything is going well. We havent had any problems so far.

Mi chuyn u tt p. Cho n gi chng ti khng gp phin phc g.Im hungry. I havent eaten anything since breakfast. (= from breakfast until now)Mnh i ri. T ba im tm ti gi mnh cha n g c.

Its nice to see you again. We havent seen each other for a long time.Tht l vui c gp li bn. Rt lu ri chng ta khng gp nhau.

Dn g vi today/ th is morn ing / th is evening . . .

Chng ta dng thpresent perfectvi today/ this morning/ this evening... khi nhng khong thi gian ny chakt thc vo thi im ni (xem UNIT 14B):

Ive drunkfour cups of coffee today. (perhapsIll drink more before today finished).Hm nay ti ung bn ly c ph. (c th ti cn ung thm na trc khi ht ngy hm nay).

Haveyou had a holidaythis year (yet)?


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Nm nay bn ngh php cha?

I havent seen Tom this morning. Have you?

Sng nay ti khng gp Tom. Bn c gp khng?

Ron hasnt workedvery hard this term.Ron hc khng chm lm trong hc k ny.

Dn g v i I t s the f i rst t ime. . .

Ch l chng ta phi dngpresent perfectkhi ni Its the first time something has happened( l ln utin mt s vic no xy ra). V d nh:

Don is having a driving lesson. He is very nervous and unsure because it is his first lesson.Don ang c bi hc li xe. Anh y rt hi hp v lo lng bi v y l bi hc u tin.

Its the first time he has driven a car. (not drive)y l ln u tin anh y li mt ci xe hi.

hoc

He has never driven a carbefore.Trc gi anh y cha bao gi li xe.

Linda has lost her passport again. Its the second time this has happened.(not happens)

Linda li lm mt h chiu. y l ln th hai xy ra chuyn ny.This is a lovely meal. Its the first good meal Ive hadfor ages.(not I have)Tht l mt ba n ngon. y l ba n ngon u tin ca ti trong nhiu nm.

Bill is phoning his girlfriend again. Thats the third time hes phoned her this evening.Bill li ang gi in thoi cho c bn gi ca anh y. l ln th ba anh y gi in cho c y chiu nay.


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PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

I t has been rain ing .

It has been raining.Xem v d sau:

Is it raining? (C phi tri ang ma khng?)No, but the ground is wet. (Khng, nhng t li t)It has been raining. (Tri ma hi ny.)Have/has been -ing l thpresent perfect continuous.

Ta dng thpresent perfect continuous khi ni v nhng hnh ng kt thc gn y hay mi va kt thc v ktqu ca n c s lin h hay nh hng ti hin ti:

Youre out of breath. Haveyoubeen running? (you are out of breath now)Bn trng mt t hi. Bn va mi chy phi khng? (hin gi anh y nh t hi).

Paul is very tired. Hes been workingvery hard. (hes tired now)

Paul rt mt. Anh y va mi lm vic rt cng. (by gi anh y ang mt).Why are your clothes so dirty? What haveyoubeen doing?Sao qun o bn bn th. Bn va mi lm g vy?

Ive been talking to Carol about the problem and she thinks that ...Mnh va mi cp n vn ca Carol v c y ngh l ...


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I t has be en rain ing for two h ours.

It has been raining for two hours.Xt v d sau:

It is raining now. It began raining two hours ago and it is still raining.By gi tri ang ma. Tri ma c hai gi ri v by gi vn cn ang ma.How long hasitbeen raining?Tri ma bao lu ri?It has been raining for two hours.Tri ma c hai ting ng h.

Chng ta dng th present perfect contiuous cho nhng trng hp ny, c bit l dng vi how long, for... vsince... Hnh ng vn ang xy ra (nh v d trn) hay va mi chm dt.

How long haveyoubeen learning English? (youre still learning English)Bn hc ting Anh c bao lu ri? (bn vn ang cn hc ting Anh)

Tim is watching television. He has been watchingtelevision for two hours.Tim ang xem TV. Anh y xem TV c hai gi ri.

Where have you been? Ive been looking for you for the last half hour.Anh u vy? Ti tm anh na ting ng h ri.

George hasnt been feelingwell recently.Gn y George khng cm thy khe trong ngi lm.

Chng ta c th dng th present perfect continuous ch nhng hnh ng lp i lp li trong mt khong thigian:

Debbie is a very good player tennis. Shes been playingsince she was eight.


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Debbie l mt vn ng vin qun vt rt gii. C y chi qun vt t khi ln tm.

Every morning they meet in the same caf. Theyve been going there for years.Mi sng h li gp nhau cng mt qun c ph. H n qun nhiu nm ri.

I am d o in g v I h ave b een d o in g

So snh I am doing (xem UNIT 1) v I have been doing:

Dont disturb me now. I am working .ng quy ry ti lc ny. Ti ang lm vic.

Ive been working hard, so now Im going to have a rest.

Ti lm vic vt v nn by gi ti s ngh ngi.We need an umbrella. Its raining.Chng ti cn mt cy d. Tri ang ma.

The ground is wet. Its been raining.Mt t cn t. Tri ma.

Hurry up ! Were waiting.

Weve been waiting for an hour.


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PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS AND SIMPLE

S o s n h

Nghin cu v d sau:

Anns clothes are covered in paint. She has been painting the ceiling.

Qun o ca Ann dnh ton sn. C y ang sn trn nh. The ceiling was white. Now it is blue. She has painted the ceiling.

Trn nh trc y mu trng. By gi n mu xanh. C y sn trn nh.

Has been painting l thpresent perfect continuous (th hin ti hon thnh tip din): y chng ta quan tm n hnh ng m khng quan tm n hnh ng hon tt hay cha. v d trn, hnh ng sn tng chakt thc.Has painted l thpresent perfect simple (th hin ti hon thnh): th ny, iu quan trng l s hon thnhca hnh ng. Has painted l mt hnh ng hon tt. Chng ta quan tm n kt qu ca hnh ng chkhng phi bn thn hnh ng .

So snh cc v d sau:

My hands are very dirty. Ive been repairingthe car.Tay ti rt bn. Ny gi ti ang sa xe.

The car is OK again. Ive repairedit.Chic xe gi li tt ri. Ti sa n.

Shes been smoking too much recently. She should smoke less.Gn y c y ht thuc qu nhiu. C y nn ht t i.


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Somebodyhas smoked all my cigarettes. The packet is empty.Ai ht ht thuc ca ti. Gi thuc trng rng ri.

Its nice to meet you again. What haveyoubeen doingsince we last met?Rt mng gp li bn. Bn lm g t khi chng ta gp nhau ln sau cng?

Wheres the book I gave you? What haveyou donewith it?Cun sch ti a bn u ri? Bn lm g vi n?

Where have you been? Haveyoubeen playing tennis?Bn u vy? Bn chi qun vt phi khng?

Haveyou ever played tennis?Bn tng chi qun vt cha?

P h n b i t co n t in u o u s v s im p le

Chng ta dng th continuous hi hay ni how longbao lu (cho hnh ng vn cn ang xy ra):

How long haveyoubeen reading that book?Bn c cun sch c bao lu ri?

Mary is still writing letters. Shes been writing letters all day.Mary vn ang cn vit th. C y vit th sut ngy.

Theyve been playing tenis since 2 oclock.

H chi qun vt t lc 2 gi.

Chng ta dng th simple hi hay ni how much, how many hayhow many times (cho nhng hnh ng ktthc):

How many pages of that bookhaveyou read?


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Bn c c bao nhiu trang ca cun sch ri?

Maryhas written ten letters today.

Hm nay Mary vit c mi l th.

Theyve played tennis three times this week.H chi qun vt ba ln trong tun ny.

Cc n g t kh n g d n g vi co n t in u o u s

Mt s ng t (v d nhknow/like/believe) khng c dng vi th continuous.

Ive knownabout it for a long time.(notIve been knowing)Ti c bit v iu lu ri.

Xem UNIT 4A bit bng lit k cc ng t ny.


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HOW LONG HAVE YOU (BEEN)...?

P r esent v pr esent per fec t

Xt v d sau:

Bob and Alice are married. They got married exactly 20 years ago, so today is the 20th weddinganniversary.Theyhave been married for 20 years.

Bob v Alice thnh hn. H ci nhau ng 20 nm v trc, v vy hm nay l ngy k nim th 20 ngyci ca h. H ci nhau c 20 nm ri.

Ta ni:Theyaremarried. (present)H ci.

nhngHow long havetheybeen married? (present perfect):

H ci c c bao lu ri?(Khng ni How long are they married)Theyhave been married for 20 years.

H ci c 20 nm ri.(khng ni They are married for 20 years)

Chng ta dng thpresent perfect ni v nhng s vic bt u trong qu kh v cn tip din n hin ti. Hy sosnh hai thpresentvpresent perfectqua cc v d sau:

Amyisin hospital.Amy ang trong bnh vin.


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nhng

She has been in hospital since Monday.(notAmy is in hospital since Monday)C y nm vin t th hai.

We knoweach other very well.Chng ti bit r v nhau.

nhng

We have known each other for a long time.(notwe know)Chng ti bit nhau kh lu ri.

Areyou waiting for somebody?Bn ang ch ai phi khng?

nhng

How long haveyoubeenwaiting?Bn ch c bao lu ri?

P r esent per fec t cont inuous

I have been doing something (present perfect continuous) = Ti khi s lm vic g trong qu kh v tivn ang cn lm tip (hay va mi ngng xong):

Ive been learning English for a long time. (notIm learning)Ti hc ting Anh trong mt thi gian di.

Sorry Im late. Haveyoubeen waiting long?Xin li, ti n tr. Bn ch ti lu cha?

Its been raining since I got up this morning.


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Tri ma t lc ti thc dy sng nay.

Hnh ng c th lp i lp li:

How long haveyoubeen driving? Since I was 17.Bn li xe c bao lu ri? T khi 17 tui.

S im ple hay cont inuous?

I have done (simple) hayI have been doing(continuous):

Thcontinuous thng c dng vi how long,sincev for(xem UNIT 10B):

Ive been learningEnglish for a long time.(t dngIve learnt)

Bn c th dng c hai thpresentvcontinuousvi ng tlive(sng) vwork(lm vic):

John has been living / has lived in London for a long time.John sng Lun n lu ri.

How long haveyoubeen working / haveyouworked here?Bn lm vic y bao lu ri?

Nhng chng ta ch dng th simplevi always:

John has always lived in London. (nothas always been living).John lun sng Lun n.

Bn c th dng th continuous haysimple cho nhng hnh ng lp i lp li trong mt khong thi gian di:

Ive been collecting/ Ive collected stamps since I was a child.Ti su tp tem t khi ti cn nh.

Mt s ng t nhknow/like/believekhng c dng th continuous:


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How long haveyou known Jane?(khng nihave you been knowing)Bn bit Jane bao lu ri?

Ive had a pain in my stomach since I got up this morning.Ti b au bng t lc ng dy sng nay.

bit thm bng cc ng t loi ny xem UNIT 4A. bit r hn v have xem UNIT 17.

P r esent per fec t s im ple t rong c u ph nh

Chng ta dng thpresent perfect simple trong cu ph nh nh sau:

I havent seen Tom since Monday.Ti khng gp Tom t th hai. (= ngy th hai va ri l ln cui ti gp Tom).

Jane hasnt phoned me for two weeks.Jane khng gi in thoi cho ti hai tun nay. (= ln cui c y gi in cho ti cch y hai tun).


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WHEN...? AND HOW LONG...? FOR AND SINCE

S o sn h : Wh en . ..? v Ho w lo n g .. .?

Hy so snhWhen..?(+past simple) v How long....?(+present perfect):

A : When didit startraining?Tri ma t khi no vy?

B : It started raining an hour ago / at 1 oclock.Tri bt u ma cch y mt gi / lc 1 gi.

A : How long has itbeen raining?Tri ma lu cha?

B : Its been raining for an hour/ since 1 oclock.Tri ma c 1 gi ri / t lc 1 gi.

A : When did Joe and Carol first meet?Joe v Carol gp nhau ln u tin khi no vy?

B : They first met a long time ago /when they were at school.H gp nhau ln u tin lu ri / khi h cn i hc.

A : How long have Joe and Carol known each other?Joe v Carol bit nhau bao lu ri?

B : Theyve known each other for a long time / since they were at school.

H bit nhau t lu ri / t khi h cn i hc.

D n g fo r v s in ce

Ta dng c forv since ni rng mt s vic xy ra trong bao lu.


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Chng ta dng for khi ni v mt khong thi gian (nhtwo hours, six weeks...):

Ive been waiting for two hours.

Ti ch hai ting ng h ri.

Sallys been working here for six months. (khng nisince six months)Sally lm vic y c 6 thng.

Chng ta dng since khi cp ti s bt u ca mt khong thi gian no (nh8 oclock, Monday, 1985...):

Ive been waiting since 8 oclock.Ti ch ti 8 gi.

Sallys been working here since April.(= from April until now)Sally lm vic y t thng t.

Cng c th b for trong cu khng nh (nhng trong cu ph nh th bt buc).

Theyve been maried (for) ten years.(dng for hay khng cng c)H ci nhau c 10 nm.

Theyhavent had a holidayfor ten years.(bn phi dng for trong cu ny).H cha ngh php ln no mi nm qua.

Ta khng dng for + all (all day, all my life....)

Ive lived here all my life.(khng nifor all my life)Ti sng y c i ti.

I t s (a long t ime / two years. . . ) s ince som eth ing happe ned

Ta ni Its(a long time / two years...) sincesomething happened:

Its two years since I last saw Joe.(= I haventseen Joe for two years= Ti khng gp Joe hai nm ri /


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Ln cui cng ti gp Joe cch y hai nm) hai nm t khi ti gp Joe ln cui.

Its ages sincewe went to the cinema.(=We haventbeen to the cinema for ages= chng ti khng ixem phim nhiu nm ri) nhiu nm chng ti khng i xem phim.

Th nghi vn l: How long is it since...?

How long is it sinceyou last saw Joe ? (= When did you last see Joe? =Bn gp Joe ln cui khi no?) bao lu ri t khi bn gp Joe ln cui ?

How long is it since Mrs Hill die?(= When did Mrs Hill die? = T lc b Hill mt n gi bao lu ri?)


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PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST (1)

S o sn h p ast s im p le v p r esen t p er fec tXem xt v d sau:

Tom is looking for his key. He cant find it.

Tom ang tm kim cha kha ca mnh. Anh y khng tm thy.

He has lost his key. (thpresent perfect)Anh y lm mt cha kha ca anh y.

iu ny c ngha l anh y hin gi khng c cha kha.

Mi pht sau :

Now Tom has found his key. He has it now.

By gi Tom tm c cha kha ri. Hin anh y ang c cha kha.

Has he lost his key? (present perfect)Anh y b mt cha kha ri ?

No, he hasnt. He has found it.

Khng, anh y khng lm mt. Anh y tm ra n.

Did he lose his key? (past simple).Anh y mt cha kha phi khng? Yes, he did.

Vng anh y lm mt cha kha.

He lost his key (past simple) but now he has found it (present perfect).


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Anh y lm mt cha kha nhng by gi anh y tm ra.

Thpresent perfectl th hin ti hon thnh v lun cho chng ta bit iu g v hin ti.Tom has lost his key= hin gi anh y khng c chic cha kha ca anh y. (xem UNIT 7).

Cn thpast simple cho chng ta bit v qu kh. Nu c ai ni rng: Tom lost his key chng ta khng bit bygi anh y tm c n hay cha. Chng ta ch bit l anh y mt cha kha vo mt thi im no trong qu kh.

Xem thm hai v d sau:

Jackgrewa beard but now he has shaved it off.(= he doesnt have a beard now)Jack ru nhng by gi anh y co ht. (= by gi anh y khng c ru)

Theywent out after lunch and theyvejust comeback.(= they are come back now).

Sau ba tra h i ra bn ngoi v by gi h va quay v.

T r n g h p kh n g d n g p r esen t p er fec t

Thpresent perfectkhng c dng nu khng c s lin h vi hin ti (chng hn nhng s vic xy ra mt thigian di trc y).

The Chinese invented printing.(khng nihave invented)Ngi Trung Quc pht minh ra vic in n.

How many plays did Shakespeare write? (khng nihas Shakespeare written)

Shakespeare son c bao nhiu v kch?Beethovenwas a great composer.(nothas been)Beethoven l mt nh son nhc v i.

Hy so snh:


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Shakespearewrote many plays.Shakespeare vit nhiu v kch.

My sister is a writer. She has written many books.(she stillwrites books)Ch ti l mt nh vn. Ch y vit nhiu cun sch. (hin gi ch vn cn vit sch).

D n g p r esen t p er fec t a r a n h n g th n g t in m i

Chng ta dng th present perfect a ra nhng thng tin mi (xem UNIT 7). Nhng nu chng ta tip tc ni viu , chng ta dng thpast simple:

A: Ow! Ive burnt myself.i! Ti b phng ri.B: Howdidyou do that? (khng nihave you done).Bn b nh th no?A: I picked up a hot dish.(khng nihave picked)Ti nhc phi mt ci a nng.

A: Look! Somebodyhas spilt milk on the carpet.Nhn ka! C ai lm sa trn thm.B:Well, it wasnt me. I didnt do it.(khng nihasnt been... havent done), khng phi ti. Ti khng lm chuyn .A: I wonder who itwasthen.(khng niWho it has been)

Vy th ai lm nh.


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PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST (2)

Kh n g d n g kh i n i v m t th i im k t th cChng ta khng dng thpresent perfect(I have done) khi ni v mt thi im kt thc (chng hnYesterday,ten minutes ago, in 1985, When I was a child), m khi chng ta phi dng th qu kh (past tense):

The weatherwas niceyesterday. (khng nihave been nice)Hm qua thi tit p.

Theyarrived ten minutes ago. (khng nihave arrived)H n cch y mi pht.

I ate a lot of sweetswhen I was a child.(khng nihave eaten) Ti n nhiu ko khi ti cn l mt a tr.

A: Didyou see the news on television last night?(khng niHave you seen)Bn c xem tin tc trn truyn hnh ti qua khng?B:No, Iwent to bed early.(khng nihave gone)Khng ti qua ti i ng sm.

Chng ta dng th qu kh (past tense) hi v thi gianWhen...?hayWhat time?:

When did they arrive? (khng nihave they arrived)H n khi no vy?

What time didyou finish work?Bn hon thnh cng vic lc my gi?

Hy so snh:


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Present perfect

Tom has lost his key. He cant get into the house.

Tom lm mt cha kha. Anh y khng th vo nh. y chng ta khng ngh v hnh ng m ngh ti kt qu hin ti ca hnh ng : hin gi Tom khng c chakha vo nh.

Past simple:

Tom lost his key yesterday. He couldnt get into the house.Hm qua Tom lm mt cha kha. Anh y khng vo nh c.

y chng ta ni v hnh ng xy ra trong qu kh, m khng quan tm ti vic hin gi Tom c cha kha hay

cha.

S o sn h p r esen t p er fec t v p ast s im p le

So snh th hin ti hon thnh v qu kh (present perfectvpast simple) qua cc cu sau:

Present perfect(have done)

Ive donea lot of worktoday.Hm nay ti lm nhiu vic.

Chng ta dng th present perfect khi cp ti mt khong thi gian lin tc t qu kh n hin ti. V d nh:today, this week, since 1985.

Past simple (did)

I dida lot of workyesterday.


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Hm qua ti lm nhiu vic.

Chng ta dng th simple pastkhi cp ti mt thi im kt thc trong qu kh. V d nhyesterday, lastweek, from 1985 to 1991.

It hasnt rained this week.Tun ny tri khng ma.

It didnt rain last week.Tun ri tri khng ma.

Haveyou seenAnn this morning?T sng gi bn c gp Ann khng? (by gi vn cn l bui sng)

Didyou see Ann this morning?Bn c gp Ann sng nay khng? (by gi l l bui chiu hay bui ti ri)

Haveyou seenAnn recently?Gn y bn c gp Ann khng?

Didyou see Ann on Sunday?Bn c gp Ann hm ch nht khng?

I dont know where Ann is. I havent seen her. (= I havent seen her recently).

Ti khng bit Ann u. Ti khng gp c y. (= gn y ti khng gp c y)A:WasAnn at the party on Sunday?C phi Ann d tic hm ch nht khng?B:I dont think so. I didnt see her.Ti khng ngh nh vy. Ti khng gp c y.


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Weve been waiting for an hour.Chng ti ch c gi ng h ri. (by gi chng ti vn tip tc ch na).

Wewaited (orwere waiting) for an hour.Chng ti ch hng gi ng h (by gi chng ti khng cn ch na)

Ian lives in London. He has lived there for seven years.Ian ang sng Lun n. Anh y sng c by nm ri.

Ian lived in Scotland for ten years. Now he lives in London.Ian sng Scotland c mi nm. By gi anh y ang sng Lun n.

I have never played golf. (in my life)Ti cha bao gi chi golf. (trong i ti)

I didnt play golf when I was on holiday last summer.Ti khng chi golf vo ngy ngh ma h nm ri.

Thpresent perfectlun c mt s lin h vi hin ti. Xem Unit 7, Unit 8, Unit 9, Unit 10, Unit 11, Unit 12.

Thpast simple ch din t mt s vic xy ra trong qu kh. Xem Unit 5, Unit 6.


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PAST PERFECT

V d

Xem v d sau:

Sarah went to a party last week. Paul went to the party too but they didnt see each other. Paul wenthome at 10.30 and Sarah arrived at 11 oclock. So:

When Sarah arrived at the party. Paul wasnt there. He had gone home (before Sarah arrived).Tun ri Sarah i d tic. Paul cng n bui tic nhng h khng gp nhau. Paul v nh lc 10h30 v

Sarah n lc 11h. V vy:Khi Sarah n d tic th Paul khng cn .

Anh y i v nh. (trc khi Sarah ti)

Had gone l thPast perfect (simple) Th qu kh hon thnh.

Thpast perfectc to thnh = had + past participle (gone/ seen/ finished...)

i khi chng ta cp mt vic g xy ra trong qu kh:

Sarah arrived at the party.Sarah n d tic.

y l im khi u ca cu chuyn. Sau nu chng ta mun ni v nhng s vic xy ra trc thi im ny, chng

ta dng th past perfect (had + past participle):

When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had alreadygone home.Khi Sarah n bui tic, Paul i v nh.

Xem thm mt s v d sau:


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When we got home last night, we found that somebodyhad broken into the flat.Ti qua khi chng ti v nh, chng ti pht hin ra c ai t nhp vo ngi nh.

Karen didntwant to come to the cinema with us because she had alreadyseen the film.Karen khng mun i xem film vi chng ti v c y xem b phim (trc ) ri.

At first I thought Id done the right thing, but soon I realised that Id made a serious mistake.Thot tin ti ngh l ti lm iu ng n nhng chng bao lu sau ti nhn ra l ti phm phi mt sai lmnghim trng.

The man sitting next to me on the plane wasvery nervous. He hadnt flownbefore./ He had neverflownbefore.Ngi n ng ng cnh ti trn my bay rt hi hp. Trc anh y cha i my bay./ Trc gi anh y cha

bao gi bay.

Ha d d o n e v h a v e d o n e

Had done (past perfect) l dng qu kh ca have done (present perfect). Hy so snh cc cu sau:

Who is that woman? Ive never seen her before.Ng ph n kia l ai vy? Trc gi ti cha h gp c y.

I didnt know who she was. Id never seen her before. (= before that time)Ti khng bit c y l ai. Trc ti cha bao gi gp c y.

We arent hungry. Wevejust had lunch.Chng ti khng i. Chng ti va n tra xong.

We werent hungry. Wedjust had lunch.Chng ti khng i (trc ).Chng ti dng cm tra ri.


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The house is dirty. Theyhavent cleaned it for weeks.

Ngi nh d qu. My tun ri h khng lau chi g c.The house was dirty. Theyhadnt cleaned it for weeks.Ngi nh lc d qu. My tun ri h khng lau chi g c.

So snh p ast per fec t v past s imple

Hy so snh thpast perfect( I had done) vipast simple(I did):

Was Tom at the party when you arrived? No, he had alreadygone home.Lc bn n Tom c mt bui tic khng? Khng, anh y i v nh ri.

nhng

Was Tom there when you arrived? Yes, but hewent home soon afterwards.Lc bn n Tom cn khng? C, nhng ngay sau anh y i v nh.

Ann wasnt at home when I phoned. Shewas in London.Khi ti gi in Ann khng c nh. C y Lun n.

nhng

Ann had just got home when I phoned. She had beenin London.Ann v nh khi ti gi in thoi c y. C y Lun n.


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PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

V dHy xem xt v d sau:

Yesterday morning I got up and looked out of the window. The sun was shinning but the

ground was very wet.Sng hm qua ti thc dy v nhn ra ngoi ca s. Mt tri ang chiu sng nhng mt t th rtm t.

It has been raining.

Trc tri ma.Lc ti nhn ra ngoi ca s th tri khng ma; mt tri lc ang chiu sng. Nhng tri ma trc . ll do ti sao mt t li m t.

Had been-ing l thpast perfect continuous

Hy xem thm mt s v d sau:

When the boys came into the house, their clothes were dirty, their hair was untidy and one of themhad a black eye. Theyd been fight.Khi bn tr v ti nh, qun o chng d bn, tc tai ri b v mt mt a b tm bm. Chng nh nhau.

I was very tired when I arrived home. Id been working hard all day.Khi tr v nh ti rt mt. Ti lm vic vt v c ngy.

C c h d n g


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Bn c th dng thpast perfect continuous din t s vic no din ra (had been happening) sut trongkhong thi gian trc khi mt s vic khc xy ra:

Our game of tennis was interrupted. Wed been playing for about half an hour when it started to rainvery heavily.Trn u qun vt ca chng ti b ngng li. Chng ti chi c na gi trc khi tri bt u ma rt ln.

Ken gave up smoking two years ago. Hed been smoking for 30 years.Ken b thuc l hai nm ri. Anh y ht thuc sut 30 nm trc.

Dn g q u kh c a p r esen t co n t in u o u s

Thpast perfect continuous (had been -ing) l dng qu kh ca thpresent continuous. Hy so snh:

I hope the bus comes soon. Ive been waiting for 20 minutes.(before now).Ti hy vng l xe but s ti sm. Ti ch 20 pht ri (trc lc ny).

At last the bus came. Id been waiting for 20 minutes.Rt cuc xe but cng ti. Ti ch mt 20 pht.

Hes out of breath. He has been running.Anh y ang th gp. Anh y chy ny gi.

He was out of breath. He had been running.

Anh y ht c hi. Anh y chy trc .

h ad b een d o in g v was d o in g

Hy so snh had been doing (past perfect continuous)vwas doing (past continuous):


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Itwasnt rainingwhen we went out. The sunwas shining. But it had been raining, so the ground waswet.

Lc chng ti i ra ngoi tri khng ma. Tri lc ang nng. Nhng trc tri c ma nn mt t m t.Annwas sitting in an armchair watching television. She was tired because shed been workingveryhard.

Ann ang ngi trn gh v xem truyn hnh. C y mt v c y lm vic rt nhiu.

M t s n g t kh n g d n g v i th co n t in u o u s

Mt s ng t nhknowvwant khng c dng vi th continuous:

We were good friends. We had known each other for years.(khng nihad been knowing).

Chng ti l nhng ngi bn tt. Chng ti bit nhau t nhiu nm ri.Xem UNIT 4A bit thm cc ng t loi ny.


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HAVE AND HAVE GOT

D ng v i ngh a S h u, lm ch , c . ..

Havev have got (= S hu, lm ch, c...)

Have got thng c dng hn have. V vy bn c th ni:

Weve got a new car. hayWe have a new car.Chng ti c mt chic xe hi mi.

Ann has got two sisters. hayAnn has two sisters.Ann c hai ngi ch.

Chng ta dng have gotv have ni v bnh tt, au m...Ive got a headache hay I have a headache.

Cu hi v cu ph nh c 3 dng sau:

Haveyou got any money? I havent got any money.

Doyou have any momey? I dont have any money.

Haveyou any money? I havent any money. (t dng)

Has she got a car? She hasnt got a car.

Does she have a car?

She doesnt have a car.

Has she a car? She hasnt a car.(t dng)

Khi have mang ngha s hu... bn khng dng c vi thcontinuous (is having / are having ...)

I have/ Ive got a headache. (khng niIm having)


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Ti b nhc u.

i vi th qu kh chng ta dng had (thng khng i vi got):

Ann had long fair hair when she was a child.(notAnn had got)Khi cn nh Ann c mt mi tc kh di.

Trong cu hi v ph nh chng ta dng did/didnt:

Did theyhave a car when they were living in London?Khi sng Lun n h c xe hi khng?

I didnt have a watch, so I didnt know the time.Ti khng c ng h nn ti khng bit gi.

Ann had long fair hair, didnt she?

Ann c mt mi tc di phi khng?

H ave b r eak fas t / have a ba th / have a g ood t im e v .v . ..

Have breakfast / have a bath / have a good time v.v...

Have (khng i vi got) cng c dng din t nhiu hnh ng hay s vic nh:

have breakfast / dinner / a cup of coffee / a cigarette etc.have a bath / a shower / a swim / a rest / a party / a holiday / a nice time etc.have an accident / an experience / a dream ect.have a look (at something) / a chat (with somebody)have a baby (= give birth to a baby)have difficulty / trouble / fun

Goodbye! I hope you have a nice time.


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Tm bit nh! Ti hy vng anh s vui v.

Maryhad a baby recently.

Mary mi sinh mt chu b.

Have got khng th dng c trong cc cch din t nh vy. Hy so snh:

I usuallyhavea sandwich for my lunch.(have = eat nothave got)Bui tra ti thng n bnh sandwich. ( y havec ngha l n, khng mang ngha s hu)

nhng

Ive got some sandwiches. Would you like one?Ti c my ci bnh sandwich y. Bn n mt ci nh?

Trong nhng cu ny, have ging nh cc ng t khc, ngha l bn c th dng th continuous (is having / arehaving) khi thch hp:

I had a postcard from Fred this morning. Hes on holiday. He says hes having a wonderful time.(nothe has a wonderful time)Ti nhn c mt tm bu thip ca Fred sng nay. Anh y ang i ngh. Anh y ni rng anh y ang c mtkhong thi gian tuyt vi.

The phone rang while wewere having dinner.(notwhile we had)Khi chng ti ang n cm th in thoi chung.

I dont usuallyhave a big breakfast. (notI usually havent)Ti thng khng n im tm nhiu.

What time doesAnn have lunch? (nothas Ann lunch)Ann dng ba tra vo lc my gi?

Didyou have any difficulty finding somewhere to live?


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Bn c gp kh khn g trong vic tm ni sinh sng khng?


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USED TO (DO)


Dennis stopped smoking two years ago. He doesnt smoke any more.

Dennis b thuc l hai nm trc y. Anh y khng cn ht thuc na. But he used to smoking.

Nhng anh y tng ht thuc. He used to smoke 40 cigarettes a day.

Anh y tng ht 40 iu thuc mi ngy.He used to smoke= Anh y ht thuc thng xuyn trong mt thi gian qu kh, nhng anh y by gikhng cn ht thuc na. Anh y l mt ngi nghin thuc, cn by gi th khng.

Din t m t s v ic n o xy r a th n g xu yn q u kh

Chng ta dng used to + infinitive din t mt s vic no xy ra thng xuyn qu kh, nhng by gi th khngcn din ra na.

I used to playtennis a lot but I dont play very often now.Trc y ti thng chi tennis nhng by gi ti khng cn chi thng xuyn na.


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Diane used totravel a lot. These days she doesnt go away so often.Hi trc Diane thng i du lch lm. Lc ny c y khng cn i xa nh thng nh vy na.

Do you go to the cinema very often? Not now, but I used to.(= I used to go...)Bn c thng xuyn i xem phim khng? By gi th khng, nhng trc y th c.

Ta cng dng used to... ch vic g ng nhng gi khng cn ng na:

This building is now a furniture shop. It used to be a cinema.Ta nh ny by gi l mt ca hng dng gia nh. Trc y n l mt rp chiu phim.

I used to thinkhe was unfriendly but now I realise hes a very nice person.Ti tng ngh anh y l mt ngi kh gn nhng gi y ti nhn ra rng anh y l mt ngi rt d mn.

Ive started drinking coffee recently. I never used to like it before.

Ti mi bt u ung c ph gn y. Trc y ti cha bao gi thch c ph c.Janet used to havevery long hair when she was child.Janet thng tc di khi c y cn nh.

I u sed to d o so m eth in g lu n cp n q u kh

I used to do something lun cp n qu kh, khng c dng thc hin ti. Bn khng th ni I use to do. ni v hin ti bn phi dng thpresent simple (I do).

Hy so snh:

Past He used to smokeWe used to livethere used to be

Present He smokesWe live


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there is

We used to live in a small village but now we livein London.

Chng ti tng sng mt ngi lng nh nhng nay chng ti sng Lun n.

There used to be four cinemas in the town. Now there isonly one.Trc kia trong th trn c bn rp chiu phim. Nhng hin nay ch cn c mt.

Cu hi : Did (you) use to . . .?

Hnh thc cu hi l: Did (you) use to...?

Didyou use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child?Bn c thng n nhiu ko khi bn cn nh khng?

Hnh thc cu ph nh l: didnt use to... (cng c th dng used not to...)

I didnt use tolike him.(or I used not tolike him).Trc y ti khng thch anh y.

S o sn h I u sed to d o v i I was d o in g

Hy so snh I used to dovi I was doing (xem UNIT 6):

I used towatch TV a lot.(= I watched TV regularly in the past, but I no longer do this)

Ti tng xem truyn hnh rt nhiu (= Trc kia ti xem truyn hnh thng xuyn, nhng by gi ti khngcn xem na).

Iwas watchingTV when the phone rang.(= I was in the middle of watching TV)Ti ang xem tivi th in thoi reo. (Ti ang xem truyn hnh d dang).


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Kh c n h au g ia I u sed to d o v I am u sed to d o in g

ng nhm ln gia I used to dov I am used to doing (xem UNIT 60). C cu trc v ngha ca chng u khc nhau:I used to live alone. (= I lived alone in the past but I no longer live alone)Ti tng sng mt mnh. (= Trc y ti thng sng mt mnh nhng gi y ti khng cn sng mt mnhna).

I am used to living alone. (= I live alone and I dont find it strange or new because Ive been living alone for sometime).Ti quen sng mt mnh. (=Hin nay ti ang sng mt mnh v khng cm thy iu xa l hay mi m v c mt thi gian ti sng mt mnh ri)


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PRESENT TENSES FOR THE FUTURE

P r esen t co n t in u o u s m an g n t n g h a tn g la i

Th hin ti tip din (present continuous I am doing)mang nt ngha tng lai:

This is Toms diary for next week:y l lch lm vic ca Tom cho tun ti.

He is playing tennis on Monday afternoon.

Anh y s chi qun vt vo chiu th hai.

He is going to the dentist on Tuesday morning.

Anh y s i nha s vo sng th ba. He is having dinner with Ann on Friday.

Anh y s dng ba ti vi Ann vo th su.

Trong cc v d trn, Tom u quyt nh v sp xp lm cc vic ny ri.

Hy dng thpresent continuous cp ti nhng g bn sp xp lm. Khng dng th present simple (Ido) cho mc ch ny.

A:What areyou doing on Saturday evening? (khng niwhat do you do)Bn s lm g chiu th by ny?

B: Im going to the theater. (notI go)Ti s i nh ht.

A:What time is Cathyarriving tomorrow?Cathy s n vo my gi ngy mai?B:At 10.30. Im meeting her at the station.


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10.30. Ti s n c y ti nh ga.

Im notworking tomorrow, so we can go out somewhere.

Sng mai ti s khng lm vic, vy chng ta c th i u nh.Ian isnt playing football on Saturday. Hes hurt his leg.Ian s khng chi bng vo th by ny. Anh y ang au chn.

Im going to (do) cng c th dng cho cc trng hp ny:

What areyou going to do on Saturday evening?Bn s lm g chiu th by ny?

Nhng thpresent continuous c dng mt cch t nhin hn. Xem UNIT 20B.

Khng dngwill ni v nhng vic bn sp xp lm:

What areyou doing this evening? (khng niWhat will you do)Alex is getting married next month. (khng niwill get)Alex s lp gia nh vo thng ti.

P r esen t s imp le vi n t n g h a tn g la i

Th hin ti n (present simple I do)vi nt ngha tng lai.

Chng ta dng thpresent simple khi ni v lch lm vic, thi gian biu... (chng hn nh giao thng cng cng, lchphim...):

The train leaves Plymouth at 11.30 and arrives in London at 14.45.on tu s ri Plymouth lc 11h30 v s n Lun n lc 14h45.

What time does the filmbegin?B phim s bt u lc my gi?


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ItsWednesday tomorrow.Ngy mai l th t.

Bn c th dng th hin ti n (present simple) cho ngi nu k hoch ca h c c nh nh thi gian biu.I start my new job on Monday.Ti s bt u cng vic ca ti vo th hai.

What time doyou finishwork tomorrow?Ngy mai vo my gi bn s hon thnh cng vic?

Nhng th continuous th c s dng nhiu hn cho nhng d nh, sp xp ca c nhn:

What time areyou meetingAnn tomorrow? (khng nido you meet)Vo my gi ngy mai bn s gp Ann?

Hy so snh cc cu sau:

What time areyou leaving tomorrow?Ngy mai bn s i lc my gi?

nhng

What time does the train leave tomorrow?Ngy mai on tu s khi hnh lc my gi?

Im going to the cinema this evening.Chiu nay ti s i xem phim.

nhng

The film starts at 8.15 (this evening).B phim s bt u lc 5h15 (chiu nay).


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(IM) GOING TO (DO)

I am g o in g to d o so m eth in g

I am going to do something = Ti quyt nh thc hin iu g , ti c nh lm iu :

A:Theres a film on television tonight.Areyou going to watch it?S c chiu phim trn truyn hnh ti nay . Bn c nh xem phim khng?B:No, Im tired. Im going to have an early night.Khng, ti ang mt. Ti s i ng sm.

A:I hear Ruth has won some money. What is she going to dowith it?Ti nghe rng Ruth va mi kim c mt khon tin. C y nh lm g vi s tin nh?

B:She is going tobuy a new car.C y s mua mt chic xe hi mi.

A:Have you made the coffee yet?Em pha c ph cha?B:Imjust going to make it.(just= right at this moment)Em pha ngay by gi y. (just= ngay ti thi im ny)

This food looks horrible. Im not going to eat it.Mn n ny trng gh qu. Em s khng n mn ny u.

I am d o in g v I am g o in g to d o

I am doingv I am going to do.

Chng ta dng I am doing (thpresent continuous) khi ni v nhng vic chng ta sp xp lm chng hn


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nh sp xp gp ai , chun b i n ni no (xem thmUnit 19A):

What time areyou meetingAnn evening?

Bn s gp Ann lc my gi chiu nay?Im leaving tomorrow. Ive got my plane ticket.Sng mai ti s i. Ti c v my bay ri.

I am going to do something = Ti c d nh lm iu (nhng c th ti cha sp xp thc hin iu ):

The windows are dirty. Yes, I know. Im going to cleanthem later.(= Ive decided to clean them but Ihavent arranged to clean them)Cc ca s ny bn qu. Vng, ti bit ri. Ti s lau chng. (= Ti c d nh lau cc ca s nhng ti chasp xp lm iu ).

Ive decided not to stay here any longer. TomorrowIm going to look for somewhere else to stay.

Ti quyt nh khng y na. Sng mai ti s i tm ni khc .

Thng th s khc bit gia hai cch ni trn l rt nh v dng cch no cng c.

S o m eth in g is g o in g to h ap p en

Bn cng c th ni Something is going to happen trong tng lai (mt iu g sp sa xy ra). Xem v d:

The man cant see where hes walking. There is a hole in front of him. He is going to fall

into the hole.

Ngi n ng kia khng th nhn thy li i. C mt ci h pha trc anh ta. Anh ta sp ri xung h.


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Khi chng ta ni rng mt iu g sp sa xy ra theo cch trn y, tnh hung thc t khin chng ta tin voiu : hin gi ngi n ng ang i v pha ci h, v vy anh ta sp sa ri xung h.

Look at those black clouds! Its going to rain.(the clouds are there now).Hy nhn nhng m my en ka! Tri sp ma ri. (nhng m my hin gi ang ).

I feel terrible. I think Im going tobe sick.(I feel terrible now ).Ti thy kh chu. Ti ngh l ti sp b bnh ri. (Hin gi ti ang cm thy kh chu).

I was g o in g to (d o so m eth in g )

Iwas going to (do something) = ti c nh lm iu g nhng ti khng lm:

Wewere going to travelby train but then we decided to go by car instead.Chng ti nh i du lch bng xe la nhng sau chng ti quyt nh i bng xe hi.

A:Did Peter do the examination?Peter c tham d k thi khng?B:No, hewas going to do it but he changed his mind.Khng, anh y nh tham d k thi nhng anh y thay i quyt nh.

Iwasjust going to cross the road when somebody shouted: Stop!.


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Ti va nh bng qua ng khi c ai la ln: ng li!

Bn c th ni rng mt s vic no sut xy ra (somethingwas going to happen) nhng khng xy ra:

I thought itwas going to rainbut then the sun came out.Ti tng l tri sp ma nhng sau mt tri li hin ra.


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WILL/SHALL (1)

Cch d n g t n g q u tChng ta dng Ill (= I will) khi chng ta quyt nh lm iu g ti thi im ni:

Oh, Ive left the door open. Ill go and shut it., ti ca m. Ti s i ng ca ngay y.

What would you like to drink? Ill have an orange juice, please.Bn mun ung g? Xin cho ti mt ly nc cam.

Did you phone Ruth? Oh, no, I forgot. Ill phone her now.Bn in thoi cho Ruth cha? cha, ti qun mt. Ti s gi cho c y ngay y.

Bn khng th dng thpresent simple (I do/I go ...) trong nhng cu sau:

Ill go and shut the door.(khng niI go and shut)Ti s i ng ca ngay y.

I felt a bit hungry. I thinkIll have something to eat.Ti cm thy hi i. Ti ngh ti s n mt cht g .

Ill dont thinkIll go out tonight. Im too tired.Ti ngh l ti s khng i chi ti nay c. Ti mt qu.

Trong khu ng ting Anh, dng ph nh cawill lwont (= will not):

I can see youre busy, so I wont stay long.Ti thy bn bn rn qu, v vy ti s khng lu u.

N i v n h n g v ic q u yt n h h ay sp xp l m


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Khng dngwill ni v nhng vic m bn quyt nh hay sp xp lm (xemUNIT 19, UNIT 20):

Im going on holiday next Saturday.(notIll go)

Ti s i ngh vo th by ti.

Areyouworking tomorrow? (notwill you work)Sng mai bn c lm vic khng?

M t s t r n g h p d n g w i l l

Chng ta thng dngwill cho nhng trng hp sau:

Ng mun gip ai lm iu g:

That bag looks heavy. Ill help you with it.(notI help)Ti xch trng nng y. Ti s gip bn mt tay.

ng lm iu g :

A:You know that book I lent you. Can I have it back if youve finished with it?Bn cn nh cun sch ti cho bn mn ch. Nu bn c xong th cho ti ly li c khng?B:Of course. Ill give it to you this afternoon. (notI give)Tt nhin ri, chiu nay ti s a quyn sch cho bn.

Ha hn lm iu g :

Thanks for lending me the money. Ill pay you back on Friday.(notI pay)Cm n bn v cho ti mn tin. Ti s tr li bn vo th su.

I wont tell anyone what happened. I promise.Ti s khng ni vi ai chuyn xy ra. Ti ha m.


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ngh ai lm iu g (will you...?):

Will you please be quiet? Im trying to concentrate.

Xin bn gi yn lng. Ti ang tp trung suy ngh.Will you shut the door, please?Bn vui lng khp cnh ca c khng?

Bn c th dngwont din t ai t chi lm diu g:

Ive tried to advise her but shewont listen.(= she refuses to listen)Ti c gng khuyn c y nhng c y khng chu nghe.

The carwont start. I wonder whats wrong with it.(= the car refuses to start).Chic xe khng chu khi ng. Ti t hi khng bit n h ci g.

Sh all I .. .? Sha ll we.. .?

Shall I...? Shall we...?

Shall c dng hu ht trong dng cu hi: Shall I...?/Shall we...?

Chng ta dng Shall I...?/Shall we...? hi kin ca ai (c bit trong ng hay ngh):

Shall I open the window? (= do you want me to open the window?)Ti m ca s c khng? (= bn c mun ti m ca s khng?)

Ive got no money. What shall I do? (= what do you suggest?) Ti ht tin ri. Ti phi lm g y? (= bn c ngh g khng?)

Shall we go? Just a minute. Im not ready yet.Chng ta s i ch? Ch mt cht. Mnh cha chun b xong.

Where shall we go this evening?


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Chiu nay chng ta s i u?

So snh shall I...?vwill you...? qua cc v d sau:

Shall I shut the door? (= do you want me to shut it?)Ti ng ca c khng? (= bn c mun ti ng ca khng?)

Will you shut the door? (= I want you to shut it)Bn ng ca c khng? (= Ti mun bn ng ca gip ti)


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WILL/SHALL (2)

Cc t r n g h p kh n g d n g w i llChng ta khng dngwill ni nhng vic m ai sp xp hay quyt nh lm trong tng lai:

Ann is working next week. (notAnn will work)Anh s i lm vo tun ti.

Areyou going to watch television this evening ? (notwill you watch)Bn c nh xem truyn hnh ti nay khng?

bit r hn v cch dng Im working...v Are you going to...?, xem Unit 19, Unit 20.

Thng thng khi chng ta ni v tng lai, chng ta khng ni v nhng s vic m ai quyt nh thc hin,chng hn nh:

C H R IS: Do you think Ann will pass the exam?Bn c ngh l Ann s thi khng?

JOI : Yes, shell pass easily.C, c y s thi d dng.

Shell pass khng c ngha she has decided to pass. Joe ch ang ni nhng suy ngh v nhng g anh ybit s xy ra hay cho rng s xy ra. Anh y ang d on tng lai.Khi chng ta d on mt iu g hay mt tnh hung c th s xy ra trong tng lai, chng ta dngwill/wont.

Jill has been away a long time. When she returns, shell find a lot of changes.Jill i xa mt thi gian di. Khi c y quay tr v, c y s thy nhiu s i thay.

Wherewillyoube this time next year? Ill be in Japan.


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Vo thi gian ny nm sau bn s u nh ? Ti s Nht.

That plate is very hot. If you touch it, youll burnyourself.

Ci a rt nng. Nu bn chm phi n, bn s b phng y.Tomwont pass the examination. He hasnt worked hard enough for it.Tom s khng thi u. Anh y khng chun b y cho k thi.

Whenwillyou knowyour exam results?Khi no bn s bit kt qu k thi?

Cc t r n g h p th n g d n g w i l l

Chng ta thng dngwill (ll)vi:

probably Ill probablybe home late this evening.

Chiu nay c th ti s v nh tr.I expect I havent seen Carol today. I expectshellphone this evening.

Hm nay ti khng gp Carol. Ti mong c y s gi in cho ti chiu nay.(Im) sure Dont worry about the exam. Im sureyoullpass.

ng lo lng v k thi. Ti chc chn l bn s m.(I) think Do you thinkSarahwill like the present we bought her?

Bn c ngh l Sarah s thch mn qu chng ta mua cho c y khng?(I) dont think I dont thinkthe examwillbe very difficult.

Ti khng ngh l k thi s qu kh u.I wonder I wonderwhatwill happen.

Ti t hi iu g s xy ra.


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Sau (I) hope, chng ta thng dng thpresent:

I hope Carol phones this evening.

Ti hy vng l Carol s gi in chiu nay.I hope it doesnt rain tomorrow.Ti hy vng ngy mai tri khng ma.

Dn g wi l l n i v h in t i

Ni chung chng ta dngwill ni v tng lai, nhng i khi chng ta cng dngwill ni v hin ti. V d:

Dont phone Ann now. Shell bebusy. (= I know shell be busy now)ng gi in cho Ann by gi. C y ang bn y. (= Ti bit l c y s bn vo lc ny)

I shall . . . / we sha ll .. .

I shall.../ we shall...

Thng thng chng ta ch dng shallvi Ivwe.

Bn c th ni I shall hayI will (ll), we shall haywe will (well):

I shallbe tired this evening (or I willbe...).Ti s b mt chiu nay.

We shall probably go to Scotland for our holiday(orWe will probably go...).Chng ti c th s i ngh Scotland.

Trong ting Anh m thoi chng ta thng dng hnh thc rt gn l Illvwell:

Well probably go to Scotland.


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Chng ti c th s i Scotland.

Dng ph nh ca shall l shall not hayshant:

I shantbe here tomorrow(or Iwontbe...).Sng mai ti khng c y u.

Khng dng shallvi he/she/it/you/they:

Shewillbe very angry(notshe shall be).C y s rt gin .


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I WILL AND IM GOING TO

H nh ng th t ng la iHy nghin cu s khc nhau gia willv going to:

Sue ang ni chuyn vi Helen:

Su e: Lets have a party.Hy t chc mt bui tic i.

H elen : Thats a great idea. Wellinvite lots of people.Tht l mt kin hay. Chng ta s mi nhiu ngi ti d.

Will (ll): Chng ta dngwill khi chng ta quyt nh lm vic g ngay ti thi im ni. Ngi ni trc cha quyt nh lm iu . Bui tic l mt kin mi.

Sau hm Helen gp Dave:

H elen : Sue and I have decided to have a party. Were going to invite lots of people.Ti v Sue quyt nh t chc mt bui tic. Chng ti d nh s mi nhiu ngi n d.


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Going to: Chng ta dng (be) going to khi chng ta quyt nh lm iu g ri. Helen quyt nh minhiu ngi trc khi ni vi Dave.

Hy so snh:

George phoned while you were out. OK. Ill phone him back.George gi in khi bn ra ngoi. Vy h. Ti s gi li cho anh y.

nhng

George phoned while you were out. Yes, I know. Im going to phone him back.George gi in khi bn ra ngoi. Vng, ti bit. Ti nh gi cho anh y ngay y.

Ann is in hospital. Oh, really? I didnt know. Ill go and visit her.Ann ang nm vin. , tht ? Ti u c bit. Ti s i thm c y.

Ann is in hospital. Yes, I know. Im going to visit her tomorrow.Ann ang nm vin. Vng, ti bit. Ti nh s i thm c y vo ngy mai.

D o n t n g l ai

Tnh hung v s vic xy ra tng lai (d on tng lai).

i khi khng c s khc bit nhiu giawillv going to. Chng hn bn c th ni:


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I think the weatherwill be nice later.hay

I think the weather is going to be nice later.

Ti ngh l thi tit sp ti s tt hn.

Khi chng ta ni mt vic no sp xy ra (something is going tohappen), chng ta bit hay ngh ti iu da vomt tnh hung trong hin ti. V d:

Look at those black clouds. Its going to rain. (khng niIt will rain we can see the clouds now)Hy nhn m my en ka. Tri sp sa ma y. (chng ta c th nhn thy my vo lc ny)

I feel terrible. I think Im going to be sick. (notI think Ill be sick I feel terrible now)Ti cm thy kh chu. Ti ngh ti sp b bnh ri. (By gi ti ang cm thy kh chu)

Khng dngwill trong nhng trng hp nh vy (xem UNIT 20C).

Trong nhng trng hp khc chng ta cng c th dngwill:

Tomwill probably arrive at about 8 oclock.I think Annwill like the present we bought for her.Ti ngh l Ann s thch mn qu chng ta mua cho c y.


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WILL BE DOING AND WILL HAVE DONE

V dXt v d sau:

Kevin loves football and this evening theres a big football match on television. The match begins at7:30 and ends at 9:15. Paul wants to see Kevin the same evening and wants to know what time tocome to his house.

Kevin yu thch bng v ti nay c mt trn bng hay trn truyn hnh. Trn u bt u lc 7 gi 30 vkt thc lc 9 gi 15. Paul mun n thm Kevin ti nay v mun bit phi n lc my gi.

Pau l : Is it all right if I come at about 8.30?Ti nay khong 8 gi 30 mnh n cu c khng?

Kev in : No, Ill be watching the football then.Khng c ri, lc mnh ang xem bng trn truyn hnh ri.

Pau l : Well, what about 9.30?Vy h, th 9 gi 30 c c khng?

Kev in : Fine. The matchwill be finishedby then.c lm. Trn u lc kt thc ri.

Cch d n g fu tur e co nt inuo us

Iwill be doing something(future continuous) = Ti s lm vic g d dang vo mt thi im xc nh tng lai. Trn bng bt u lc 7 gi 30 v kt thc lc 9 gi 15. Nn trong sut thi gian , v d vo lc 8 gi 30,Kevin s ang xem trn u (Kevinwill be watching the match). Mt v d khc:

Im going on holiday on Saturday. This time next week Ill be lying on a beach or swimming in the sea.


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Ti s i ngh vo th by. Vo thi gian ny tun sau ti s (ang) nm trn bi bin hay bi li di bin.

Hy so snhwill be (do)ingvwill (do):

Dont phone me between 7 and 8. Well be havingdinner then.ng gi in cho ti t 7 n 8 gi. Lc chng ti s ang dng cm ti.

Lets wait for Mary to arrive and then well have dinner.Hy ch Mary ti v sau chng ta s dng cm ti.

So snhwill be -ingvi cc th tip din(continuous) khc:

At 10 oclock yesterday, Sally was in her office. Shewas working (past continuous).Vo lc 10 gi ngy hm qua, Sally ang trong vn phng ca c y. (Lc ) c y s ang lm vic.

Hnh ng h o n t t tn g la iChng ta cng dngwill be doing theo mt cch khc ni v nhng hnh ng hon tt tng lai:

A:If you see Sally, can you ask her to phone me?Nu anh gp Sally, anh c th nhn c y in thoi cho ti c khng?B:Sure. Ill be seeing her this evening, so Ill tell her then.Tt nhin ri. Ti s gp c y vo chiu nay, ti s nhn c y.

What timewillyour friendsbe arriving tomorrow?Nhng ngi bn ca anh my gi ngy mai s n?

Trong nhng v d ny cch dngwill be -ing tng t nh thpresent continuous dng cho tng lai (xem UNIT19A).

Bn cng c th dngWill you be -ing... ? hi k hoch ca ai , nht l nu bn mun iu g hay mun ngikhc lm cho bn iu g. V d nh:


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A:Willyoube passing the post office when youre out?Anh c i ngang qua bu in lc ra ngoi khng?B:Probably. Why?C th. C g khng?A: I need some stamps. Could you get me some?Mnh cn t tem. Bn c th mua cho mnh mt t c khng?

A:Willyoube usingyour bicycle this evening?Chiu nay bn c dng n xe p khng?B:No. Do you want to borrow it?Khng. Bn nh mn n ?

Cch d ng fu tur e p er fec t

Chng ta dng thfuture perfectwill have (done) din t mt vic g s c hon tt xong ti mt thi im tng lai. Trn bng m Kevin xem s chm dt lc 9 gi 15. Sau thi gian ny, chng hn vo lc 9 gi 30, trn u kt thc (will have finished).

Xem thm mt s v d sau:

Sally always leaves for work at 8:30 in the morning, so she wont be at home at 9 oclock. She ll havegone to work.Sally lun lun i lm lc 8 gi 30 sng, v vy c y s khng c nh lc 9 gi. Lc c y i lm ri.

Were late. The filmwill alreadyhave startedby the time we get to the cinema.Chng ta tr ri. Khi chng ta n rp th b phim cng bt u chiu ri.

So snhwill have (done)vi cc thperfectkhc:

Ted and Amyhave been married for 24 years. (present perfect)


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Ted v Amy ci nhau c 24 nm ri.

Next year theywill have been married for 25 years.

Tnh n nm ti Ted v Amy ci nhau c 25 nm.When their first child was born, theyhad been married for three years. (past perfect)Khi a con u lng ca h ra i, h ci nhau c ba nm.


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WHEN I DO/WHEN IVE DONE. WHEN AND IF

V dXt cc v d sau:

A: What time will you phone me tomorrow?My gi ngy mai bn s gi in cho ti?

B: Ill phone youwhenI gethome from work.Mnh s gi in cho bn khi i lm v.

Ill phone youwhen I get home from work l mt cu c 2 thnh phn:

Thnh phn chnh:Ill phone youv

Thnh phn ch thi gian (when-part): When I get home from work (tomorrow)

Thi gian cp trong cu ny l th tng lai (tomorrow) nhng chng ta dng th hin ti (present) get trongmnh ch thi gian (when-part) ca cu.

Chng ta khng dngwill trong mnh when ny:

Well go outwhen it stops raining. (khng niwhen it will stop)

Chng ta s i khi tri tnh ma.Whenyou are in London again, you must come and see us. (notwhen you will be)Khi bn n Lun n ln na, bn nh n thm chng ti nh.

(said to a child)What do you want to bewhenyou growup? (notwill grow)


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(ni vi mt a tr) Khi chu ln ln chu mun s lm g?

Cch dng tng t cho cc t ch thi gian sau:while, before, after, as soon as, untilhaytill:

Im going to read a lot of bookswhile Im on holiday.(notwhile I will be)Ti s c nhiu sch khi ti i ngh.

Im going back home on Sunday. Before I go, Id like to visit the museum.Ti s tr v nh vo ch nht. Trc khi v, ti mun i xem vin bo tng.

Wait here until (ortill) I come back.Hy i y cho n khi ti tr li.

D n g v i p r esen t p er fec t

Bn cng c th dng thpresent perfect(have done) sau cc twhen/after/until/as soon as.

Can I borrow that bookwhenyouve finished it?Ti c th mn cun sch khi bn c xong c khng?

Dont say anything while Ian is here. Wait until he has gone.ng ni g c khi Ian cn y. Hy i cho n khi anh y i khi.

Thng thng chng ta c th dng c thpresent simple haypresent perfectsau cc t trn u c.

Ill come as soon as I finish hayIll come as soon as Ive finished.Ti s n khi ti hon thnh cng vic.

Youll feel better afteryou have something to eat.hay

Youll feel better afteryouve had something to eat.Bn s cm thy khe hn khi bn n mt cht g .


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Nhng khng dng thpresent perfectnu hai s vic xy ra ng thi. Bi v thpresent perfectdin t mt s vichon tt trc s vic kia nn hai s vic khng th xy ra ng thi. So snh cc cu sau:

When Ive phoned Kate, we can have dinner.

(=First Ill phone Kate and after that we can have dinner)Khi ti gi in cho Kate xong, chng ta c th dng cm ti.(= Ti gi in cho Kate trc ri sau chng ta c th n cm)

nhng

When I phone Kate this evening, Ill invite her to the party. (notwhen Ive phoned)Khi gi in cho Kate chiu nay, ti s mi c y i d tic ( y hai vic xy ra ng thi).

Sau ifchng ta thng dng thpresent simple (if I do/if I see...) din t s vic xy ra trong tng lai:

Its raining hard. Well get wet ifwego out.(notif we go)Tri ma to qu. Chng ta s b t ht nu chng ta ra ngoi.

Hurry up! Ifwe dont hurry, well be late.Nhanh ln ch! Nu chng ta khng khn trng, chng ta s b tr.

Hy so snh cch dngwhenvif:

Im going shopping this afternoon (for sure).Chiu nay ti s i ca hng (ti chc chn i).

When I go shopping, Ill buysome food.Khi ti i ca hng ti s mua t thc n.

Chng ta dng if(khng dngwhen) ch nhng s vic c th xy ra.

I might go shopping this afternoon (its possible).Chiu nay ti c th s i ca hng (ti c th i).

IfI go shopping, Ill buy some food.


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Nu ti i ca hng, ti s mua t thc n.

Ifit is raining this evening, I wont go out. (notwhen it is raining)

Nu chiu nay tri ma ti s khng i ra ngoi.Dont worryifIm late tonight. (notwhen Im late)ng lo lng nu ti nay ti v tr.

Ifthey dont come soon, Im not going to wait. (notwhen they dont come)Nu h khng n sm, ti s khng ch u.


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CAN, COULD AND (BE) ABLE TODng c a n n i m t s v i c c th x y ra

Chng ta dng can ni mt s vic c th xy ra hay ai c kh nng lm c vicg.

Chng ta dng can + infinitive (can do/can see... ):

We can see the lake from our bedroom window.Chng ta c th nhn thy ci h t ca s phng ng.

Canyou speakany foreign languages?Bn c ni c mt ngoi ng no khng?

I can come and see you tomorrow if you like.Ti c th n thm bn vo ngy mai nu bn mun.

Dng ph nh ca can l cant (= cannot):Im afraid I cant come to the party on Friday.Ti e rng ti khng th i d tic vo ngy th su.

Be able to . ..

(Be) able to...c th thay th c cho can (nhng canvn c dng nhiu hn):

Areyou able to speak any foreign languages?Bn c th ni c mt ngoi ng no khng?


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Ngy mai Tom c kh nng s n.

Co uld v w as ab le to . ..

Couldv was able to...

i khi could l dng qu kh ca can. Chng ta dng could c bit vi:

see hear smell

taste feel rememberunderstand

When we went into the house, we could smellburning.Khi chng ti i vo cn nh, chng ti c th ngi c mi chy.

She spoke in a very low voice, but I could understandwhat she said.C y ni ging rt trm, nhng ti c th hiu c y ni g.

Chng ta dng could din t ai ni chung c kh nng hay c php lm iu g:My grandfather could speakfive languages.ng ti c th ni c nm ngoi ng.

We were completely free. We could do what we wanted. (= we wereallowed to do...)Chng ta hon ton t do. Chng ta c th lm nhng g m chng ta mun (=chng ta c php lm...)

Chng ta dng could ch kh nng ni chung (general ability). Nhng cpti mt s vic xy ra trong mt tnh hung c bit (particular situation), chng ta


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Jack l mt vn ng vin qun vt c khi. Anh y c th nh bi bt c ai. (=anh y c mt kh nng ni chung l nh bi bt c ai)

nhng

Jack and Alf had a game of tennis yesterday. Alf played very well but inthe end Jack managed to beat him or... was able to beat him. (= hemanaged to beat him in this particular game)Jack v Alf thi u qun vt vi nhau ngy hm qua. Alf chi rt hay nhng

cui cng Jack c th h c Alf. (= Jack thng c anh y trong trn uc bit ny).

Dng ph nh couldnt (could not) c th c dng cho tt c cc trng hp:

My grandfather couldnt swim.ng ti khng bit bi.

We tried hard but we couldnt persuade them to come with us.

Chng ti c gng rt nhiu nhng khng th no thuyt phc h n vi chngti c.

Alf played well but he couldnt beat Jack.Alf chi rt hay nhng khng th thng c Jack.


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COULD (DO) AND COULD HAVE (DONE)C c h dng c ou ld

Chng ta dng could theo nhiu cch. i khi could l dng qu kh ca can (xemUnit 26C).

Listen. I can hear something. (now)

Hy lng nghe. Ti c th nghe thy iu g . (hin ti)I listened. I could hear something. (past)Ti lng nghe. Ti c th nghe thy iu g ri. (qu kh)

Nhng ngoi ra could cng c dng ni v nhng hnh ng c th xy ra trongtng lai (c bit khi ni cc li nghsuggestions), v d nh:

A:What shall we do this evening?

Chng ta s lm g ti nay nh?B:We could go to the cinema.Chng ta c th s i xem phim.

Its a nice day. We could go for a walk.

Tht l mt ngy p tri. Chng ta c th i do chi.

When you go to New York next month, you could stay with

Barbara.

Khi bn n New York thng ti, bn c th li vi Barbara. A:If you need money, why dont you ask Karen?

N b ti b kh hi K ?


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in thoi ang reo ka. C th l Tim gi .I dont know when theyll be here. Theycould arrive at any time.Ti khng bit khi no h s n. H c th n vo bt c lc no.

Can khng c dng trong cc v d trn (ta khng th ni It can be Tim). Trongnhng trng hp nh vycould c ngha tng t nhmight (xem UNIT 29, UNIT30).

The phone is ringing. It might be Tim.in thoi ang reo ka. C th l Tim gi .

Cou ld (do ) v c ou ld ha v e (done )

Hy so snh could (do)v could have (done):

Im so tired. I could sleep for a week. (now)Ti mt qu. Ti c th ng c tun lin. (hin ti)

I was so tired. I could have slept for a week. (past)Ti mt qu. Ti c th ng c tun lin. (qu kh)

Chng ta thng s dng could have (done) cho nhng vic c th xy ra nhng khng xy ra:

Why did you stay at a hotel when you went to New York? You couldhave stayedwith Barbara. (= you had the opportunity to stay with her but you

didnt)Ti sao bn li khch sn khi bn n New York? Bn c th vi Barbara c m.(= bn c c hi vi c y nhng bn khng thc hin)


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Chng ti c th ra i nu chng ti tin. (= chng ti c kh nng ra i)I dont know how you work so hard. I couldnt do it.Ti khng th hiu ti sao bn c th lm vic chm n th. Ti khng th lmc nh vy.

Could have (done) =would have been able to (do) ( c th c kh nng lm vicg )

Why didnt Liz apply for the job? She could have gotit.Ti sao Liz khng np n xin vic nh? C y c th c nhn.

We could have gone away if wed had enough money.Chng ti c th ra i nu chng ti c tin.

The trip was cancelled last week. Paul couldnt have gone away becausehe was ill. (= he wouldnt have been able to go)Chuyn i b hy b vo tun trc. D sao Paul cng khng th i c v anhy b m.

(= anh y khng th i c)You did very well to pass the exam. Im sure I couldnt have pass it. (Iwouldnt have been able to pass it if I had taken it.)Anh lm bi rt tt vt qua c k thi ny. Ti chc chn l ti khng thno thi u c. (= Ti khng c kh nng thi u c nu ti tham d kthi )


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MUST AND CANT


A: My house is very near the motorway.Ngi nh ca ti rt gn ng xe chy.

B: It must bevery noisy.Chc hn s rt n.

Chng ta dng must din t l chng ta chc chn iu g s tr thnh s tht:

Youve been travelling all day. You must be tired. (Travelling is tiring and youve been travelling all day, soyou must be tired)Bn i du lch c ngy. Chn hn l bn rt mt. (i du lch th mt m bn i c ngy th bn hn s b mt)

Jim is a hard worker. Jim? A hard worker? You must be joking. Hes very lazy.Jim l ngi lm vic chm ch. Jim h? Ngi lm vic chm ch? Anh hn ang ni a ch. Anh ta rt l li.

Carol must getvery bored in her job. She does the same thing every day.Carol chc l pht chn cng vic ca c y. Ngy no c y cng lm cng mt vic.

Chng ta dng cant ni rng chng ta cm thy mt vic g l khng th xy ra:

Youve just had lunch. You cant be hungry already. (People are not normally hungry just after eating a meal.Youve just eaten, so you cant be hungry.)Bn mi dng cm tra. Bn khng th i ngay c. (Mi ngi thng khng th i ngay sau mt ba n. Bnva mi n xong, v vy bn khng th i c.)

Brian said he would definitely be here before 9.30. Its 10 oclock now and hes never late. He cant be


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coming.Brian ni l anh y nht nh s n y trc 9 gi 30. By gi l 10 gi ri m anh y th khng bao gi i tr.

Anh y khng th n c ri.

They havent lived here for very long. Theycant knowmany people.H sng y khng lu lm. H khng th quen nhiu ngi c.

m u st have , can t have v cou ldn t have

Khi ni v qu kh chng ta dng must have (done)v cant have (done). Xt cc v d sau:

George ang ng bn ngoi nh bn anh y.Anh y nhn chung ca ba ln nhng khng ai tr li c.

Theymust have gone out.

H chc i vng ht.(otherwise they would have answered)(nu khng h tr li ri)

The phone rang but I didnt hear it. I must have been asleep.in thoi reo nhng ti khng nghe thy. Lc chc hn l ti ang ng ri.

Ive lost one of my gloves. I must have dropped it somewhere.Ti lm mt mt chic gng tay. Ti chc l lm ri n u .

Jane walked past me without speaking. She cant have seen me.Jane i ngang qua ti m khng ni g c. C y c th khng nhn thy ti.

Tom walked straight into a wall. He cant have beenlooking where he was going.Tom i thng v pha b tng. Anh y c th khng nhn thy anh y ang i u.


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C th dng couldnt have...thay th cho cant have...

She couldnt have seen me.

C y khng th trng thy ti.Tom couldnt have been looking where he was going.Tom khng th nhn thy anh y ang i u.


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MAY AND MIGHT (1)

D n g m a y v m i gh tXt tnh hung sau:

You are looking for Bob. Nobody is sure where he is but you get some suggestions.Bn ang

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