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Presentation Topic:Environment and crop ProductionPresented to: Dr Ahmad Sher sbPresented by Muhammad Yaseen Kanju

Roll NO: 44B.Sc.(Hons) Agriculture – 7th Semester BZU, Bahadur Sub Campus Layyah

CropWhen plants of same kind are grown and

cultivated at one place on a large scale, it is called a crop.

For Example- Crop of wheat means that all the plants grown in a field are that of wheat.

A Crop

Types Of CropKharif Crops: The crops which are sown in the

rainy season are called kharif crop. The rainy season in India is from June to September.

For Example- Paddy, maize, soyabean, groundnut, cotton, etc.

o Rabi Crops: The crops grown in the winter season are rabi crops. Their time Period is generally from October to March.

For Example- Wheat, gram, pea ,mustard, and linseed.

EnvironmentEnvironment•  The aggregate of surrounding things,

conditions, or influences surroundings living things live

• The air, water, and land in or on which people, animals, and plants live.

Components of Environment

Environment mainly consists of atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere.

It can also be divided into two other types Physical and (d) biotic environment.

Environmental Factors Temperature

       Moisture supply       

       Soil aeration and soil structure

    Soil reaction

Environmental Factors   Biotic factors

         Supply of mineral nutrients

        Absence of growth-restricting substance

TemperatureA measure of the intensity of heat. Plant

growth occurs in a fairly narrow range - 60 - 100 degrees F.

Temperature directly affects

Photosynthesis Respiration Transpiration - loss of water Absorption of water and nutrients

Moisture supply Plant growth restricted by low and high

levels of soil moisture.

It can be regulated with drainage and irrigation.

Good soil moisture improves nutrient uptake.

If moisture is a limiting factor fertilizer is not used efficiently.

Soil aeration Compact soils of high bulk density and poor

structure are aerated poorly.Pore space is occupied by air and water so

the amount of air and water are inversely proportional to the amount of oxygen in the soil. On well drained soils, oxygen content is not likely to be limiting to plant growth.

Plants vary widely in their sensitivity to soil oxygen. Paddy rice vs tobacco

Soil reaction

 pH influences availability of certain nutrients eg phosphate availability low on acid soils. Al is toxic to plants.

Diseases affected by pH.

Potato scab controlled by keeping pH below 5.5

Biotic factorsDisease - heavier fertilization may increase

vegetative growth and susceptibility to disease

Root knot nematodes reduce absorption so more fertilizer is necessary.

insectsweeds - compete for moisture nutrients lightallelopathy - harmful substances released by

roots.

Nutrients From water and air carbon hydrogen oxygen

Macronutrients  Primary nutrients Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium   Secondary nutrients Calcium Magnesium Sulfur

NutrientsMicronutrients.

Capper Manganese .

Zinc Boron .

Molybdenum, Chlorine.

Iron, Nicke

Absence of growth - restricting substances

High concentrations of plant nutrientsaluminum, nickel, lead - associated with

sewage disposal, wastes from industry, mines, etc.

organic compounds - phenols, oil

Issues of Crop Production1 Climate change

2 Deforestation

3 Genetic engineering

Climate change Global warming Temperature precipitation Carrying capacity of the biosphere to

produce enough food for the human population and domesticated animals

Rising carbon dioxide levels would also have effects, both detrimental and beneficial, on crop yields.

DeforestationDeforestation is clearing the Earth's forests

on a large scale worldwide and resulting in many land damages

One of the causes of deforestation is to clear land for pasture or crops.

Trees act as a carbon sink in which they absorb carbon dioxide.

Genetic engineeringGenetically engineered crops are herbicide-

tolerant.

It can occur from wind or bee pollination that is blown from genetically-engineered crops to normal crops.

Thank You..!!