Epilepsy

By Gabrielle Cramer

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Increasing Amount of Money Spent on Epilepsy

Neuron

Neuronal Communication in the Brain

Synaptic Transmission Animation

• http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/matthews/channel.html

Excitatory Neurotransmitters

•Glutamate is a neurotransmitter responsible for stimulating the “firing” of neurons in the brain

Inhibitory Neurotransmitters: GABA

• GABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

•GABA bonds with chloride in order to “freeze” electrical activity in the brain

Seizures

There are two primary types of seizures:-Partial-Generalized

The Hippocampus

Transient Epilespy Amnesia (TEA)

There are only 50 documented cases of TEA

• During an episode of TEA cognitive skills are not impaired

Photosensitive Epilepsy

Work Cited• Ben-Ari, Y. Excitatory actioghgfhgns of GABA during development: the nature of the nurture. Nat Rev Neurosci 2002; 3:728.• Boston University (2008, October 27). How Epilepsy Develops: New Relationship Between Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor And

Inflammatory Signaling. ScienceDaily. Retrieved May 14, 2009, from http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2008/10/081022142948.htm• Cardiff University (2009, May 19). 'Singing Brain' Offers Epilepsy And Schizophrenia Clues. ScienceDaily. Retrieved May 14, 2009, from

http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2009/05/090519104109.htm• Catterall, WA, Goldin

, AL, Waxman, SG. International Union of Pharmacology. XLVII. Nomenclature and structure-function relationships of voltage-gated ghdsodium channels. Pharmacol Rev 2005; 57:397.

• Chang, BS, Lowenstein, DH. Epilepsy. N Engl J Med 2003; 349:1257.• Conn, PJ. Physiological roles and therapeutic potential of metabotropic glutamate receptors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003; 1003:12.• Cooper, EC, Janhghfd, LY. M-channels: neurological diseases, neuromodulation, and drug development. Arch Neurol 2003; 60:496.• Dingledine, R, Borges, K, Bowie, D, Traynelis, SF. The glutamate receptor ion channels. Pharmacol Rev 1999; 51:7.• Faingold, CL. Emergent properties of CgfNS neuronal networks as targets for pharmacology: application to anticonvulsant drug action.

Prog Neurobiol 2004; 72:55.• Herrero, AI, Del Olmo, N, Gonzalez-Escalada, JR, Solis, JM. Two new actions of topiramate

: inhibition of depolarizing GABA(A)-mediated responses and activation of a potassium conductance. Neuropharmacology 2002; 42:210.• Macdonald, RL, Olsen, RW. GABAA receptor channels. Annu Rev Neurosci 1994; 17:569.• McCormick, DA, Contreras, D. On the cfhgellular and network bases of epileptic seizures. Annu Rev Physiol 2001; 63:815.• New York- Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center/Weill Cornell Medical College (2008, July 21). Understanding How Neurons

Work. Sciencedaily. Retrieved May 14 2009, from http://www.sciencedaily.cohfgm/releases/2008/10/081022142948.htm.• Simeone, TA, Sanchez, RM, Rho, JM. Molecular biology anhfghdgfhgfd ontogeny of glutamate receptors in the mammalian central

nervous system. J Child Neurol 2004; 19:343.• Ure, J, Baudry, M, Perassolo, M. Metabotropic glutamate receptors and epilepsy. J Neurol Sci 2006; 247:1.1• University of British Columbia (2008, December 8). New Target Discovered To Treat Epileptic Seizures Following Brain Trauma Or

Stroke. ScienceDaily. Retrieved May 14, 2009, from http://www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2008/12/081205094622.htm• Rakhade, SN, Loeb, JA. Focal reduction of neuronal gluhghdghgdtamate transporters in human neocortical epilepsy. Epilepsia 2008;

49:226.Neurons Communicate May Help Treat Brain Disorders.