of 27
8/10/2019 EPH 7112 Lecture 2 Characteristics & Type Research.ppt
1/27
Research
Methodology
EPH 7112
LECTURE 2: CHARACTERISTICS
AND TYPES OF RESEARCH
8/10/2019 EPH 7112 Lecture 2 Characteristics & Type Research.ppt
2/27
Contents
Characteristics of Scientific Research
Types of Research
Basic Research
Applied Research
Academic Research
Industrial Research
8/10/2019 EPH 7112 Lecture 2 Characteristics & Type Research.ppt
3/27
Scientific Research
How is it different from non-scientific
research?
Focuses on solving problems and pursues astep-by-step logical, organized, and
rigorous method to
identify the problems
collect data analyze and
draw valid conclusions
8/10/2019 EPH 7112 Lecture 2 Characteristics & Type Research.ppt
4/27
Scientific Research
Non-scientific research based on
hunches, experience and intuition
Pilot study, exploratory
8/10/2019 EPH 7112 Lecture 2 Characteristics & Type Research.ppt
5/27
Characteristics of Scientific
Research
Aim
Rigor
Testability Replicability
Precision and Confidence
Objectivity Generalizability
Parsimony
8/10/2019 EPH 7112 Lecture 2 Characteristics & Type Research.ppt
6/27
Characteristics of Scientific
Research
Aim
The purpose of scientific research is
clear eg to increase gain of EDFA
to reduce Optical Beat Interference
to reduce Noise Figure
8/10/2019 EPH 7112 Lecture 2 Characteristics & Type Research.ppt
7/27
Characteristics of Scientific
Research
Rigorous
Based on good theoretical base and soundmethodology
Careful and scrupulous
eg all design parameters concerning thegain in EDFA must be considered; EDFlength and concentration, pump power, input
signal power and wavelength. eg resolution of OSA, stability of current
source for pump laser
8/10/2019 EPH 7112 Lecture 2 Characteristics & Type Research.ppt
8/27
Characteristics of Scientific
Research
Testability
Test theoretical model by simulation orexperiment
Analysis of performance parameter againstdesign parameter eg EDFA theoretical model show low gain
with high input signal power.
Experiment to test this relationship while
other design parameters are fixed can becarried out.
Gain is measured against input signal power
8/10/2019 EPH 7112 Lecture 2 Characteristics & Type Research.ppt
9/27
Characteristics of Scientific
Research
Replicability
The same relationship stands
repeatedly under the same designparameters
8/10/2019 EPH 7112 Lecture 2 Characteristics & Type Research.ppt
10/27
Characteristics of Scientific
Research
Precision and Confidence
Precision refers to closeness of the
findings to reality Confidence refers to the probability
that our estimations are correct
8/10/2019 EPH 7112 Lecture 2 Characteristics & Type Research.ppt
11/27
Characteristics of Scientific
Research
Objectivity
Conclusions drawn from the analysis
of data must be objective Proven from trend in data
Supported by theoretical model
8/10/2019 EPH 7112 Lecture 2 Characteristics & Type Research.ppt
12/27
Characteristics of Scientific
Research
Generalizability
Scope of applicability
The wider, the better
Eg. Rate Equation Model applicable
for lasers and fiber amplifiers
8/10/2019 EPH 7112 Lecture 2 Characteristics & Type Research.ppt
13/27
Characteristics of Scientific
Research
Parsimony
Simplicity in explaining the
phenomena or problemAssumptions are critical
Minimize the dependant variable
8/10/2019 EPH 7112 Lecture 2 Characteristics & Type Research.ppt
14/27
Types of Research
Basic Research
Applied Research
Academic Research
Industrial Research
8/10/2019 EPH 7112 Lecture 2 Characteristics & Type Research.ppt
15/27
Basic Research
Also known as pure or fundamental
research
Objective:Advancement of knowledge
Understanding of theoretical
relationship between variables
8/10/2019 EPH 7112 Lecture 2 Characteristics & Type Research.ppt
16/27
Basic Research
Exploratory in nature
Without any practical end in mind
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Www.wikipedia.org_screenshot.png8/10/2019 EPH 7112 Lecture 2 Characteristics & Type Research.ppt
17/27
Basic Research
Examples of questionsasked in basicresearch: Which aspects of genomes explain
organismal complexity? Is it possible to prove or disprove
Goldbach's conjecture? (i.e. that everyeven integer greater than 2 can bewritten as the sum of two (not
necessarily distinct) primes)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Www.wikipedia.org_screenshot.png8/10/2019 EPH 7112 Lecture 2 Characteristics & Type Research.ppt
18/27
Applied Research
Solve specific, practical questions
Can be exploratory, but descriptive
Involves precise measurement of thecharacteristics and describes
relationships between variables of a
studied phenomenon
8/10/2019 EPH 7112 Lecture 2 Characteristics & Type Research.ppt
19/27
Applied Research
Can be carried out byacademic or industrialinstitutions
Investigation directed todiscovering newscientific knowledge thathas specific commercial
objectives with respectto products, processesor services
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Www.wikipedia.org_screenshot.png8/10/2019 EPH 7112 Lecture 2 Characteristics & Type Research.ppt
20/27
Applied Research
Examples of question asked in applied
research:
How can Canada's wheat crops be
protected from grasshoppers?
What is the most efficient and effective
vaccine against influenza?
How can the Great Lakes be protected
against the effects of greenhouse gas?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Www.wikipedia.org_screenshot.png8/10/2019 EPH 7112 Lecture 2 Characteristics & Type Research.ppt
21/27
Academic research
carried out in universities and
research institutes
expanding the extant levels ofknowledge and technology
does not have any limits as it does not
have any bounds in terms of tangiblegoals or outputs
8/10/2019 EPH 7112 Lecture 2 Characteristics & Type Research.ppt
22/27
Industrial Research
carried out in commercial
organizations
a goal or a set of outputs that apply tothe sector or industry
focuses on application of knowledge
8/10/2019 EPH 7112 Lecture 2 Characteristics & Type Research.ppt
23/27
Defining MSc and PhD
MSc
UG
One is ready to learn
PhD
One is ready to explore
One is ready to create
8/10/2019 EPH 7112 Lecture 2 Characteristics & Type Research.ppt
24/27
MSc, a process of
Identifying a research area of interest
Learning to carry out a research
project Identifying problems
Analyzing/ dissecting problems
Designing/developing solutions
Proving/Substantiating solution
Reporting
8/10/2019 EPH 7112 Lecture 2 Characteristics & Type Research.ppt
25/27
Outcome of MSc program
Understand the issues of concernswithin the area of specialization
Update with the latest development inthe area of specialization
Master some of the tools (analytical,programming, simulation) required
within the scope of study Master some of the test and
measurement skills
8/10/2019 EPH 7112 Lecture 2 Characteristics & Type Research.ppt
26/27
Outcome of MSc program
Be able to analyze results
Be able to report results ; oral and
written Have published papers
Know the primary references for the
area of specialization
8/10/2019 EPH 7112 Lecture 2 Characteristics & Type Research.ppt
27/27
Outcome of MSc program
Know the leading researchers/research
groups in the area of study
Know the relevant industries/companies
Identify his/her research strength and
weaknesses (theoretical, experimental;
materials, processes, components/devices,
system) Conduct research with minimal guidance
Smile..