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Eric T. Stafne, Ph.D.Assistant Extension Professor and Fruit SpecialistMississippi State University
Raspberries are not heat tolerant
Blackberries are easy to grow but need management
Insect pests are biggest problems
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• Primocane – cane that emerges in spring and usually does not flower or fruit
• Floricane – cane that overwinters and produces flowers and fruit in 2nd year
• Torus – middle part of berry. Blackberries have included torus. Raspberry fruit, torus removed when harvested.
• Erect – straight up, degree depends on variety• Trailing – running along the ground
• Erect• Trailing• Thorny• Thornless• Floricane Fruiting (aka Summer Fruiting)
• Primocane Fruiting (aka Fall Fruiting)
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• Primocanes
First year growth
May bear fruit on certain types
• Floricanes
Second year growth
Fruit bearing canes
• Well‐drained, loamy soil best• pH of 6.0 – 6.5 is optimal, but will tolerate up to 7.5• Do a soil test before planting• Slight slope• Aspect facing E, SE, or NE best• Must have access to good irrigation water• Clear of invasive weeds• Pesticides applied previously?
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Feb or Mar ( if plants dormant: root cuttings or bare root )
Spread roots and cover
Only 1 cultivar needed
2 - 3 inches of soil above the roots
2 - 3 x 8 - 10 feet spacing
Apply 4 - 6 inches mulch
Apply fertilizer according to soil test
Split application at bloom and after harvest
Fertilize annually and retest in 3 years
• Rooted cuttings in pot
• Plant after frost‐free date in spring
• Raised beds may be necessary if soil is heavy
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Application rates should be based on initial soil test
Apply split application at bloom and after harvest
Use N‐P‐K in initial year (~20 lbs/acre)
Use Ammonium nitrate (or similar) after first year with split application: 30 lbs/acre at bloom, 10‐20 lbs/acre after harvest
Add P and K only if soil tests indicate need
Broadcast or banded
General recommendation for manures:
5 to 15 pounds per 10 feet or row applied in fall.
▪ Can be clumpy and hard to apply.
Cottonseed meal: Easier to apply, more predictable content: 7.5 lbs per 10 feet of row in mid to late winter. (6‐3‐1.5)
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Trellis (training system) will be necessary for trailing varieties
Trellis may be necessary for all varieties
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Mulching with hardwood mulch will conserve moisture
Irrigation is necessary, especially during flowering and fruiting
Irrigation up to 8‐16 gallons per plant, 3X per week during hot, dry conditions – you may not need to irrigate at all some years
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No pruning on first year canes Summer tipping done on new canes at 3.5 ft to encourage lateral growth
Major pruning and thinning done in winter Remove all dead and diseased canes Prune laterals to 15 inches long Leave 3‐5 canes per linear foot of row
Green June Beetle Spotted Wing Drosophila Rednecked Cane Borer Raspberry Crown Borer Stink bugs More…
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Anthracnose Botrytis Phytophthora root rot Crown gall Orange rust Double Blossom (Rosette)
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Weeds must be eliminated prior to planting
Use of preemergence herbicide will be highly beneficial
Glyphosate (RoundUp, etc.) can cause serious injury – use sparingly
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A long‐term/perennial crop
Need grass between rows for erosion control and foot traffic.
Blackberry roots are very shallow.
Blackberries send up suckers that are susceptible to some herbicides.
Grass?
Annual or Perennial?
Sedge?
Nutsedge not controlled by grass herbicides
Broadleaved?
Annual, perennial or biennial?
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Annual….grasses vs. broadleaves
Live and die within 1 year
Perennial…grasses, broadleaves vs. sedges
Live more than 1 year
Biennial….broad leafed weeds
Need two years to complete cycle
Prevention before planting
Herbicides, or Tillage, or cover crops.
Mulches Soaps or vinegars Synthetic herbicides Other? (cultivation, flaming, etc.)
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Organic
Straw/Hay
Wood Chips
Sawdust
Synthetic
Plastic
Woven Polyester
Burns weeds down to surface.
Needs multiple applications for perennials.
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Classified in several ways Selective versus Non‐selective
Soil applied versus Foliar applied
Systemic versus Contact It is important to be sure the product you use is correct
for your situation Where can I find this information? Product labels
Grower guides
Premergence
Applied before weed seeds germinate ( Spring/Fall)
Apply to weed‐free planting or when weeds are removed
Postemergence
Apply when weeds in active growth
Most effective when weeds are small
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Harvest in late spring/early summer of second year Full production by 5th year Harvest in morning and place fruit in shade/cool area
Fruit must be fully ripe Harvest daily or every other day
Refrigerate immediately after harvest to 34‐36 °F
95% Relative humidity
Can last several days (variety dependent)
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• Cherokee and Comanche – 1974
• Cheyenne – 1977
• Shawnee – 1983
• Choctaw – 1989
• Kiowa – 1996
• Chickasaw – 1999
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• Thorny, erect• 1974• Berry size: 5g• Yield: 7‐9,000 lb/ac• Ripens: June 14• SS%: 9.7• Not patented
• Thorny, erect• 1974• Berry size: 6g• Yield: 6‐8,000 lb/ac• Ripens: June 5• SS%: 9.8• Not patented
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• Thorny, erect• 1977• Berry size: 6g• Yield: 6‐9,000 lb/ac• Ripens: June 10• SS%: 9.7• Not patented
• Thorny, erect• 1983• Berry size: 8g• Yield: 8‐12,000 lb/ac• Ripens: June 8• SS%: 9.3• Patent expired in 2003
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• Thorny, erect• 1989• Berry size: 5 g• Yield: 6‐14,000 lb/ac• Ripens: 30 May• SS%: 8.7• Patent expired in 2009
• Thorny, semi‐erect• 1996 • Berry size: 12 g • Yield: 7‐11,500 lb/ac • Ripens 12 June • SS%: 10• Patented
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• Thorny, erect• 1999• Berry size: 10 g • Yield: 10‐11,500 lb/ac• Ripens: June 11• SS%: 10• Patented
• Navaho -- 1989
• Arapaho -- 1993
• Apache -- 1999
• Ouachita -- 2003
• Natchez – 2007
• Osage -- 2012
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• Thornless, erect • 1989• Berry size: 5 g• Yield: 8‐10,000 lb/ac• Ripens: June 15• SS%: 12• Patented
• Thornless, erect• 1993 • Berry size: 5 g • Ripens: June 4• Yield: 4‐6,000 lb/ac• SS%: 10• Patented
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• Thornless, erect• 1999• Berry size: 8 ‐ 10 g• Yield: 7 ‐ 10,000 lb/ac• Ripens: June 25• SS%: 11• Patented
• Thornless, very erect
• 2003
• Berry size 6-7 g
• Yield: High, 14,500 lb/ac
• Ripens: June 12
• SS%: 11
• Patented
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• Thornless, erect• 2007• Berry size: 8‐9 g• Yield:10‐12,000 lb/ac• Ripens: June 3• SS%: 9.5• Patented
Thornless, erect 2012 release Berry size medium, 4‐6 g Yield comparable to Ouachita and Natchez
Ripens: mid‐early between Natchez and Ouachita
SS%: 11.2 Excellent flavor
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• Primocane‐Fruiting Blackberries
• All brambles have two types of canes:
Primocanes or 1st-year canes
Floricanes or 2nd-year fruiting canes
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• All existing commercial blackberries are floricane‐fruiting:
Canes must be overwintered
Fruit in June-August depending on location and cultivar
• Primocane‐fruiters fruit on current‐season canes
Cane overwintering not required
Fruit later in season until frost
Mowing a method of pruning
May also be referred to as “fall‐fruiting”; “everbearing”; etc.
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Thorny, erect 2004 Berry size: 5 g Yield: 10,000 lb/ac (F) SS%: 9.6 Ripens: June 8 (F) Patented and Trademarked
Thorny, erect 2004 Berry size: 5 g Yield: 10,000 lb/ac (F) SS%: 8.0 Ripens: June 3 (F) Patented and Trademarked
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Primocane, thorny, erect 2009 Berry size: medium to large, 6g+ for floricanes, 4‐5 g for primocanes
SS: 10% Yield comparable to Prime‐Jim Season: Floricane, mid‐early; Primocane August on
Not recommended for commercial production, rather for home garden use and limited commercial trial Fruit quality in postharvest storage not suitable for
shipping Poor performance for primocane crop in high heat
--Heat in late July to early Sept. greatly reduces fruit set, quality, and yield
--Appears that temps of ~85 oF for several consecutive days cause these problems, and even later-season cool temperatures do not bring the fruiting potential back strongly
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Von
Erect, Thornless
Triple Crown
Semi-erect, Thornless
Tupi (or Tupy)
Trailing, Thorny
Raspberries may need partial shade for best growth in Mississippi because of heat in summer
Natural or artificial shade during afternoon may reduce heat damage on fall (primocane)‐fruiting varieties
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Red, erect, summer fruiting: Nova, Reveille, Titan
Red, trailing, summer fruiting: Dormanred
Red, erect, fall fruiting: Autumn Bliss, Caroline, Heritage, Nantahala
Black, erect, summer fruiting: Allen, Blackhawk, Bristol, Jewel, Mac Black, Munger
Purple, erect, summer fruiting: Brandywine, Royalty
Yellow, erect, fall fruting: Anne, Fall Gold, Kiwi Gold
Mississippi Fruit and Nut Blog (http://msfruitextension.wordpress.com/)
Mississippi Vaccinium Journal (http://msucares.com/newsletters/vaccinium/index.html)
My email: [email protected] (best option) My phone number: 601‐403‐8939
