Environmental Policy in thePhilippines Related to RoadTransportation

Crispin Emmanuel D.Diaz

National Center for Transportation Studies

University of the Philippines – Diliman

Present Situation

Photo: Manila Observatory

Poor control of POLLUTERS

Heavy traffic CONGESTION

Perceptions on Environment

Road Side Air Environment 16.3%

Congestion 24.9%

Structure 28.8%

Greenery 27.8%

Noise 10.6%

Ave. 21.7%

In-Vehicle Fee 12.3% Congestion 7.0%

Frequency 18.8%

Temperature 15.8%

Ave. 13.5%

Residence Air Environment 53.8%

Amenity 46.2%

Peace 68.4%

Community 72.6%

Noise 48.7%

Ave. 59.0%

Based on a JSPS study, percentage of those who expressed satisfaction with various aspects of environment in Metro Manila -- low values indicate dissatisfaction with roadside and in-vehicle conditions

» Low level of satisfaction indicates people are hoping for improvement!

» SPM reduction is one focus

Same study showed correlation of level of dissatisfactionwith SPM levels

Current Practices inAutomobile Inspectionn Motor vehicle inspection in the Philippines

focused mainly on the provision of safety devices;pollution was not the main concern

n Until early 2001, only 4 Motor VehicleInspection Systems (MVIS) were operational thePhilippines

n Because of low capacity, only vehicles older than5 years were inspected, and mostly taxis. Privatevehicles were not covered.

n At the moment, no comprehensive inspectionsystems are operational

Vehicle TaxStructure

Vehicle age and Vehicle tax levelsVehicle age and Vehicle tax levelsin Philippinesin Philippines

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

1Å3̀ 4 5 6Å`

vehicle age (year)

Veh

icle

tax

lev

el (peso)

Å1̀600cc 1601Å2̀800 2801Å` Utility

• Tax system indifferentto or even promotesolder vehicles•Earmarked systeminstituted but not yetdisbursed (starts in 2002)•Funds allocation:

–80%National–7.5% Vehiclepollution control–7.5% Safety–5%Province andCities

Other policy aspectsn Conflict between the fare regulation and

being able to cover the cost of vehiclemaintenancen No subsidies for privately-owned public

transport (and no government company)

n Roadside testing of smoke-belchers ishaving some impact on getting compliance

Transport policy and correspondingsimulation system settings

Set emission rates to Tokyo’s levelAutomobile Inspection

Reduction of OD flows to MakatiCBD by 20%

Entry regulation

Assignment of the outermost lane asexclusive lane

Exclusive bus and jeepney lanes

Reduction of jeepney and busemission by 80%

Installation of SPM filters

Simulation System Settings(in Paramics)

Transportation Policy

Source: Yai, Iwakura, Vergel – 4th JSPS Workshop on Impact Analysis of Metropolitan PoliciesFor Development and Environmental Conservation in the Philippines, Nov 20-21, 2001

Simulated Results of Different Policies

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Base SPM filter Exclusivelanes

EntryRegulation

AutoInspection

MorningOff-peak

Source: Yai, Iwakura, Vergel – 4th JSPS Workshop on Impact Analysis of Metropolitan PoliciesFor Development and Environmental Conservation in the Philippines, Nov 20-21, 2001

Auto inspectionhas biggestimpact!

SPM

con

cent

ratio

n [µ

g/m

3 ]

Clean Air Act (CAA)n RA No. 8749, passed in 1998

n Provides for Air Quality Management thru:n Setting of ambient air quality guidelines and

standards - for monitoring

n Emission limits for motor vehicles (effectiveby 2003) - linked to registration

n Regulation of importation of motor vehiclesand engines to comply with emission limits

CAA National Ambient Air QualityGuidelines for Criteria Pollutants*

1 hour

8 hours

0.07

0.03

140

60

Photochemicaloxidants such asOzone

1 year1.03 months1.5Pb

1 hour

8 hours

30

9

35 mg/Ncm

10 mg/Ncm

CO

24 hours0.08150NO2

1 year0.038024 hours0.07180SO2

1 year6024 hours150PM-10

1 year9024 hours230TSP

SPM

AveragingTime

ppmM g/m3AveragingTime

ppmM g/m3

Long TermShort TermPollutants

Ambient Air Quality in Metro ManilaConcentration Stations Min-Max Average

Good 0-80

Fair 81-230

Unhealthy 231-349

Very Unhealthy 350-599

Absolutely Unhealthy 600-899

Emergency 900 above

Total Samples

Valenzuela 118-295 213.96

20 8 28

Congressional 187-921 358.74

2 8 7 1 1 19

Makati 73-229 129.21

2 20 22

East Avenue 92-277 168.66

29 4 33

Pag-Asa 30-237 89

9 9 1 19

EDSA-DPWH 119-398 215.2

16 8 1 25

Ateneo 45-167 85.7

13 11 24

Las Piñas 25-199 90.38

13 16 29

Mandaluyong 123-203 147

8 8

Pasig 85-158 129.2

10 10

» Few sites, Limited data» Very unhealthy conditions observed

Emission Limits for Type ApprovalCO HC+NOx PM(g/km) (g/km) (g/km)2.72 0.97 0.14

Light Vehicles

Light CommercialVehicles

Reference Weight CO HC+NOx PM(kg) (g/km) (g/km) (g/km)

Category 1 1250<RW 2.72 0.97 0.14Category 2 1250 < RW < 1700 5.17 1.4 0.19Category 3 RW <1700 6.9 1.7 0.25

CO HC NOx PM(g/kWh) (g/kWh) (g/kWh) (g/kWh)4.5 1.1 8 0.36

Heavy DutyVehicles

Public Information and Educationaccording to CAAn participation of the private sector including NGO and

private organizations, academe, environmental groupsand other private entities

n Awareness campaign focus :n the harmful impact of gas emissionn the technological options availablen the commitment of the government to fully enforce

emission standards through strengthening of apprehensionactivities.

n advertising industry, broadcasting industry and printmedia shall participate in public awareness raisingcampaigns (with no profit)

Air Quality Action Plann Prepared by ADB

n Issues tackled:n Mitigate air pollution from mobile sources

n Establish a motor vehicle inspection and emission testingsystem (MVIETS) -- includes sealing

n Strengthen vehicle emission enforcement capability

n Enhance information technology capabilities

n Implement capacity building for MVIETS

n Public awareness campaigns

Air Quality Action Plan (2)n Reduce emissions from vehicular use

n Introduce emission technology measures

nReview import of second hand vehicles andengines

nAge limitation for public transportationvehicles

Air Quality Action Plan (3)n Reduce traffic congestion and improve

traffic flownEstablish transport policies to improve

future accessibility and minimizecongestion

n Increase road capacity

nEnsure proper integration of land use anddevelopment and transport provision

n Improve transport planning process