E p- 6 3 8 0 0Report EP-63800

December 1985

MANUAL FOR WELLSITE STRA TIGRAPHERS

BY

P.C.J. HOOGKAMER

(SIPM-EP/12.1)

This document is confidential. Neither the whole nor any part of this document may be disclosed to any third party without the prior written consent ofShellinternationale Petroleum Maatschappij B.V., The Hague, the Netherlands.The copyright of this document is vested in Shelllntemationale Petroleum Maatschappij B.V., The Hague, the Netherlands. All rights reserved. Neither the whole nor any part of thisdocument may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, reprographic, recording or otherwise) without theprior written consent of the copyright owner.

SHELL INTERNATIONALE PETROLEUM MAATSCHAPPIJ B.V., THE HAGUEEXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION

MANUAL FOR WELLSITE STRATIGRAPHERS

BY

P.J.C. HOOGKAMER

(SIPM-EP /121)

Report EP-63800

December 1985

INTRODUCTION

Contents

PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTABILITIES

PREPARATION FOR WELLSITE DUTIES1.

1.1 General1.2 Well proposal1.3 Drilling programme1.4 Stratigraphical reference collection1.5 EP/11 / OPCO's requirements and lines1.6 Responsibilities at the we11site1.7 Safety1.8 Laboratory equipment1.9 Rig jargon1.10 Mental preparation

2.

of communication

ROCK SAMPLE HANDLING

2.12.22.32.42.52.6

3.

General'CuttingsSidewall samples (SWS)CoresBit-, Logging too1-, Junksub- and Junkbasket samplesCore slices from the MCT

STRATIGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION & REPORTING AT THE WELLSITE

3.13.23.2.13.2.23.2.2.13.2.2.23.2.2.33.2.33.2.43.2.4.13.2.4.23.2.4.33.2.4.43.2.4.53.2.4.63.3

GeneralInvestigationLithologyBiostratigraphyPalaeontologyPalynologyNannoplanktonEnvironment of depositionWire1ine logsGeneralLithology from wire1ine logsEnvironment of deposition from wire1ine logsStructural geological data from wire1ine logsPorosity and Permeability from wireline logsSource Rocks from wire1ine logsReporting

I

Page

1

3

4

4445556666

7

779101111

12

12121214141515151515161818181919

4. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS

4.14.24.3

5. TEAM WORK5.15.25.2.15.2.25.3

GeneralBiostratigraphic investigations by SIPM EP/121Source rock investigations by KSEPL

GeneralAssistance to the PetroleumHydrocarbon detectionWire line loggingAssistance to the mudlogger

Engineer (PE)

6. FINAL WELL REPORT (WELL RESUHE)

6.16.26.36.3.16.3.26.3.36.3.46.3.56.3.66.3.76.46.4.16.4.1.16.4.1.26.4.1.36.4.1.46.4.26.4.2.16.4.2.26.4.2.36.4.2.46.4.2.56.4.2.6

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

NumberGen. 1Gen. 2Gen. 3

Gen. 4

Gen. 5Gen. 6

GeneralTimingContentsGeological summaryWell prognosisStratigraphyStructural resultsPetrophysical evaluation of potential reservoirsSource rock potentialConclusions and recommendationsAppendices (/Textfigures) and EnclosuresAppendicesStratigraphical summary tableTime-stratigraphical subdivisionCore descriptionSidewall sample descriptionEnclosuresWell summary data sheetWell completion logMaster log (or drilling speed log)Stratigraphical data sheetGeophysical well data sheet/T-Z GraphWell correlation

General

Time-Stratigraphic tableStratigraphic terminologyFirst- and second-order globalcycles in the PhanerozoicGlobal transgression/regression& CenozoicConversion tableAlphabet - Radio callwords

transgression/regression

cycles in the Mesozoic

II

Page20

202021

22

2222222222

23

23232323242424242525

.

25252525252525252627272727

28

1.2.11.8.11.8.21.8.31.8.41.8.51.9.1

1.9.21.9.3

1.9.41.9.5

2.1.12.2.12.2.22.2.32.2.4

2.2.52.3.12.4.1

3.2.1.13.2.1.23.2.1.33.2.1.43.2.1.53.2.1.63.2.1.73.2.1.83.2.1.93.2.1.103.2.1.113.2.1.123.2.1.133.2.1.143.2. 1. 15

III

Preparation for Duties

Example of well prognosisChecklist of recommended wellsite laboratory equipmentand consumablesList of recommended equipment and consumables forpalynological investigations at the wellsiteExample of wellsite laboratoryRecommended equipment for a palaeontological laboratorySketch of lay-out for a small geological laboratoryDrilling programme,Major components of the drilling rigDiagrammatic view of rotary drilling rigRig manpower,Mud treating equipment,Casing schemeMud circulationDiagram of self-supported platform

Rock Sample Handling

ExampleExampleExampleRate ofExamplemud logTime lagDepth controlWellsite core

of sampling proceduresof master logof contractor's master logpenetration curve (drilling speed log) terminologyof correlation.beiween drilling speed log and

during sidewall samplinghandling

Investigation & Reporting

Percentage chart of a rocktype in a tray of cuttingsGuide for lithological descriptions of sedimentary rocks("TAPEWORM")Example of cutting sample description sheetExample of sidewall sample description sheetExample of core description sheetRoutine sediment determination, example ARoutine sediment determination, example BRock/Mineral identification testsClassification of siliciclastic rocksClassification of carbonate rocksChecklist for carbonate rock descriptionClassification of carbonate particles other thanwhole fossilsCharts for estimatingKey to identificationKey to identification

particle percentagesof skeletal grains in thin sectionsof non-skeletal grains

3.2.1.163.2.1.173.2.1.183.2.1.193.2.1.203.2.1.213.2.1.22

3.2.2.1.13.2.2.1.2

3.2.2.2.1

3.2.2.2.2

3.2.2.3.13.2.3.13.2.3.23.2.3.33.2.3.43.2.3.53.2.3.63.2.3.73.2.3.83.2.3.93.2.3.103.2.3.11

3.2.3.12

3.2.4.2.1

3.2.4.2.2

3.2.4.3.13.2.4.3.23.2.4.3.3

IV

Staining techniques for carbonate rocksPreparation of thin sections from drill cuttingsPorosity in carbonate rocksCharts for estimating porosityGrainsize, sorting/porosity, permeability relationshipEPIPAL input sheet for rock sample & fossil dataInstruction for filling up EPIPAL input sheet for rocksample and fossil data

Palaeontological sample preparation by the "Petrol Method"Preparation of thin sections of isolated large~foraminifera

Standard preparation method of rock samples forpalynological investigationCoal rank classification and organic metamorphism

Nannoplankton investigation at the wellsite

Depth distribution of selected recent benthonicforaminifera generaGeneralized ecological data for selected livingbenthonic foraminifera generaSummary of living benthonic foraminiferid distributionsand their application to palaeoecologyDistribution of depositional t.extures in carbonateenvironmentsDistribution of skeletal particles in carbonateenvironmentsDistribution of non-skeletal particles in carbonateenvironmentsDistribution of sedimentary structures in carbonateenvironmentsDistributionDistributionDistributionenvironmentsDistribution of late diagenesis in carbonateenvironmentsEnvironmental classification scheme

of bedding in carbonate environmentsof minerals in carbonate environmentsof early diagensis in carbonate

Wire-line log values/responses of single minerallithologies and common rock typesLithology from overlays of porosity logs

Characteristic gamma ray (SP) log shapes in clasticsand their potential environmental significanceCommon reservoir sand types and their characteristicGR (SP) log profiles, as well as other significant featuresDepositional environment of sand (stones) with"cylinder" shaped GR (SP) patterns determined by thefauna from the enclosing clays

3.2.4.3.43.2.4.3.5

3.2.4.43.2.4.53.2.4.6.13.2.4.6.23.3.13.3.2

4.1.14.2.1

4.3.1

5.2.1

6.4.1.16.4.1.26.4.2.16.4.2.26.4.2.36.4.2.46.4.2.5

7.1

7.2

7.37.4

v

Examples of GR (SP) log patterns of balancedenvironmental conditionsGR (SP) log patterns indicative of regression/transgres-sion supported by faunal evidence

Quick reference dictionary of dipmeter patternsCorrelation between Gamma-Ray and porosity logsSource rock log expressionNomogram for source rocks detection on wireline logs

Example of the lithological report by the mud logger, i~the daily drilling report/telexStratigraphical well data sheet.

Special Investigations

Addresses

Rock sampling for palynological investigation

Pyrolysis test-tube method fer detection of (non post-mature) source rocks.

Team Work

Hydrocarbon detection in rock samples.

Final Well Report

Stratigraphical summary table

Time-stratigraphical subdivision

Example of heading of well summary data sheet

Example of heading of well completion log

Example of contractor's masterlog

Example of stratigraphical data sheet

T-Z Graph

Abbreviations

Abbreviations for Lithological Descriptions

REGEO codes for lithological descriptions

Abbreviations commonly used at the wellsiteAbbreviations of wire line logs/tools/programs

VI

Transparent wireline log response charts

8.1 Response Chart GR (Gamma Ray) Log

8.2 Response Chart SNP (Sidewall Neutron Porosity) Log

8.3 Response Chart FDC (Formation Density Compensated) Log

8.4 Response Chart BHC (Bore Hole Compensated Sonic) Log

Introduction

- 1 -

INTRODUCTION

Adequate collection and analysis of geological/stratigraphical data fromrock samples at the wellsite is essential for a reliable evaluation of thesubsurface geology, despite the availability of modern, high qualitywireline logs, whose value can only be fully realised, if lithology isproperly recorded. Consequently, greatest care should be exercised tocapture all stratigraphical data right at the source. Therefore a closesupervision of the well sample handling and an on the spot stratigraphicalanalysis of these samples must be ensured.These duties are best carried out by a wellsite stratigrapher, who is alsoable to interpret all the data, e.g establish the age, environment ofdeposition and reservoir properties of the penetrated strata. This allows afast reconstruction of the subsurface at an early stage, which is essentialin the optimisation of the drilling operation and might influence theprogramme, probably saving many times the cost of the on-the-spot strati-graphical advice.

Opco's running their own exploration laboratory normally send a member oftheir own staff to the wellsite. However, small exploration companies,without their own laboratory (e.g. one-hole ventures), often require theservices of a wellsite stratigrapher from SIPM-EP/121, who may be the onlyexploration representative in the area. In some cases the team geologist orreview geologist may be called upon. This manual is addressed to all ofthem.

The functioning of the drilling operations is of course essentially theresponsibility of the drilling and petroleum engineering departments.However, the wellsite stratigrapher ensures that the right action is takento prevent loss of data at the collecting point and that new geological dataare considered in the ongoing effort to optimise operations. In this respectcommunication is of prime importance. Generally the wellsite geologist/stratigrapher is directly responsible to the operations manager (OM), but heis usually asked to report to the chief petroleum engineer (CPE). Besides hemust have, wherever possible, a direct line of communication with thenearest competent exploration office, to enable him to discuss theinterpretation and consequences of his findings.

His principal accountabilities are lined up and dealt with in this manual,which is also meant to provide a general guideline for his job and toacquaint him with particular procedures and problems that might beencountered at the wellsite.

A set of appendices has been compiled to furnish the wellsite stratigrapherwith a "toolkit" during investigations and subsequent reporting.

In compiling this manual free use has been made of company handouts andreports which are incorporated in the reference list.

Users are encouraged to submit useful additions.

- 2 -

KEYWORDS:

Exploration drilling, lithostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, wellsitereporting, litho/rock/time unit subdivision, rock sample handling /examination, lithological description, cutting/sidewall sample/coredescription, palaeontology, palynology, environment of deposition, wire linelog interpretation, source rock investigation, geochemical investigation,well resume, well summary data sheet, well completion log, wellsitelaboratory equipment.

P "ncipal Accountabilities

- 3 -

PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTABILITIES

The tasks/duties of a wellsite stratigrapher are:

1) prior to starting his duties at the wellsite, to acquire a soundknowledge of the regional and local stratigraphy and to be up-to-datewith the prognosis, drilling programme and target of the well, thereporting requirements of the operating company (OPCO) and SIPM, thebasic drilling/wellsite terminology and safety rules,

2) to ensure the efficient collection initial investigation and dispatch ofthe rock samples,

3) to establish the stratigraphy of the penetrated sequence and to advisethe OPCO (if present in first instance the expl. dept.) and/or SIPM,EP/11 (EP/121) as directly and immediately as possible on all relevantstratigraphical/geological matters, especially at critical stages ofthe well when stratigraphical information may influence the operations,

4) to initiate special stratigraphical/geochemical investigations ofselected sample material (to be performed by EP/121/KSEPL), when routinewellsite examination does not provide all information required, and, ifnecessary to recommend special sampling and/or logging programmes (e.g.coring or intermediate logging) particularly in connection with thedecision on total depth (TD) ,

5) to establish and maintain close cooperation with the petroleum engineer,toolpusher and mudloggers and assist, if necessary, e.g. in HC detection,logging,

6) to contribute to the compilation of the geological part of the wellresume.

1. Preparation For Duties

- 4 -

1. PREPARATION FOR WELLSITE DUTIES

1.1 General

Prior to starting his duties at the wellsite, the stratigrapher has toacquaint himself with the geology of the area. This will best be achievedby :

visits to and discussion with area geologists and seismologists(EP/11,12) and/or the Opco's exploration department.digesting well proposals.reading pertinent literature.compiling a concise dossier with all relevant data (incl. pertinentliterature) and information (e.g. well proposis, seismic sections, logsand other data from neighbouring wells, outcrop data, etc.)

1.2 Well proposal

A well proposal issued by the Opco and/or EP/11 presents, as a rule

the geological and geophysical data that justify drilling of a prospectthe stratigraphical prognosis of the proposed well (see Appendix 1.2.1)an evaluation of the objectives and the anticipated problem zones.

Hence it is of prime importance

to obtain own copy of this document and study it carefully.to register all potential markes horizons, e.g. tops of distinctivelithological units and fossil occurrences, contracts, etc.to list and evaluatedephts/intervals that require special attention bythe wellsite stratigrapher e.g coring-, casing-, and total depth.to discuss with the Opco/EP/11 the action to be taken, in case theencountered stratigraphy deviates from the one prognosed.to obtain a good feeling for the confidence level of the prognosis i.e.to appreciate the areas of uncertainty and speculation jn the geologicalprognosis. This can only be achieved through personal discussion withthe full range of specialists (geologists, seismic interpreters,stratigraphers) involved in the preparation of the well proposal.

1.3 Drilling programme

Although the wellsite stratigrapher has no control or responsibility fordrilling operations as such, he must always be prepared to cooperate andassist wherever possible. Hence he has to acquaint himself with theessential details of the operations by careful study of the drillingprogramme (see also Appendix 1.9.1) with the aim to :

evaluate possibilities for an early indication of casing/coring points(and possible TD) based on the encountered stratigraphycheck the various sampling and logging programmes to ensure that allrequirements for a reliable geological evaluation are met.

- 5 -

1.4 Stratigraphical reference collection

If material from adjacent wells and/or surface sections is available awellsite reference collection of marker rock types and faunal/floral indexmicrofossils should be assembled.In case such material is not available, literature has to be searched andan album with illustrations, descriptions and ranges of the moreimportant lithologies and microfossils likely to be encountered has to becompiled.

1.5 EP/11 / Opco's requirements and lines of communication

It is imperative to discuss EP/11's and the Opco's requirements for theevaluation of information and time and type of reporting of thestratigraphical data from the wellsite, as well as requirements forgeological/stratigraphical part of the well resume. To avoid workduplication these requirements have to be tuned to each other right fromthe beginning. Moreover, it must be clearly established who will be theexploration"focal point (in the Opco or in SIPM) with whom the wellsitestratigrapher will be able to communicate directly. (In a Opco environmentthis would normally be the operations geologist.)

As stated before (p. 1) the routine line of communication is through theChief Petroleum Engeneer and Operations Manager. Besides, however, thewellsite stratigrapher must whenever possible also have a direct line ofcommunication to the focal point of the exploration organisation to alloweffective utili~ation of the geological interpretation. The use of thisline of communication, however, should be minimused, and only used ingeologically critical/sensitive situations, where the wellsitestratigrapher feels that direct communication could be important fora) further optimisation of the operation, orb) improved interpretation of observations made.

In order to avoid communication problems, the information directly given tothe exploration focal point must be copied also through the routine line ofcommunication, i.e. through the CPE and OM.

1.6 Responsibilities at the wellsite

The responsibilities and reporting lines of the various functions at thewellsite, including those of the "wellsite geologists" are normallyspelled out in the drilling programme.These wellsite geologists are usually mudlogging contractors or juniorgeologis~s in charge of the lithological description of the samples only.As responsibilities and authority of a wellsite stratigrapher, however,reach generally much further, it is important to carefully discussresponsibilities, reporting procedures and authority with the operationsmanager (OM) and inform him on the instructions received from EP/11 inrespect to action to be taken when particular situations arise (see 1.2).

- 6 -

1.7 Safety

The wellsite stratigrapher has to familiarize himself with and adhere tothe rig safety regulations and procedures. Moreover he will contributeto safety by establishing non-hazardous and bealtby working conditions inhis laboratory.

1.8 Laboratory equipment

A list of principal items required for stratigrapbical investigations attbe wellsite is presented in Appendix 1.8.1 (and 1.8.2 for palynologicalinvestigations). An example of a wellsite laboratory is given in Appendix

- 1.8.3.In good time before tbe departure to the wellsite tbe following action hasto be taken:

check witb tbe Opco (PE) wbicb of tbe items required, are alreadyavailable at tbe wellsite or will be supplied by tbe mud-loggingcontractorOrder tbe remainder tbrough SIPM EP/121, as soon as possible. Tbe latteritems normally have to be carried safeband.

If a geological/palaeontological laboratory bas to be set up at the basecamp, reference is made to tbe more comprehensive equipment list inAppendix 1.8.4 and the lay-out sketch for a small laboratory in Appendix1.8.5.

1.9 Rig jargon

To establish good cooperation at tbe wellsite the stratigrapber has to havea basic knowledge of the rig jargon, i.e. he bas to know tbe rig, tbe namesof its most important parts, and bow tbey function (See Appendix1.9.1-1.9.5).Moreover be bas to acquire a basic understanding of tbe various operationsand tbeir abbreviations used for reporting. Abbreviations of terms commonlyused at the wellsite and in wellsite reporting are presented in Appendix7.3.It is recommended to read "Geological Prospecting of Petroleum" byH.BECKMANN (See Ref.)

1.10 Mental preparation

It is advisable to prepare yourself mentally: at tbe wellsite you areon call 24 hrs a day and working conditions migbt cause a certaindegree of bardsbip.

2. ock Sa pie andling

- 7 -

I)L. ROCK SAMPLE HANDLING

2.1 General

Samples are collected to evaluate the stratigraphy (lithology, age anddepositional environment) and the hydrocarbon potential (source-,reservoir-, and cap rock properties) of the penetrated formations.The sampling programme has to be designed accordingly.The instruction for the sampling procedures at the wellsite is normallyissued by the Opco. However, since the wellsite stratigrapher or EP/121 areusually asked to provide this instruction an example is given in Appendix2.1.1.

Collecti~n, initial description and shipment of all rock samples arecarried out by the mud-logging contractor, supervised by the petroleumengineer (PE). Interfering with these routine procedures is only necessaryif the prescribed sampling procedures are not adhered to (e.g. incorrectlabelling) or if additional samples are required for stratigraphicalreasons.

The mud-logging unit prepares therate of penetration, lithology of"percentage log"), an interpretedshows and other useful data. (for

masterlog, athe cuttingslithologicalexamples see

document displaying(in %) (="mud log" orcolumn, hydrocarbonAppendix 2.2.1 - 2.2.2.)

Rate of penetration curve (drilling speed log) terminology is documented inAppendix 2.2.3.

Appendix 2.2.4 gives an example of correlating the drilling spee9 log withthe "mudlog" to define tops of lithological units.

Until wireline logs are available, the masterlog is used for correlationwith neighbouring wells. The actual handling of the various type of samplesis dealt with in the next chapters.

2.2 Cuttings

Handling

Check regularly whether cuttings are indeed properly sampled, and watchwhether the shaker screen has been thoroughly cleaned after samplecollection to ensure that the next accumulation of cuttings onlycontains "fresh" material.Generally, cuttings samples are labelled with the depth corrected fortime lag, viz. the true depth-level the material is calculated tooriginate from. The time lag is calculated by the mudlogger or PE(Appendix 2.2.5).If the correction for time lag cannot be accomplished, cuttings sampleshave to be collected from the shaker at drillers' depth.This "collected depth" is later corrected for time lag by the PE todetermine the "corrected depth"...Disadvantages of this method are, thatsamples are not regularily spaced (because of variable penetrationrates) and an incorrect depth is stated on the sample bags.Label properly also the (small) samples used for your own investigationwith well name and sample depth.

- 8 -

For rinsing cuttings tbe "decantation" metbod is recommended:place tbe sample in a container, fill it up witb water and stir. Decanttbe dirty water and repeat tbis process until tbe water remainsreasonably clean. Treating soft clays, take care not to remove all tbeclay with the mud.

Cbeck the quality of tbe initial cuttings descriptions by tbe mudlogger.In case corrections or improvements are necessary inform tbe PE or tbemudlogger directly. Encourage the latter to establish a referencecollection of the various litbologies penetrated.

Avoid overheating (>60oC) when drying samples destinated/selected forgeochemical investigations (or well-site cbecks on lighterhydrocarbons) .'

Establisb your own reference collection of representative lithologies asdrilling proceeds.

No samples, or only a few, can be obtained from the shale shaker when:

drilling poorly consolidated sediments (some representative materialmay then be collected from the desanders/desitters or by holding a finesieve in the mud stream)soft clay is taken up in drilling muddrilling with lost circulationdrilling in salt with fresh-water mudturbodrilling; this often yields more or. less unrecognizable sludgesrather than cuttings. Similar powdering may result from regrinding of

.

of cuttings, e.g. during conventional diamond drilling.

If for any reason no samples are collected, ensure that tbis is properlyrecorded.

Unrepresentative samples may (also) be due to:

strong caving of tbe borebole wallspreading: different lithologies may yield different cbipsizestravelling at different speedscindering (burning/fusing) of bard claystones (e.g. wben turbodrillingwith diamond bit). Tbis produces cuttings resembling volcanic rockscontamination:

cementfragments of up-bole formation cemented-in belowcasing sboelost-circulation material (LCM)fragments of drilling equipmentre-circulated particles (e.g. microfossils)particles present in new drilling-mud

alteration of samples during drying or storage, e.g. calcite ofmicrofossils + pyrite can react to form .gypsum

- 9 -

Sampling at closer intervalsbe recommended when e.g.:

the lithologies penetrated are very variedthe drill approaches a formation to be coreda prospective interval is penetrated.

than specified in the drilling programme may

2.3 Sidewall Samples (SWS)

Preparation: whilst preparing your list of depths to be sidewall sampledconsider the following:

Time is limited; when the last logging tool comes out, the SWS gun goesdown.PEls desiderata: he usually wants to sample reservoir rocks and stratawith oil shows.Your own reasons why/where to take SWS:

lithology: space samples in such a way as to achieve maximum stratadefinition and log calibration

- source rocks (for selection see Appendices 3.2.4.6.1 and 3.2.4.6.2)- reservoirs and shows; co-ordinate with PE- microfossils (age or environment).Select the depth levels for the SWS you want on the 1:200 logs; ask PEwhich log will be used as reference during the shooting. For depthcontrol during sidewall sampling see Appendix 2.3.1.

Gun-runs need planning. When many SWS are needed more than one gun (orgun-assembly) has to be run. Keep in mind that:- deteriorating hole conditions may limit or prohibit subsequent runs

(or necessitate a round-trip); priority-samples are therefore to beshot during the first run.

- some spare capacity is required in last run to cope with possiblenon-recoveries of previous run(s).

- closely spaced samples are usually best taken in different runs.- logging engineer may have to mount different charges or bullets if the

hardness of the rocks varies strongly. Advise on lithology andhardness of formations.

Damage: SWS shooting damages borehole walls. Lost bullets may severelydamage drilling bits or even cause the drilling string to become stuck.

Handling

Gun should be cleaned and bullet-cables disentangled beforeengineer takes samples out of bullets.Attend or supervise removal of the samples from the bulletsassignment of the shot numbers.Samples recovered, gun/run-numbers, misfires, lost bullets,recorded properly (PE responsible in first instance).The following terms are used:

logging

and check

should be

- 10 -

(bullets) fired: refers to the number of attempts by the loggingengineer to take samples in one run.All bullets containing some rock material,regardless of length.failure of the powder charge to ignite.recovered bullet not containing any sample.bullet remaining in the hole, either shot-off in awashout or stuck in the formation.

(samples) recovered:

misfire:empty (bullet):lost (bullet):

Each sample container should be labelled with a waterproof felttipmarker, showing well name, core depth and shotnumber. Furthermorethe shot number and/or depth should be scratched on the metal lid of thesample container.

Samples of less than ~ cm (excluding mudcake) are generally not acceptedby the PE. In particular cases, however, (e.g. poor recovery due tohardness of the formation) it is advisable to accept undersized samplesand discuss the billing (e.g. two undersized samples are billed as one).

If the recovery is poor or essential samples are missing or samplesare mixed up during the discharge of the gun, insist on running anadditional gun, but note before the operational base has been consulted.

Samples must be described at well-site (main lithology and shows) beforedespatch.

Impact lithology: shooting may drastically alter texture o~ formatione.g.:

reduce grain-size in sandstone.convert tight limestone to chalk-like rock.

Take drilling mud samples for each SWS operation in order to check(microfossil) contamination.

2.4 Cores

The core handling procedure at the wellsite is spelled out in Appendix2.4.1.

Coring point criteria are established to facilitate the decision when tostart actually coring an interval specified in the drilling programme.They may consist of the expected:

(updated) top of the intervaldrilling breakchange in lithologyhydrocarbon shows

- 11 -

In exploration wells cores are generally cut only when fair hydrocarbonindications and favourable reservoir properties have been encountered.Coring for stratigraphical purposes is usually carried out in appraisalwells.

In case of coring a potential hydrocarbon reservoir it is recommended toadhere to the following procedure:

halt drilling immediately after the expected drilling breakobserve flow (PE)drill a further few (1-3) metres into the formationstop drillingcirculate bottoms up and determine hydrocarbon indication (in bothcuttings and mud) and reservoir propertiesif both are fair to good, pullout for coring and inform the operationalbaseif one of them is poor the next step is dicussed with the base. (Thenext step might be drilling another few metres and repeating the aboveprocedure).

When cutting a core for stratigraphical purposes at the top of a particularformation, the above procedure is followed and coring starts once therequired lithology has been identified in the cuttings samples.

Examine the cuttings comming up during the actual coring to collectpreliminary information on the lithological composition of the core.

A brief description has to be reported to the operational base soonest~

2.5 Bit-, logging tool-. junk sub- and junk basket samples

These should be collected whenever available. The drilling crew has to beinstructed to collect these samples.

2.6 Core slices from the MCT

After evaluation of the wire line logs, core slices can be cut with amechanical core slicer (MCT= Mechanical Coring Tool) from the boreholewall over intervals of particular interest, e.g. for petrophysical orstratigraphical evaluation. The tool is normally positioned with the GammaRay log. The triangular slices are labelled and marked like normal coresand packed in special triangular containers supplied by Schlumberger.Note that taking core slices has to be planned in advance, because MCT'sare normally not on the rig.

3. Investigation & eporting

- 12 -

3. STRATIGRAPHICAL INVESTIGATION & REPORTING ON THE WELLSITE

3.1 General

The stratigrapher should collect as much stratigraphical information aspossible at the wellsite to construct an accurate and meaningfull recordof the penetrated strata for the evaluation of the prospect at an earlystage, so that consequent possible changes in operations can be carriedout in time (e.g. additional coring, intermediate logging, etc.).Guid~lines how to describe the sediments and how to establish timeand type of deposition, as well as the recommended reporting of theobtained data, are given in this chapter.

3.2 Investigations

3.2.1 Lithology

The wellsite stratigrapher obtains the best knowledge of the stratapenetrated by describing all rock samples himself and not relying onthe initial description of the mudloggers who usually record the mainlithologies only. Moreover, due to the personal bias lithologies maychange sometimes with the crew change. It is recommended to instructthe mudloggers to layout a separate set of slightly rinsedcuttings samples (approx. one table spoon per sample), preferably in fivecell examination trays. This enables you to carry out your owninvestigations at any time. Starting the examination, wet the cuttings andpour off the superfluous water together with any fine contaminants(powdered rock or mud) masking the true texture of the rock. Scan thesamples for lithological breaks and then start the detailed examinationunder the microscope.

When describing the cuttings remember that:

Cuttings are usually contaminated with a variable amount of cavingand drilling mud and sometimes with lost-circulation material,cement or fragments of drilling equipment. Ask the PE/mudboy tosupply you with a sample of all mud-additives that might show up inthe cuttings (e.g. nutshells, used to cure loss of circulation)

- Cuttings may be pulverized by regrinding or crushing and erroneouslybe logged as chalky limestone or soft anhydrite.

- Cuttings may be burned and fused (especially when drilling a verytight formation or drilling hard shales with a diamond bit) andbecome dark and hard and resemble igneous rock.

To distinquish the autochthonous lithology from caving/contaminationapply the information from the prognosis, the regional geology, thedrilling speed log, tool samples, and at a later stage, the wirelinesidewall samples and cores.

also

logs,

- 13 -

First, describe the various lithologies (for abbreviations see Appendix7.1) then establish the percentage of each lithology in the sample. Forpercentage estimation charts see Appendix 3.2.1.1. For the order ofdescription of the various lithologies follow the sequence as presented onpage 1 of the tapeworm (Appendix 3.2.1.2) and the description sheets (seeAppendix 3.2.1.3 - 3.2.1.5) for the actual description. To establish therock type follow the procedures for routine sediment determinationpresented in Appendix 3.2.1.6 and 3.2.1.7 and if necessary carry out therequired rock identification tests (see Appendix 3.2.1.8).

For a minor lithological change do not establish a new rock type but ratherincorporate it in the existing description (e.g. limestone, locallyargillaceous). For the classification of siliciclastic and carbonate rockssee Appendix 3.2.1.9 and 3.2.1.10 respectively. For the description ofclastics see the tapeworm (Appendix 3.2.1.2) page 2,3,11,13 and 14, and forcarbonate rocks the tapeworm page 6 - 10 as well as Appendix 3.2.1.10 -3.2.1.16.To obtain details of the texture and particles of carbonates it might benecessary to thin section a few selected cuttings (for this preparationsee Appendix 3.2.1.17.)

For the description of porosities in carbonates use the Archieclassification and also identify the type of porosity, see Appendix3.2.1.18 and 3.2.1.19. Note that it is easier to recognize pores in drysamples than in wet ones.

Porosities in clastics are usually intergrannular and controlledprimarily by the textural properties, sorting, grainsize, shape,roundness and packing, (e.g. the better the sorting the higher theporosity). Porosity estimates in clastics (see Appendix 3.2.1.19) aswell as in carbonates are best reported in terms of poor (5 - 10%),fair-good (10 - 20%) and very good> 20%.Permeability, a measure of the capacity of a rock for transmitting afluid, can not be established by microscopic examination. However, thespeed with which water is absorbed by a rock is an indication of itsrelative permeability (e.g. water will stand up in a bead on acompletely impermeable rock). For clastics: the better the sorting andthe coarser the grains, the higher the permeability. The permeabilityestimates (see also Appendix 3.2.1.20) are best reported in terms of poor( 5 md, millidarcy's) fair (5 - 10 md), good (10-100 md) and very good(100-1000 md)

The Standard Legend "informal" abbreviations (see Appendix 7.1) are mostsuitable for the routine lithological description at the wellsite and thesubsequent reporting. For storing data on computer files (for EPIPAL seeAppendix 3.2.1.21 and 3.2.1.22) the computer abbreviation (see Appendix 7.2and 3.2.1.2) have to be applied. After the examination the samples aredried and stored in small plastic bags in a washresidue box and kept on therigsite as a reference set.

3.2.2

- 14 -

3.2.2.1 Palaeontology

Biostratigraphy

Detailed palaeontological investigations cannot normally be carried outat the wellsite due to the time constraint. Therefore the samples to beexamined have to be selected very carefully, e.g. samples that containa high percentage of "new" lithologies.

For the preparation and examination of the material the procedure is as

follows:

a) for slightly or non-consolidated rocks and consolidated fineclastics:- rinse the cuttings- if necessary, dry and crush

if time available, soak or boil in water (or for harder shales usethe petrol method see Appendix 3.2.2.1.1)

- wash the sample through two (20 and 200 mesh) or three sieves (20,100 & 200 mesh)

- dry the residuesieve it through a set of table sieves

- examine and pick the various fractions(isolated larger foraminifera might have to be thinsectioned orsplit, see Appendix 3.2.2.1.2).When investigating a thick monotonous sequence of soft rocks it istime saving to prepare a combined sample be using e.g. a tea spoonof cuttings from samples at 20 m spacing over a 100 m interval. If afaunal break is discovered in such a sample the actual depth of thebreak has to be traced by examination of the individual samples.

b) for hard consolidated rocks:- rinse the cuttings

examine them wet under the microscope with the same magnificationas for the investigation of thin sections. In carbonates, etchingthe cuttings by dipping them for a few seconds in 10% HCL and inwater there-after, may facilitate the recognition of microfossilsand particles.

- select if necessary "the most promising" pieces for thinsectioning(see appendix 3.2.1.17)

The time stratigraphical subdivision of the penetrated sequence isestablished by comparing the encountered microfossils with the wellsitereference collection (see 1.4), your pocket collections and/orliterature data from surounding areas.The more detailed palaeontological studies are usually carried out atSIPM (EP/121) at a later stage.

3.2.2.2

3.2.2.3

3.2.3.

3.2.43.2.4.1

- 15 -

Palynology

Palynological investigations are carried out on a routine basis at thewellsite in particular cases only (e.g. in areas with mainlyterrestrial sediments). They are performed by a palynologist or astratigrapher with a sound palynological background. The standardpreparation method of rock samples for palynological investigation ispresented in Appendix 3.2.2.2.1 and the coal rank classification andorganic metamorphism table in Appendix 3.2.2.2.2.In case no palynological investigations have been carried out (see alsochapter 4 "special investigations") it is still advisable to evaluatewith EP/121 the desirability of a palynological investigation overparticular intervals.Note that the wellsite palynologist is usually occupied fully withpalynological sample preparation and analyses as his prime duty. Iftime available he will monitor activities as outlined in this manual.

Nannoplankton studies

These studies are usually not carried out at the wellsite because oflack of a high power microscope, reaching a magnification of at least1000 times. However if such a microscope is present for palynologicalinvestigations, it is recommended to check the marine sediments ontheir nannoplankton content. For the preparation of the material andthe observation method reference is made to Appendix 3.2.2.3.1.

Environment of deposition

A preliminary interpretation of the environment of deposition of thepenetrated sequence can be achieved at the wellsite based mainly on theencountered fossil assemblages and the lithology. For theinterpretation of the depositional environment based on isolatedforaminifera (mainly from clastic sediment) see Appendices 3.2.3.1,3.2.3.2 and 3.2.3.3 and for carbonates Appendices 3.2.3.4 - 3.2.3.11.See also paragraph 3.2.4.3: Environment of deposition from wire linelogs.For the Group's terminology reference is made to the "EnvironmentalClassification Scheme" (Appendix 3.2.3.12)The subsequent detailed study is carried out in the laboratory andreported in the final well report.

Wireline logs

General

The relationship between the wireline log responses and stratigraphicalparameters is evident. The wireline logs can be used for a "quick look"interpretation as soon as they become available and for subsequent moredetailed stratigraphical evaluation. The "quick look" interpretationusually proves that the reported levels of stratigraphical boundariesbased on cuttings have to be revised to match the wireline logs.

Lithology GR SONIC DENSITY RESISTIVITY

Clay/Shale high rather high-high 2.2-2.75 low

Coal very low very high very low, high

(110-140) 13-1.8Anhydrite very low low, 50 high, 2,98 high

Rocks salt very low 66.7 low, 2.03 high

Potassium salts extremely 52-78 1.5-2.8 high

high >180 API

3.2.4.2

- 16 -

The updated stratigraphical subdivision has to be reported to theoperational base (and EP/11, SIPM).Before studying the wire1ine logs:

- check headings, scales and remarks- mark scale changes

note depth discrepancies between the various logs- mark washouts

(for abbreviations of wire1ine log/tools/programs see Appendix 7.4).

Lithology from wire1ine logs

Examples of lithologies easily recognized by their typical wire line logresponses are:

For further details see Appendix 3.2.4.2.1.For the lithological interpretation of the wire1ine logs thetransparent "Wire1ine Log Response Charts", Appendices 8.1-8.4 areuseful.

Gamma Ray Log (GR)

The GR is a good tool to separate clay, claystones and shales fromother lithologies. The content of radioactive compounds in clay,claystones and shales is generally high (giving, high GR readings)compared to that in sands, carbonates, evaporites and coals. There areexceptions: high GR readings are obtained in sands containingrelatively high concentrations of mica, zircon or glauconite and inpotassium salts.

Spontaneous Potential Curve (SP)

The SP log, showing the self potential of sediments (caused mainly byclay membrane effects) can also be used for "shale" (+) / non-"shale"(-) separation. The log, however, is useless in oi1based mud or ifthere is insufficient contrast between the salinity of the mud and theformation water. In salt-water-based mud readings may even be reversed.Moreover the tool is rather sensitive to hole size.

- 17 -

Neutron Logs (SNP, CNL)

Neutron logs basically record the hydrogen content of the formation.Therefore they can be used to identify shale/clay (stone) units whichbecause of clay bound water generally give higher readings than(porous) sands/carbonates.

Sonic Log (BHC)

The Sonic log measures the velocity of sound waves in terms of transittime (microseconds per foot or m). It indicates "shale" and "shalyness"due to its sensitivity to the low sound transfer in clay minerals. Itis sensitive to wash-outs.

Formation Density Log (FDC, LDT)

The density tool measures essentially the electron density of theformation, which is related to the true bulk density expressedin gr/cm3. For identification of lithologies it is used in combinationwith the GR and for crossplotting (overlay) with the Neutron and Sonic.The overlays are discussed below.

Density (FDC of LDT) / Neutron (SNP or CNL) overlay

This is a good method to identify lithologies (see Appendix3.2.4.2.2). The Neutron Log is considered to indicate (in non-"shales")the hydrogene content of the pores, thus recording porosity. TheDensity log is considered to indicate the density of the frame work.Therefore, for the same porosity different rock types give differentdensity readings. Overlaying a transparency of the Neutron over theDensity (or vice versa) and aligning the limestone porosity scales ofthe two logs, by overlying the density line of 15% porous limestone =2.45g/cm3 over the 15% porosity line on the neutron shows that avariety of different and characteristic separations for the main rocktypes other than limestone.Presence of gas effects the Density-Neutron separation, and dolomitemay be interpreted as limestone and limestone may be interpreted assand. Also the presence of minerals other than quartz, calcite ordolomite, e.g. mica, glauconite, pyrite, feldspar can alter theseparation. For example micaceous sandstone may give a shale/dolomiteseparation.

Density (FDC or LDT) / Sonic (BHC) overlay

This method serves well to separate "shales" from non-"shales" (seeAppendix 3.2.4.2.2). The Sonic indicates "shale" and "shalyness" veryeffectively, due to the low sound transfer in clay minerals. TheDensity is considered to indicate the density of the framework and thusto reflect the true porosity, also in "shales" and "shaly" rocks.

3.2.4.3

3.2.4.4

3.2.4.5

- 18 -

Overlaying a transparency of the Sonic over the Density (or viceversa), so that the 2.5 gr/cm3 line of the Density log is overlain bythe 80 ms/ft line of the Sonic, shows that there is a significantseparation for shales, sand or clean limestone.

Environment of deposition from wireline logs

In clastic sediments particular GR/(SP) log shapes are, incombination with the information obtained from the faunal/(floral)analysis, of significance for the evaluation of the depo~itionalenvironment. Examples are given in Appendix 3.2.4.3.1 to 3.2.4.3.3.Sequences of these GR/(SP) log shapes give certain log patterns which,again in combination with the faunal/(floral) data, are indicative ofparticular environmental conditions. For instance:

- monotonous curves or a repetition of similar shapes suggests balancedenvironmental conditions (see Appendix 3.2.4.3.4) and

- a change from one ordered sequence of shapes into another (i.e. achange from one balanced condition into another) indicates atransgression or regression. (see Appendix 3.2.4.3.5)

In carbonates these conditionsfollows:- balanced conditions by a- regressive conditions by- transgressive conditions

are usually reflected on the GR as

"Cylinder" shape,a "Funnel" shape,by a "Bell" shape.

Structural geological data from wireline logs

Structural interpretations of the drilled sequence are based on therecognition and interpretation of particular patterns of the arrow plotof the dipmeter log (HDT) showing azimuth and dip of the strata.Examples of dipmeter patterns and their interpretation are given inAppendix 3.2.4.4. Use all stratigraphical data for the structuralanalyses, especially the presence and position of unconformities andfaults, which became apparent during the stratigraphical study.

Porosity and Permeability from wireline logs

There is at present no log that measures permeabilities. Some logs giveindirect permeability indications, but they are usually not veryreliable and their interpretation is better left to thepetrophysisists. The standard porosity logs are the Neutron, theDensity and the Sonic. Their responses are usually a combination ofporosity effect and clay effect. The clay effect is generally largeston the Neutron and smallest on the Density log)Correlation between GR and porosity logs normally gives a reasonableindication of the porosity/clay distribution and thus of the porosityitself. (see Appendix 3.2.4.5)

3.2.4.6

3.3

- 19 -

Source Rocks from wireline logs

Source rocks are generally recognized on wireline logs by arelatively lower density and a relatively higher resistivity than thesurrounding non-source rocks. In addition the source rock intervalsusually show a relatively high GR response and low sonic velocityreading. (see Appendix 3.2.4.6.1. and 3.2.4.6.2).Above characteristics will aid in the selection of samples forgeochemical analysis, in determining potential source-rock intervalswhere samples are not available (e.g. exchange well), and assist inregional mapping of potential source rock units.

Reporting

The OPCO's reporting and administration regulations must be followed.The lithological description by the mudlogger is usually transmitted ona daily basis in percentages of rock type per sample. (see Appendix3.3.1). This report is normally accompanied by a copy of the relevantpart of the masterlog (see Appendix 2.2.2). Check this reportingregularly.

In addition the stratigrapher is expected to provide a comprehensivestratigraphical report including:- a subdivision of the penetrated sequence into litho-units- a lithological description of these units- a time stratigraphical subdivision- an interpretation of the depositional environment- a correlation of the sequence with the local rock stratigraphy- an updated prognosis of as yet undrilled strata

These data have to be reported on a daily, weekly and monthly basis.Especially the daily reports must give all essential stratigraphical/geological details, but should not to be overloaded with data ofinterest to specialists only.Initially the lithological descriptions and the drilling speed log areused to define boundaries, but these have to be updated as soon as thewireline logs become available and subsequently reported.It is advisable to compose a stratigraphical well data sheet (seeAppendix 3.3.2) and mufax, or send a copy of the relevant hole sectionto the operational base on a regular basis. When drilling critical holesections or if particular findings might influence the drillingprogramme (coring, logging, total depth, etc), it is recommended toreport important stratigraphical data immediately, to the OperationsManager and the exploration focal point, as and when they becomeavailable. Moreover, it is recommended to communicate with the focalpoint if this might improve the interpretation of observations. Makesure that the OM (CPE) is informed about the content and results ofthese discussions.The final stratigraphical report that has to be incorporated in thefinal well report, is dealt with in chapter 6. Parts of this report canbe prepared on the wellsite (including the enclosures) but is normallyfinalized at SIPM (EP/121).

4. Special Investigations

- 20 -

-4. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS

4.1 General

In particular cases it might be necessary to initiate a specialbiostratigraphical or geochemical investigation, to be carried out bySIPM EP/121 or KSEPL LRE/4 respectively (addresses see Appendix 4.1.1)If the results are urgently required, it is advisable to have theminimum amount of material required (see below) carried safehand toRijswijk (or mailed at an airport nearest to Rijswijk) as soon aspossible. Moreover, inform EP/121 and/or KSEPL LRE/4 by telex about thedispatch details as well as the type and urgency of the investigationrequired. The PEC and/or the OM have to be informed as well.A few notes on the various investigations are given below.

4.2 Biostratigraphical investigations by SIPM EP/121

If dating of the penetrated sediments, essential for the short termoperations, cannot be achieved at the wellsite, the followinginvestigations to be carried out by EP/121, might be requested:

For marine sediments:

- a micro-palaeontological investigation: A minimum of a table spoon ofslightly rinsed sample material is required. Select preferably thesofter sediments (for washing) though hard carbonates can also beused (thin-sectioning).

- Nannoplankton investigation: (for sediments of assumed post-Triassicage only) Send calcareous shales, marls or argillaceous limestonesrather than non-calcarous coarser clastics or hard recrystallizedcarbonates. A minimum of a small teaspoon (0.5 cm3) of cleansediment is required.

For terrestrial sediments in general and marine deposits of assumedpre-Barremian age:

a palynological investigation: Select dark colouredshales/siltstones rather than red beds, clean sandstones or (hardrecristallized) carbonates. (see Appendix 4.2.1)A table spoon of slightly rinsed material is sufficient.

For sediments of unknown depositional environment:

These need a comprehensive biostratigraphical investigation. A minimumof two table spoons of slightly rinsed sediments is required.

4.3

- 21 -

Source Rock investigation by KSEPL

The presence of dark sediments (e.g. dark brown-black organic shale) inthe cuttings might indicate that source rocks have been penetrated.Source rocks are sediments with sufficient amounts of suitable organicmatter to generate and expel hydrocarbons.It is advisable to send samples (ca. 100 g of slightly rinsed cuttingsper sample) of such sediments to KSEPL (for address see Appendix 4.1.1)for geochemical analyses. Samples should not be heated above 600C toavoid oxidation and have to be packed in special plastic bags. Moreoverstate whether organic mud additives (e.g. walnut shells, coal, etc)have been used.At the wellsite a rapid scanning for source rocks is achieved by thepyrolysis (chemical decomposition be heat) test tube method (seeAppendix 4.3.1).Source rock intervals (>2 feet) identified on wireline logs (chapter3.2.4.6 and Appendices 3.2.4.6.1 and 3.2.4.6.2) should be sidewall-sampled for geochemical investigations.

In other words: (sidewall-) sample for geochemical analysis allintervals that give a low density/high resistivity (/high gamma ray andrelatively low sonic velocity) reading, which can not be explainedphysically (lithology, hydrocarbon content) or mechanically (malfunctioning tool, wash out, etc.).

Cindered (burned) cuttings are unsuitable for geochemical investigation.

5. earn Work

5.5.1

5.2

5.2.1

5.2.2

5.3

- 22 -

TEAM WORK

General

The wellsite stratigrapherpetroleum engineer and thematters and to inform themupdated formation tops. Toknow the rig jargon and tooperations (see also 1.9).

has to maintain regular contacts with thetoolpusher to keep abreast of operationalon relevant stratigraphical data like e.g.function satisfactorily he is supposed togain a basic knowledge of the various

Assistance to the Petroleum Engineer (PE)

Hydrocarbon detection

Hydrocarbon detection and recording is. in first instance. theresponsibility of the Petroleum Engineer (PE). However. the wellsitestratigrapher is expected to be able to take over these duties as andwhen necessary. The methods commonly used to detect hydrocarbons inrock samples are assembled on Appendix 5.2.1. Fluorescence of mudadditives such as diesel. asphalt. soltex, etc.. as well as pipe dopeand mineral fluorescence should not be mixed up with hydrocarbon shows.

Wireline logging

The PE might request the wellsite stratigrapher to attend the wirelinelogging operations or even supervise the logging. Therefore. it isadvisable to acquire a basic knowledge of the actual wireline loggingpractice. (see chapter 9 in BECKMANN 1976)

Assistance to the mudlogger

In case the mudlogger is overloaded by work (e.g. during a fastpenetration or an instrument failure) it is highly appreciated if thewellsite stratigrapher carries out the elementary lithologicaldescriptions of the cuttings during such hectic periods.

6. Final Well eport

6.6.1

6.2

6.3

6.3.]

- 23 -

FINAL WELL REPORT (WELL RESUME)

General

The wellsite stratigrapher assists the regional geologist (EP/ll) oroperations manager in completing the geological part of the final wellreport. He prepares the chapter stratigraphy and contributes to othergeological subjects such as: geological summary, comparison prognosisversus results, structural results, potential reservoirs, seals andsource rocks, regional correlation etc.His main contribution to the final well report is the well completionlog. He is advised to start this work already at the wellsite.The various subjects, as well as the appendices and enclosures of thewell resume, are discussed below.Experience shows that government authorities, and partners likenational oil companies prefer to receive one single compound reportrather than various volumes of special reports.In some countries the government even requires a standard reportformat.

Timing

Generally, the well resume has to be presented to authorities within 3months after completion of the well. This implies that the reportshould be ready for checking by SIPM approximately two weeks beforepresentation. Enclosures are to be completed first, to enabledraughting department to finalise their work in time. Therefore, thedraughting dept. has to be informed on the expected workload.

Contents

The contents of the various chapters that normally constitute thegeological part of the report are briefly reviewed here.

Geological Summary

This normally consists of:- a concise description of the lithologies or the rock stratigraphical

subdivision, the time stratigraphical subdivision and the interpreteddepositional environment of the penetrated sequence.

- a comparison of the sequence with the one predicted in the wellproposal

- a brief discussion of: structural results, objectives(expectation versus result), hydrocarbon shows/test, encounteredpotential reservoir rocks, source rocks and seals, coring, sidewallsampling and TD.

6.3.2

6.3.3

6.3.4

6.3.5

- 24 -

Well prognosis

This chapter summa rises the regional geology, the well prognosis andthe play concept.

Stratigraphy

This chapter must contain:

- a brief discussion of the various investigations carried out and theregional stratigraphical data applied for the interpretation

- a summary of the subdivision of the penetrated sequence into thevarious sedimentary packages or formal rock units

- a concise review of the depositional environment per time interval- an outline of major stratigraphic events- a statement of significant hiatuses, faults, intrusions etc.

Subsequently unit by unit is described in detail in sequence ofpenetration.

Start with a listing of the following data:

Unit name

- Interval

- Thickness

: top and bottom in m/ft bdf

: in m/ft

:-e.g. clay with subordinate siltstone- Main lithology

- Upper contact : e.g. break between limestone and

underlying clay

- Lower contact : e.g. silty clay unconformably overlying

sucrosic dolomite

- Environment of deposition: e.g. marine, cont. shelf, outer neritic

Then present in detail the lithology

- time stratigrahpy

- environment of deposition

Structural results

The dipmeter results are discussed and compared with the structuralconfiguration originally interpreted from seismic and presented in theprognosis.

Petrophysical evaluation of potential reservoirs

As a rule this evaluation is carried out by the petroleum engineeringdepartment. However, the stratigrapher might be asked to supply adetailed lithological description of potential reservoirs, includingpermeability estimates.

6.3.6

6.3.7

6.4

6.4.16.4.1.1

6.4.1.2

6.4.1.36.4.1.4

6.4.26.4.2.1

- 25 -

Source Rock potential

Generally the stratigrapher initiates, in consultation with EP/11and/or the operations manager, a source rock evaluation of particularintervals (by KSEPL). The results of this investigation are brieflyreviewed in this chapter. The details of the source rock evaluation arenormally presented in a separate KSEPL report which is included in thewell resume as an appendix.

Conclusions and recommendations

Start this chapter with a review of the stratigraphy encountered andthe results of the petrophysical evaluation. (potential reservoirs,hydrocarbons). Subsequently analyse the targets and prognosis versusfindings.Then discuss the new information gained and the modifications to theoriginal geological interpretation and analyse alternative prospects.

Appendices (/Textfigures) and Enclosures

The following appendices (/textfigures) and enclosures illustratingresults are recommended to be added to the final well report. Examplesare given in Appendices 6.4.1.1 - 6.4.2.5.Appendices

Stratigraphical summary table (Appendix 6.4.1.1): showing thesuccession of the penetrated sedimentary packages/rock units and their:boundaries (in m bdf), thickness, lithology, age and depositionalenvironment, source rock potential, estimated reservoir rock potentialand eventual remarks.

Timestratigraphical subdivision (Appendix 6.4.1.2) presenting (from thetop to bottom) the various time units interpreted, incl: log tops,biostratigraphical tops observed in the samples, and thickness.

Core description and

Sidewall sample description both usually an updated typed version fromthe original wellsite description.

Enclosures

Well Summary Data Sheet (Appendix 6.4.2.1)Compiled to present:

- general well data: coordinates, elevation D.F., spudding andcompletion dates, total depth and status

- location map

6.4.2.2

- 26 -

- prognosed stratigraphy

- encountered stratigraphy

- drilling progress

relevant technical data: casings etc.

- samples collected: cuttings, SWS, cores

- wireline logs run

- hydrocarbon indications

- reservoir properties

- interpreted wireline log data: interval velocity, density, etc.

- dipmeter interpretation: azimuth and dip

Well Completion Log (Appendix 6.4.2.2)

This enclosure is the most important stratigraphical document of thefinal well report. The OPCO may prescribe a standard format for thislog. It is recommended to use a 1:1000 scale and to present at least aninterpreted lithological column flanked by the GR and caliper logs onthe left and the FDC/CNL (or sonic log) and a concise lithologicaldescription on the right, and a time- and rock stratigraphicalsubdivision as well as an environmental interpretation on the left orthe right. If the wireline logs are digitized a computer print (asdescribed above) is available from EP/223. A comprehensive completionlog usually illustrates at its top the followiqg data as well:

- general data: coordinates etc, see well summary sheet

- location map

- wire line logs run

- bottom hole temperatures recorded

- bit sizes and mud types used

and the log

- top occurrences of important fossils

- the dipmeter interpretation

- the hydrocarbon shows

- the cores and sidewall samples collected

- the relevant technical data such as:

totco's, casings, losses, test results, true vertical depth,

plugbacks

6.4.2.3

6.4.2.4

6.4.2.5

6.4.2.6

- 27 -

Master Log (or Drilling Speed Log) (Appendix 6.4.2.3)This log is normally composed by the mud logging contractor. Itpresents all data recorded and collected by the mudloggers at thewellsite such as: mud properties, rates of penetration, hydrocarbonshows, cuttings lithologies, etc. If the well was drilled without a mudlogging service unit it is advisable to include the Drilling Speed Logconstructed by the PE and the wellsite geologist/stratigrapher.

Stratigraphical Data Sheet (Faunal and/or Floral Distribution Chart)(Appendix 6.4.2.4)

This enclosure illustrates the distribution of the fossils recordedwithing the penetrated sequence. The timestratigraphical andenvironmental interpretations of these data are normally presented onthis distribution chart as well. The established rock stratigraphicalsubdivision and the interpreted lithological column flanked by wirelinelogs and relevant technical data like casings are usually presentedalong the left side of the chart.

Geophysical Well Data Sheet / T-Z Graph (Appendix 6.4.2.5)

This graph, basically showing the link between stratigraphical horizonsand their one way reflection time, is normally constructed by thegeophysical department. The stratigrapher, however, might be asked tocomposethe lithologicalcolumnfor this graph. .

Well Correlation

If stratigraphical data from nearby wells are available it is advisableto illustrate their correlation with the penetrated sequence.

References

- 28 -

REFERENCES

Asquith, G.B. and Gibson, C.R. (1983)- Basic well log analysis for geologists.AAPG Tulsa, Oklahoma USA (PALLAB 2371)

Batjes, D.A.J. (1982)- Guide for Exploration Well-site Geologists.Company Handout Course E104.

Beckmann, H. (1976)- Geological Prospecting of Petroleum.(Geology of Petroleum Vol. 2)Ferdinand Enke Publishers Stuttgart.

Boltovskoy, E. and Wright, R. (1976)- Recent Foraminifera.Dr. W. Junk b.v., Publishers - The Hague.

Boykin, e.E. (1959)- A laboratory manual on techniques used in preparing carbonate rocksfor geologic observation.Unpublished company report EP-34126

Dresser Atlas (1983)- Diplog. Analysis and Practical Geology.Dresser Atlas, Dresser Industries, Inc. USA.

Eckert, H.R. (1983)- Depositional environment: A proposal for Classification, Terminologyand Coding.Unpublished company report EP-59030

FEigel, E. (1982)- Microfacies analyses in limestones.Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.

Gary, M. et a1. (Eds) (1977)- Glossary of Geology.American Geological Institute, Washington D.C.

Gutjahr, C.e.M. (1977)- Methods for recognition and evaluation of immature and mature sourcerocks.Unpublished company report EP-47472 or RKSR.0007.76

Hobson, G.D. Ed. (1980)- Development in Petroleum Geology -2.Applied Science Publishers Ltd. London.(art. by Alger,R.P.)

- 29 -

Hoogkamer,P.J.C. (1979)- Stratigraphic evaluation of the Northern Porcupine Basin, offshoreSW-Ireland.Unpublished company report EP-51668

Hoogkamer,P.J.C., Prins,B. and Slissli,P.E. (1978)- Stratigraphy of Offshore Expl. Well 35/13-1, Irish ShellPetro Dev. Co. Teoranta, Ireland.Unpublished company report EP-49357

Juhasz, 1. (1978)- The use of wireline logs in sedimentary geology, a concise overview.Unpublished company report EP-49331 or RKGR.OO17.78

Juhasz, 1. (1978)- Log analysis of source rocks. An introduction to the use of wirelinelogs in the recognition and evaluation of source rocks.Unpublished company report EP-49977 or RKSR.OO33.78

KSEPL (1979)- Instructions for taking, handling andpetrophysical and related analyses.Instruction Manual 1 (third revision).Unpublished company report RKMR.OO18.79

transport of cores for

Lapr~, J.F. (1975)- Lithology from logs: some basic data and a bag of tricks forgeologists.Unpublished Handout Geological Seminar (KSEPL)

Lynch, E.J. (1964)- Formation Evaluation.John Weatherhill, Inc., Tokyo and Harper & Row, New York, Evanston &London.

Mabillard, J.E. and Corbin, S.G. (1983)- Oman guide to wellsite geology.Unpublished company report EP-59084

Majewske, O.P. (1969)Recognition of Invertebrate Fossil Fragments in Rocks and ThinSections.E.J.Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Meyer, B.L. and Nederlof, M.H. (1976)- Recognition of Source Rocks on Wireline Logs.Unpublished company report EP-47649

Meyer, B.L. and Nederlof, M.H. (1984)- Identification of Source Rocks on Wireline Logs by Density/Resistivity and Sonic Transit Time/Resistivity Crossplots.The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin,vol.68, no.2, p. 121-129.

- 30 -

Moore, P.F. and Gigon, W.O. / Revised by Dorsman (1964)- Terms and symbols for the description of carbonate rocks.Unpublished company report EP-33671 (revised)

Moore, R.C. (Ed.) (1964)- Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part C.1 and C.2The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press,New York.

Murray, J.W. (1973)- Distribution and Ecology of Living Benthonic Foraminiferids.Heinemann Educational Books, London.

Nagtegaal, P.J.C. (1974)- Selected Gamma Ray Log Patterns Representing SiliciclasticDepositional Sequences and Reservoirs, NW Borneo.Unpublished company report EP-45588.

NAM BV- Petroleum Engineering Operations Procedures Manual.

Unpublished company report.

Pirson, S.J. (1983)-.Geologic Well Log Analysis.Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, London, Paris, Tokyo.

Postuma, J.A. (1971)- Manual of Planktonic Foraminifera.Elsevier Publishing Co., Amsterdam, London, New York.

Racz,L.G., Hoogkamer,P.J.C. and Hoffmann,R.E. (1983)- Pliensbachian Stratigraphy in Central Morocco.(An example of carbonate deposition)Unpublished company report EP-58930

Reading, H.G. (Ed.) (1978)- Sedimentary Environments and Facies.Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, London, Edinburgh, Melbourne

Ross, W.C. (1983)- Depositional sequence Analysis with an Example from the BaltimoreCanyon.Unpublished Shell Oil Co. report; EP-59459.

Rutten, K.W. (1981)- A review of logging tools and interpretation.Unpublished Shell handout. Course E1.04.

Rutten, K.W. (1981)- Wire line log response in Carbonates and Evaporites.Unpublished Shell handout. Course E1.00.

Rutten, K.W. (1981)- Wireline log response in Clastic Sediments.Unpublished Shell handout. Course El.00.

- 31 -

Rutten, K.W. (1981)- Geological aspects of modern wire line log interpretation.Unpublished Expl. Seminar handout.

Schlumberger Ltd. (1971)- Fundamentals of Dipmeter Interpretation.Schlumberger Ltd., New York.

Schlumberger Ltd. (1972)- Log Interpretation. Volume 1 - Principles.Schlumberger Ltd., New York.

Schlumberger Ltd. (1977)- Services Catalog.Schlumberger Ltd., New York.

Schlumberger Ltd. (1981)- Dipmeter Interpretation. Volume 1 - Fundamentals.Schlumberger Ltd., New York.

Shell Int. Petro Mij. (EP/13 & EP/24) (1975)- REGEO: Computer Handling of Regional Geological Data.Unpublished company report EP-434731(Additiona~ Corrections: January 1977)

Shell Int. Petro Mij. (1976)- Standard Legend.Unpublished company report.

Shell Int. Petro Mij. (EP/121) (1984)- EPIPAL User Documentation.Part I : Data Preparation Guide for EPIPALPart II : Species Tables and Data Display GuideUnpublished company report EP-61150 I & II.

for EPIPAL.

Shell Int. Petro Mij. (1985)- Operational Geology.Handouts of the course E104.

Stainforth, R.M. et al (1975)- Cenozoic Planktonic Foraminiferal Zonation and Characteristics ofIndex Forms.The Univ. of Kansas Pal. Contr. Article 62.

Swanson, R.G. (1981)- Sample Examination Manual.Methods in Exploration Series, AAPG Tulsa Oklahoma 74101, USA.

Taylor, J.C.M. (1977)- Sandstones as reservoir rocks.in Development of Petroleum Geology, Vol. 1.

Vail,P.R. et al (1977)- Seismic Stratigraphy and Global Changes of Sea Level.AAPG Memoir 26 pp. 83-97. (PALLAB 2255)

- 32 -

Wagner, C.W. (1964)- Manual of Larger Foraminifera, Generic Description and StratigraphicValue.Unpublished company report EP-36421

Wagner, C.W. (1983)Carbonate Sedimentary Geology in Exploration.Unpublished company report RKER.82.088 (KSEPL)

Appendices

General

Appendix Gen.1

TIME-STRATIGRAPHIC TABLE

GENERAL CLASSIFICATION CLASSIFICATIONUSED IN MAINOROGENIC PHASES ." ISOTOPICNORTHAMERICA1.) ..GEm

Ti i Holocene HO Holocene

-2.8 iOUATERNARYUJ i OUATERNARY Pasadentan 1~00 i Pleistocene PS S'Cilian $1 PleIstoceneml!,af'\ NU alabnan CB 2.8~'lIcenlla~ anch.....

Wallact'lian 0I,ocene t'ocene Rhodanlan

}~2.8

"-2.8TU!

M Inl n Attlcan 5.2! Upper rt nl n N

U

Ir

MIocene MI rrava Ian Miocene(NeogeneilO Lan hliln lH Slynanur

'9a Ian U s:0

.&.qUltanlan A saVlan

}!24

Chattlan CHNN TERTIARY Oligocene OL Rupehan RP OligoceneOU Lattorflan LF TERTIARYTT Lower TL Pyreneean

,, 37Z I P"abor"an IBarton'an\ PR Z

(Palaeogene) iEocene EO LutetJan LT Eocene I'T1LUU Ypresran

yp

Landen,al1(Thanet,an) IN 53.5Paleocene PC Mont,an MT Paleocene

Danian 1~ OA laramide 65Maastrichtian MA

I Campanian CASenonian SE

Santontan SAUpper 12 KU Gulflan } Sub-HercynianCoru8clan CO

Turonian TR

CRETACEOUSCenomanian CE

96Albian11, AB CRETACEOUS

KK Austnan (Oregonian)Apllan AP

BarremIan BRU lower Ie KL Comanchean 126Hautenvian HT m)to

:0Neocomtan NC Valanginian VA r-

-Berriasian BE r-}Late K,mme,,", \)(Nevadan) Z 143NN I Tithonian y, TI m0::1; IUpper!' JU Kimmeridgian 91 KI Upper! Olfordlan OX(f) Callovian CN

JURASSIC' I MlddleB' Bathonian BTJM JURASSIC MiddleLU JJ ! BaJocian BJ

Aalenian AA 178::I; IILowerB Toarcian TCJL Pliensbachian PB Lower! Sinemunan 8MHettan Ian HE

212Rhaetian RH

Upper rr.U) RU Nonan NO UpperEarly KImmerian

TRIASSIC' Carnian CRTRIASSIC

111' RR ladinian LAMiddle '10M) RM MiddleAm"an !1J'rglonanl A.N

lower'1oLt RL SkylhlAn(Wertelllan) S~ Lower Palatine (Pfalzlan! 247

TaTtanan TAOchoan

Upper PU Kazanian KA

Kungurian KG Guadalup,anPERMIAN~I.I Saallan (Appalachian) 270

PERMIANpp Artinskian AT Leonardian

Lower PL

Sakmarian SR Wolfcampian (.) ::tJen(') 289

Orenburgian OR Virgilian :>ZUpper CU Stephanian ST I0 Gzehan GZ Missourian m

z :0(/)PENNSYLVANIAN Asturian (Arbuckle) (')

N I'll Moscovian MODesmolneaian

-

......... Bretonian-

367-I Famennian FA Bradfordian Acadian

I

Upper DUFrasnian FS ChautauquanSenecan

U !Middle Gi\/etlan GIDM Erian .............Mid De\/onianDEVONIAN Couvlruan (Elfelian) CV-

DEVONIAN-

396-DD I Emslan ES

0 Coblenclan CI ILower DL Slegenian SG Ulsterian

N ....,.....ErlanIGedmnlan GDON

Ardennian f-- 416-Pridolian PD

tl. CayuganLU Ludlovian LD

SalopIan SL

SILURIAN'Wenlockian WN SILURIAN Niagaran

IGOTHLANDIAN) SS-I

Llandoyerlan LO Medinan

Taconian 0-446-

tl. rAshg tllian AS mCincinnatian 0

0Z

CaradocIan CD);Z

ORDOVICIANlIandedlan LE Champlamian

ORDOVICIAN00 lIanvltnlarl LI

Arenigian AR

I

Canad,""Tremadocian 1 TM

Sardinian-509-

~ITrempealeal.uanUpper (CUi EU Potsdam.an PO

~IFranconianU IDresbachian

-

524 -

Middle ICMJEM Acadian AC AlbertanCAMBRIAN

CAMBRIAN11 EE

Lower ICLI EL Georgian GE Waucoban

I-- 575 -PRE-CAMBRIAN (P) PE Pre.Cambnan Phases

REMARKS ON "TIME-STRATIGRAPHIC TABLE"(Names and codes in brackets are synonyms used only in the conventional recording system)

Tremadocian!Salmian): Cambrian-Ordovician transitional beds attributed to theCambrian by various authors.

10 Subdivision acc. to "Colloque sur Ie Cretace inf~rieur" (Lyon, 19631.

11"Gault" of earlier authors, The "Vraconian" is late Albian in age.

In French usage, Gothlandian and Ordovician commonly grouped as Silurian(OGI.Here, Anglo-American definition of Silurian!SS) ::: Gothlandian is adhered to. 12 Subdivision acc. to "Colloque sur Ie Cretace superieur franc;ais" IDijon, 19591.

Subdivision acc. to "Report of the Commission on the stratigraphy of the Carbon.iferous of the National Committee of Soviet geologists" (Heerlen, 1958J.In WeStern Europe the Carboniferous is subdivided into Lower Carboniferous

('" Dinantian) and Upper Carboniferous (= Silesianl.

13 The tim~stratigraphic position of the Danian has not vet been established.

14 Subdivision ace. to "Proceedings of the 3rd session in Bern of the Committee onMediterranean Neogene stratigraphy" (19641.

4 In Western Europe Namurian(NM) comprises Namurian"A", "B" and "C", When

used in its original sense Namurian(NA) corresponds to Namurian"A" and "B",

15 Ref. BuII.Geol.Soc.Am., 1943-1954, vol.53-65.

16 After Stille (1924,19401 and Umbgrove (19471.Schenck et 81. (1941,.BuII.A.A.P.G., vol.25) proposed a "Standard Permian" of theworld: 17 Ref. Contributions to the Geologic Time Scale

f1978, AAPG, Studies in Geology no. 61.Upper Permian {DjulfianPenjabianGuadalupianMiddle Permian

Lower Permian {ArtinskianSakmarianIn European usage the Permian is subdivided into Lower Permian (Sakmarian-Artinskian) and Upper Permian (Kungurian- Tartarian).

Note' For computer-filing purposes some names and codes are only of local value and shouldbe avoided as much as possible, also since often a rock-stratigraphic interpretation isincluded, e.g, Portlandian(PT), Urgonian(UGJ.

The terms Rotliegendes, Zechstein, Buntsandstein, Muschelkalk and Keuper have beendiscarded as they apply to rock-stratigraphic units only.

Subdivisions acc. to "Coltoque International du Jurassique" (Luxembourg, 1962).

Continental or transitional facies, straddling internationally accepted time-stratigraphicboundaries, often received formal names. Due to the controversial nature of theseunits their use should be avoided as much as possible, e.g.:

8 The terms "Lias" and "Dogger" do not coincide with "Lower Jurassic" and "MiddleJurassic", respectively. Lias comprises Hettangian-Toarcian, Dogger coincides withAalenian-Callovian. The terms "MaIm" and "Upper Jurassic" are synonyms,

9 Precise definition of Kimmeridgian and Tithonian is still lacking. Under the presentlypreferred interpretation of Tithonian, the Portlandian would correspond to the upperpart of the Tithonian IHallam, 1966, Earth Science Review!.

Downtonian (DW)Strunian (SU)Autunian (AU)Purbeckian (PKIWealden (WE!Garumnian (GA!Tongrian (TGJ

SilurianUpper DevonianUpper CarboniferousUpper JurassicUpper JurassicUpper CretaceousUpper Eocene

-

Lower Devonian

-

Lower Carboniferous-

Lower Permian

-

Lower Cretaceous

-

Lower Cretaceous

-

Eocene-

Lower Oligocene

eCi)0)IDI\)...CI)"-N

SHELL INTERNATIONALE PETROLEUM MAATSCHAPPIJ B_V- - THE HAGUE, THE NETHERLANDS MARCH 1980

Rock -stratig raphic Sio-stratigraphic Ti me-stratigraphic Geological TimeUnits Units Units Units

(Litho-stratigraphic Units) (Faunal. Floral Units) (Chrono-stratigraphic Units) (Geochronological Units)

Group Zone Erothem Era

Formation Subzone System Period

Member Zonule Subsystem SubperiOd

Lentil. Tongue Series Epoch

Bed. Layer Stage Age,Subepoch

Example: Examp.le: Example: Example:

Rotliegend Group Globorotalia :3 Zone Cenozoic Cenozoic

Siochteren Sandstone Globigerina 12 Subzone Tertiary TertiaryFormationLower Slachteren Bolivina 4 Zonule Lower Tertiary Early TertiarySandstone Member

Eocene Eocene

Lutetian Lutetian

Definition: Definition: Definition: Definition:

A rock- stratigraphic unit A bio-stratigraphic unit is A time-stratigraphic unit Geological time units areis a subdivision of the a body of rock strata is a subdivision of rocks abstract, non- materialrock sequence distin- characterized by its can - considered solely as the units used to subdivide theguished and delimited on tent of fossils contempara- record of a specific inter- history of the earth intothe basis of lithological cri - neous with the deposition val of geological time. discrete time intervals.teria and its position in of the strata. Time-stratigraphic units Geological time units arethe sequence. The nome of a zone. sub- are defined by on actual defined by time-stratigroph-A formal rock-stratigraph- zone or zonule consists of section of strata in a type' ic unita in their type area.ic unit consists of a geo. the name(s) of the charac- area. Geographic and othergraphical nome combined teriatic fossil or fossils names used for geologicalwith a descriptive lithologi- combined with the appro- time units are Identicalcal term or with the appro. priate rank term. with those of the corre-priate rank term alone. sponding time-atrotigraph-Capitalization of the first ic units: the Devonian Sys-letters of the composing ( See Time-stratigraphic tern was deposited duringwarda is recommended. Tobie, 25.42.90) the Devonian Period.

Appendix Gen.2

STRATIGRAPHIC TERMINOLOGY

The stratigraphic terminology is largely based on the "Code of Stratigraphic Nomenclature"of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (1970). However, it should be realizedthat, although widely accepted, this code still contains some controversial points.

I")"-CDI")N0>co(!)

1ST-ORDER CYCLES 2ND-ORDER CYCLES (SUPERCYCLES)PERIODS EPOCHS NOTA-

- TRANSGR. REGRESSION - -TRANSGRESSION REGRES.- TIONS0 PLIO-MIST

-

!1:rd 0MIOCENE Tc

TERTIARY OLIGOCENE --- --Ti!EOCENE

------.Ta-

------

L Kb100 1 CRETACEOUS Ka 100E

en L ena: a:i:5 JURASSIC M J i:5>- >-

~200 TRIASSIC TR 200u..0

en enz L P z0 PERMIAN 0=:i E =:i.....

.....

~300 PENNSYLVANIAN M-L w 300 ::E~~LU MISSISSIPPIAN E L LU::E M-L D-M ::Ei= DEVONIAN i=

~400 2 E 400 S:2~0 SILURIAN 0..... E0 .....O-S 0LU L LU

~ORDOVICIAN ~M

500 E l 500CAMBRIAN M

E C-O

PRECAMBRIAN(MODIFIED) AFTER VAIL ET AL.1977

Appendix Gen.3

FIRST AND SECOND ORDER GLOBALTRANSGRESSION / REGRESSIONCYCLES IN THE PHANEROZOIC

v"'CI),..,

N0>II)(!)

GEOLOGIC AGES

en en STANDARDc :r2..g AGESa: n.

~w

OUA TERNARYPLIOCENE

MESSINIANI-5 TORTONIAN

w 0 SERRAVALLIANZw 0(.) i LANGHIAN0i >.,I

vBURDIGALIANcc

~AQUATANIANwZ~W(.) :50CJ~:i0

-~cc

c cfQ.

HAUTERIVIAN

VALANGINIAN

BERRIASIAN

PORTLANDIAN

w KIMMERIDGIAN...

c...I

OXFORDIAN

CAllOVIAN

~0BA THONIAN0(,,) i

enen BAJOCIAN PLIENSBACHIAN....Ct

Depth Temperature Pressure Mud Weight2L JL Ib Ib

~m~ft OF C sqem psi atm MPa ee eu ft gal ft

0 0 32 0 0 0 0 0 1.0 62.4 8.345 .433200 64 8.5

.4501000 50 10 66400 100 10100 9.0600 2000 20 2000 1.1 68800 70

3000 30 200 200 20 72 9.5 .50010001200 4000 100 40 4000 74 10.01.2300 300 30 761400

5000 50 78 10.51600.550

1800 6000 60 400 400 40 806000 1.32000 150 82 11.0

2200 7000 70 500 50 84500 86 Il.!i.6002400 8000 80 8000 1.4 882600 600 60 12.09000 90 600 902800 200 923000 10000 100 700 10000 1.5 12.5.65070 943200 700

11000 110 963400 13.0~800 80 98 "(j)3600 12000 250 120 12000 800 1.6 .e,1003800 13.5 .700 E900 102

Q)4000 13000 130 90 '6900 104 14.0~4200

14000 140 14000 1.7 106(!)

1000 Q)44001000 100 108 .750

~300 150 14.5 t/J4600 15000 en110 Q)4800

16000 160 1100 16000 110 112 15.0 ct1100 1.8 C>5000 114 c:5200 17000 170 .800 '61200 15.5 c:120 116 05400 350 1200 c-118 f/)18000 180 18000 1.9~5600 1300 120 16.0 05800 19000 190 1300 130 122

().8506000 124 16.520000 200 1400 20000 2.06200 400 1400 140 126 17.06400 21000 210 128

6600 1500 130 .90022000 220 22000 1500 150 2.1 17.56800 132

7000 23000 230 1600 134 18.0450 1607200 1600 136.95024000 240 24000 2.27400 1700 138 18.5

7600 170 14025000 250 17007800 1800 142 19.0

26000 500 260 26000 180 2.3 144 1.0080001800 146 19.58200 27000 270 1900

8400 190 14828000 280 28000 1900 2.4 150 20.08600

550 2000 152 1.058800 29000 290 200 20.59000 2000 154

30000 300 2100 30000 "2:5 156 1.0892009400 31000

C = (OF - 32) x 5/9 psi = kg/sq em x 14.22 1 glee = 62.43 Ib/ft39600 of=

(OC x 9/5) + 32 atm=

kg/sq em x .968=

8.345Ib/gal (U.S.)9800 32000 atm : psi x .068 psi/ft = .433 x glee

10000 33000 psi = Mpa x 145.038 = Ib/ft3/144= Ib/ga1/19.271 m

= 3.28 ft

.\!?

~0>CD(.!)

Appendix Gen. 5

CONVERSION TABLE(AFTER SCHLUMBERGER)

u-

UNIFORM

V - VICTOR

W - WHISKY

X - X- RAY

Y-

YANKEE

Z - ZULU

Appendix Gen.6

ALPHABET - RADIO CALLWORDS

A- ALFA

B - BRAVO

C - CHARLIE

D - DELTA

E - ECHO

F - FOXTROT

G- GOLF

H - HOTEL

I - INDIA

J- JULIET

K - KILO

L - LIMA

M - MIKE

N - NOVEMBER0 - OSCAR

P - PAPA

Q - QUEBECR - ROMEO

S - SIERRAT - TANGO

,......IX)I')NenID(!)

1. Preparation For Duties

VI. MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT

VII. STATIONARY

VIII. LIBRARY

Appendix 1.8.4

RECO~~fENDEDEQUIPMENT FOR A PALAEONTOLOGICAL LABORATORY

I. MICROSCOPES & ACCESSORIES

II. LABORATORY MOVABLES & CONSTRUCTIONS

III. SMALL LABORATORY EQUIPMENT

IV. CONSUMABLES

V. CHEMICALS

"-IC10I'\Ja>CD(!)

Appendix 1.8.4page 2

1. MICROSCOPES & ACCESSORIES

Microscopes

"WILD" stereomicroscopeM 5 A - Pol

"WILD" stereomicroscope M 5 A

"WILD" stereomicroscope M 3 (for palaeontological pickingand cutting description)

NIKON SMZ-2 (with or without polarizing attachment)

ZEISS

Microscope lamp(s)

Cold light source ("schott Kaltlichtquelle KL 150 B")

Microphotosystem (for stereomicroscopes; roll film and/or polaroid)

Object micrometer(s)

Picking table(s)

Swing-arm stand(s) (for core examination)

(,.01II)NUI(I)"-is

~"-cDrt)N0>

Finger hole plates :-

with 3 depressions. and

- with 9 depressions

Funnels - glass : diam. 35 mm and diam. 100 mm

Fupnels- plastic : diam. 35 mm and diam. 100 mm

Appendix 1.8.4page 4

SHALL LABORATORY EQUIPHENTIII.

Aprons. acid-proof

Basins enamelled. flat bottom- diam. 12 cm. height 3.5 cm- diam. 24 cm. height 6.5 cm

Basins porcelain. round bottom with spout. small model

Beakers glass. graduated with spout. 250 cc and 600 cc

Bottles Dropping - plastic. with leak-proof dropping closurewith snap cap. approx. 50 cc

- glass. with pipet stopper and rubber nipple.approx. 50 cc

Bottles

- glass. for delivering indicator solutiondrop by drop. approx. 50 cc

Plastic. narrow mouth. screw capped. for storing chemicals:100 cc. 500 cc and 1000 cc

Bottles

Bottles

Reagent. wide mouth with stopper: 250 cc and 1000 cc

Wash. plastic. with nozzle assembly: 250 cc and 1000 cc

Brushes microscope. small (00). medium (03) and large (12)

Brushes for lenses. blower type

Burners - alcohol. with spare wicks

Burners Bunsen

Casseroles. porcelain. fire-proof. approx. 130 cc

Coats - laboratory. white: men's style and women's style

Comparators: grainsize and sorting: plastic (transparent). metaland photographic paper

Cylinders - graduated. with spout: 10 cc. 100 cc (and 1000 cc)

Diamond pointed pencils

EjectorsExamining trays - cutting. five cell model (with emptying stand)

Examining trays - picking. round model with spout

Face shields. full face

Gauzes. with asbestos centre. approx. 15 x 15 cm

Geological hammers

Glass plates. recommended size 40 x 40 x 1 cm

G)0>I(XI......I\)0

Appendix 1. 8.4page 5

- laboratory, "rubber" resistant to a wide range of chemicalsand acids

Goggles - safety, which can be worn over glasses

Gloves

Hand lenses, lOx, single lens- and/or double lens type

Magnet(s), horseshoe type with bar

Measuring tape, roll-type: metric and/or English scale

Molds - cutting embedding, silicone rubber

Mortars & pestles, porcelain-.small model, approx. 150 cc

- larger model, approx. 1500 cc

Needle holders

Needles, for needle holder

Picking needles

Pipets, measuring type, capacity 10 cc

Rock color chart (Geol. Soc. Am.)

Sample splitter

Scale for geologist (0. Dreher)

Sieves - table, set of 3 sieves (20, 35 and 100 mesh), w