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Population: 106 million
Territory: 761,602 sq. miles (roughly
size of U. S. – east of Mississippi River)
Year of Independence: 1810
Year of Current Constitution: 1917
Head of State: President Felipe Calderon
Hinojosa Head of Government:
President Felipe Calderon Hinojosa
Language: Spanish, various Mayan,
Nahuati, Zapotec, and other regional indigenous languages
Religion: Nominally Roman
Catholic 89%, Protestant 6%
• Present day Mexico City• The capital of the Aztec Empire founded in 1325• Built on Lake Texcoco, divided into four zones • Aztec legend of the City and the coat of arms• One of the largest cities in the World
Liberal-Conservative conflict Destruction of economic infrastructure Amerindians impoverished Legitimacy of ruling elite weak
Defeat in Mexican war followed by more political chaos
French Intervention 1862-67 Confusion of Liberal governments 1867-76
Positivism as “catch-up” 1877-1910
Dark side of “catch-up”Concentration of land
holdings Exploitation of the
labor force Role of Foreigners Emergence of
generational strife
1910 first of the great “social revolutions” that shook the world In Mexico revolution originated with the ruling
class Anti-Porfirio Diaz and local bosses and
landowners Led by Francisco Madero Huerta’s dictatorship & United States
intervention Descent into warlordism
Zapata Pancho Villa
Venustiano Carranza and the Sonora elite
Constitution of 1917Article 3 – free, universal, secular educationArticle 27 subsoil belongs to stateArticle 123 worker rights
No reelection of the president and the “deal” between Obregón and Calles
Sonora Elite maintained control during the 1930s
But era of massive social and political upheaval
Alvaro Obregon & Plutarco Calles
Calles finds his match in Lazaro Cardenas
Encouraged urban workers and peasants to demand land and higher wages
Wave of strikes, protests, and petitions for breaking up large rural estates.
Most disputes settled by the government in favor of labor Creation of large organizations for labor and peasants Fundamentally reshaped political institutions
Presidency: primary institution of the political system Sweeping powers but limited six year term By 1940 more Mexicans included in the national political
system
Miguel Alemán
AVILA CAMACHO (1940-46) approaches the private sector
Miguel Alemán (1946-52) First civilian president
since the revolution Slowing social reform Increased
industrialization
Paseo La Reforma: Mexico City
Cárdenas as godfather of the left
Alemán as godfather of the center
Institutionalization in structuring of the PRI Labor sector Peasant sector Popular sector
Mexican Political system as oriented by Cardenas – Aleman Remarkably durable PRI would become the world’s longest
continuously ruling party (with the fall of the Soviet Communist Party)