Environmental Environmental Laws, Economics, Laws, Economics,

and Ethicsand EthicsChapter 2Chapter 2

Dominated by Dominated by Frontier Frontier AttitudeAttitude

Establishment Establishment of Jamestown, of Jamestown,

VAVA

16001600 17001700 18001800 19001900

Henry David ThoreauHenry David Thoreau

George Perkins MarshGeorge Perkins Marsh

John James Audubon John James Audubon

Environmental History of Environmental History of USUS

Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt Utilitarian ConservationistUtilitarian Conservationist

John Muir (Sierra Club)John Muir (Sierra Club) Biocentric PreservationistBiocentric Preservationist National Park ServiceNational Park Service

1875 American 1875 American Forestry Assoc. Forestry Assoc. FormedFormed

18501850 18751875 19001900

1891 General 1891 General Revision ActRevision Act

1890 Yosemite and 1890 Yosemite and Sequoia National Sequoia National Parks EstablishedParks Established

Franklin RooseveltFranklin Roosevelt Civilian Conservation CorpsCivilian Conservation Corps Dust BowlDust Bowl

Antiquities ActAntiquities Act Allows president to set aside sites of scientific Allows president to set aside sites of scientific

or historical importance (monuments)or historical importance (monuments)

Environmental History of Environmental History of USUS

1906 Antiquities 1906 Antiquities ActAct

1935 Creation of Soil 1935 Creation of Soil Conservation ServiceConservation Service

1916 National 1916 National Park Service Park Service CreatedCreated

19001900 19251925 19501950

Environmental History of Environmental History of USUS

2020thth Century Naturalists (authors) Century Naturalists (authors) Leopold - Leopold - A Sand Country AlmanacA Sand Country Almanac Stegner - Stegner - Wilderness EssayWilderness Essay Carson - Carson - Silent SpringSilent Spring

Heightened awareness of DDT and Heightened awareness of DDT and pesticidespesticides

Aldo Leopold (1886-1948)Aldo Leopold (1886-1948)

Wallace Stegner (1909-1993)Wallace Stegner (1909-1993)

Rachel Carson (1907-1964)Rachel Carson (1907-1964)

19001900 19251925 19501950 19751975

History of Environmental History of Environmental LawLaw 1970’s1970’s

11stst Earth Day Earth Day EPAEPA NEPA- (EISs)NEPA- (EISs)

1980’s1980’s CFC’s and the Ozone CFC’s and the Ozone

layerlayer Montreal ProtocolMontreal Protocol

1990’s 1990’s First IPCC panel warns of First IPCC panel warns of

global warmingglobal warming 2000’s2000’s

Toxic ChemicalsToxic Chemicals Global Warming-Global Warming- 2001 – Kyoto Protocol2001 – Kyoto Protocol

EconomicsEconomics

Amartya SenAmartya Sen Marginal cost of pollution-Marginal cost of pollution- cost of cost of

additional pollutionadditional pollution Marginal cost of abatement-Marginal cost of abatement- cost cost

of stopping pollutionof stopping pollution Environmental Performance Index Environmental Performance Index

(EPI) (EPI) (http://epi.yale.edu/)(http://epi.yale.edu/)

Central & Eastern EuropeCentral & Eastern Europe

Environmental Environmental WorldviewsWorldviews

WesternWestern Rights of Rights of ConsumptionConsumption Human obligationHuman obligation Changes inChanges in Promotes GrowthPromotes Growth

Deep EcologyDeep Ecology Rights ofRights of ConsumptionConsumption Human obligationHuman obligation Changes inChanges in Promotes GrowthPromotes Growth