Essential Oil

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UNIVERSITY OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCES, BAGALKOT

COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE, MUDIGERE - 577132

SEMINAR

ArifUHS10PGM118Sr. M.Sc.(Hort.) Dept. of Plantation Spices Medicinal & Aromatic Crops

IMPORTANCE OF CURATIVE PROPERTIES OF ESSENTIAL OILS

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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

CHEMISTRY OF ESSENTIAL OIL

MODE OF ACTIONMODE OF ACTION

TOPIC DIVISIONTOPIC DIVISION

CURATIVE PROPERTIES

AntibacterialAntibacterial AntifungalAntifungal AntiviralAntiviral OthersOthers

UNDESIRED EFFECTS OF ESSENTIAL OILUNDESIRED EFFECTS OF ESSENTIAL OIL

CONCLUSION CONCLUSION

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Essential OilEssential Oil

Essential oils or ethereal oils are volatile organic compounds extracted from the plants.

In soluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.

Obtained either by hydro distillation or solvent extraction

Essential oils or ethereal oils are volatile organic compounds extracted from the plants.

In soluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.

Obtained either by hydro distillation or solvent extraction

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Essential oils are used worldwide for stress, tension, depression, migraine, insomnia, constipation, blood pressure and many other ailments.

It stimulates and increases the oxygen content of the cells thus increases the fundamental balance of the immune system and rejuvinates it.

Essential oils are used worldwide for stress, tension, depression, migraine, insomnia, constipation, blood pressure and many other ailments.

It stimulates and increases the oxygen content of the cells thus increases the fundamental balance of the immune system and rejuvinates it.

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Ayurvedic techniques of healing by making use of value added products and modern treatment equipments.

The latest available techniques and skin care material help to prepare the skin for best effect of essential oils.

So use of essential oils today help in healing from within and without, working in two distinct ways,

a) absorption of essential oils by skin.

b) aromas working on hypothalamus.

Ayurvedic techniques of healing by making use of value added products and modern treatment equipments.

The latest available techniques and skin care material help to prepare the skin for best effect of essential oils.

So use of essential oils today help in healing from within and without, working in two distinct ways,

a) absorption of essential oils by skin.

b) aromas working on hypothalamus.

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Chemistry of Essential OilsChemistry of Essential Oils

Physical properties.

optical activity

isomerism Chemical properties.

atomic weight

atomic mass Volume per gram. Ideal storage temperature. Volatability of the oil.

Physical properties.

optical activity

isomerism Chemical properties.

atomic weight

atomic mass Volume per gram. Ideal storage temperature. Volatability of the oil.

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Table: 1 Chemistry of Essential Oils. Shirley and Len (2000)

SI. No

Biochemical family

Medicinal property Example

1. Terpenes Analgesic, Expectorant, Stimulating, Anti-inflammatory and spasmolytic

Linalool, Geraniol

2. Alcohols Anti-infective, Bactericidal, Antiviral, and Stimulating

Patchoulinol

3. Phenols Bactericidal, Stimulate nervous and immune system and antidepressant

Carvacrol, Methyl chavicol

4. Aldehydes Antiviral, Anti-inflammatory, calming, vasodilators and antipyretic

Citral, cinamic aldehyde

5. Ketones Sedative, Analgesic, digestant, Anti-inflammatory, expectorant

Laevocarvone

6. Easters Antifungal, antispasmodic, relaxant tonic Linalyl acetate

7. Oxides Expectorant, mucolytic, blood circulation activators

1, 8-cineole

8. Lactones Mucolytic and expectorant Jasmone04/07/23 8

Mode of Action of Essential Oil Mode of Action of Essential Oil

Essential oils follow three main pathways to gain entry to the body.

Absorption through skin Through oral intake Olfaction through nasal passage.

Essential oils follow three main pathways to gain entry to the body.

Absorption through skin Through oral intake Olfaction through nasal passage.

Shirley and Len (2000)

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PLANT VOLATILE OIL

SKIN Massage oils, lotions, perfumes, skincare products

ORAL INTAKECapsules, drops, foods and gargles

NOSEVaporized oils sprays and inhalations

Digestive tract

Circulation

All organs, Joints, SystemsStomach Kidney Lung

Intestine Intestine

EXIT

Mucus membrane

Electrochemical signals

Limbic system

Cortex

Hypothalamus

Endocrine System

Nervous System

Mode of action of Essential oils

Shirley and Len (2000)04/07/23 10

Role of Essential Oils in Balancing Immune System

Role of Essential Oils in Balancing Immune System

Immune system of an organism will depend on balance between emotional and mental spheres.

Assimilation and elimination are interlinked to immunity which depend on two factors,

A. Adaptation power of the organism to environment in which it is living.

B. Strength to reject the external toxic to the environment.

Immune system of an organism will depend on balance between emotional and mental spheres.

Assimilation and elimination are interlinked to immunity which depend on two factors,

A. Adaptation power of the organism to environment in which it is living.

B. Strength to reject the external toxic to the environment.

Xavier and Gobe (2000)

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The unique future of the essential oilsThe unique future of the essential oils

Pass easily through our skin and the cell membranes. Diffuse through the entire body within half an hour. Go directly to the brain through olfactory bulb. Affect our feelings and thoughts because smell is our

most emotional sense. Perform multiple functions because of their structural

complexity.

Pass easily through our skin and the cell membranes. Diffuse through the entire body within half an hour. Go directly to the brain through olfactory bulb. Affect our feelings and thoughts because smell is our

most emotional sense. Perform multiple functions because of their structural

complexity.

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Table: 2 Therapeutic properties of Essential Oils. Shirely and Len (2000) SI. No. Property Essential oil bearing plants1. Antibacterial Pepper mint, Lavender, Basil, Rosemary2. Antifungal Eucalyptus, Thyme, Chamomile, Geranium3. Antiviral Eucalyptus, Pepper mint, Basil, Cinnamon4. Analgesic Citrus spp, Chamomile, Ginger, Coriander5. Anti-

inflammatoryLavender, Chamomile, Coriander, Geranium

6. Antidepressant Lavender, Citrus spp, Geranium7. Cardio tonic Lavender, Basil, Rosemary, Fennel8. Deodorant Patchouli, Lemongrass, Salvia9. Digestant Thyme, Coriander, Basil, Rosemary10. Diuretic Rosemary, Thyme, vetiver11. Hormone like Fennel, Geranium, Sage, Rosemary12. Hyper tensor Lavender, Pepper mint, Basil13. Hypo tensor Rosemary, Lavender, Marjoram14. Immunity Nutmeg, Patchouli, Thyme15. Rheumatism Coriander, Geranium, Lemongrass16. Sedative Lavender, Passiflora, Citrus spp,

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ANTIBACTERIALANTIBACTERIAL

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A – Cornybacterium tuberculae B – Staphylococcus aurius C – Streptococcus haemolyticus D – Pseudomonas aeruginosa E – Escherichia coli F – Klebsiella species --- No Activity

A – Cornybacterium tuberculae B – Staphylococcus aurius C – Streptococcus haemolyticus D – Pseudomonas aeruginosa E – Escherichia coli F – Klebsiella species --- No Activity

Table: 3 Antibacterial activities of volatile oils of some Aromatic Plants

Singh et.al. (2005)

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Table: 3 Antibacterial activities of volatile oils of some Aromatic Plants SI. No.

Substrate Dilution oil: DMSO

Amount of substrate/disc mg

Zone of inhibition (mm)A B C D E F

1. Alpinia carinata

Pure oil1:501:100

4.450.450.22

1816-

1813-

211410

181208

281609

181311

2. Gingiber officinale

Pure oil1:501:100

4.540.450.22

12--

1412-

181612

201715

292408

1408-

3. Lippia alba Pure oil1:501:1oo

4.550.450.22

121910

1218-

322118

181411

301711

191410

4. Lantana camara

Pure oil1:501:100

4.550.450.22

---

167-

1711-

1510-

---

171108

5. Hyptis suaveoleans

Pure oil 1:501:100

4.840.480.24

211610

231712

302416

221612

1913-

171311

6. Gentamycine - 10 - - - - 25 207. Pencillin-G - 06 24 18 28 - - -8. Norfloxacin - 10 - 20 17 - 24 23

Singh et.al. (2005)04/07/23 16

Table: 4 Antibacterial activity of the leaf oil from Curcuma longa Chowdhury et.al. (2005)

Sl.No Organism Inhibition Zone (mm)

Oil Concentration (µl/disc)

2 5 10 15 20 Amphicillin 20µg/disc

1 Bascillus subtillus 14 15 16 18 21 25

2 Bascillus cereus 13 15 17 18 23 22

3 Bascillus megaterium 13 15 16 18 23 22

4 E-coli 12 14 15 27 32 13

5 Vibrio cholerae 15 19 22 25 31 16

6 Pseudomonas aeroginosa

16 18 22 25 30 -

7 Shigella dysenteriae 22 24 28 31 32 30

8 Shigella sonnei 12 14 16 29 31 30

9 Staphylococcus aurius

12 15 20 20 25 20

10 Salmonella typhi 25 28 29 32 33 3004/07/23 17

Table: 5 Antibacterial activities of essential oils of palmarosa, anise and vetiver and their dilutions. (Zone of inhibition in mm). Gangrade et.al. (1990)

Sl.No. Oil: DMSO

Palmarosa oil

Aniseed oil

Vetiver oil

Standards 100 units/100 ml

Penicillin Streptomycin


1:0 (pure oil)1:101:1001:10001:10000

16

111080

13

131088

20

1615129

28 30

2 Streptococcus pyogens

1:0 (pure oil)1:101:1001:10001:10000

13

12987

14

121070

13

12977

25 25

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Sl.No Oil: DMSO Palmarosa oil

Aniseed oil Vetiver oil

Standards 100 units/100 ml

Penicillin Streptomycin

3 Escherichia coli

1:0 (pure oil)1:101:1001:10001:10000

77000

99870

87000

19 20

4 Cornybacterium ovis

1:0 (pure oil)1:101:1001:10001:10000

14121288

1412121010

108870

30 30

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ES: Early season MS: Middle season LS: Late season Concentration of oil constituents: 10mg each

ES: Early season MS: Middle season LS: Late season Concentration of oil constituents: 10mg each

Table: 6 Inhibitory properties of Summer savoury essential oil and its constituents (inhibition zone diameter in mm).

Deans et al., (1998)

Table: 6 Inhibitory properties of Summer savoury essential oil and its constituents (inhibition zone diameter in mm).

Deans et al., (1998)

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Table: 6 Inhibitory properties of Summer savoury essential oil and its constituents (inhibition zone diameter in mm). Deans et al., (1998)

Oil constituents

Escherichia coli

Pseudomonas aeroginosa

Salmonella pullorum

Staphylococcus aurius

Yersinia enterocolitica

Carvacrol 24.0 27.0 26.5 24.5 25.0

1,8-cineole 14.0 10.0 13.5 17.0 15.0

p-cymene 9.5 10.5 9.0 12.0 13.0

Eugenol 18.0 15.5 21.0 22.5 21.0

b-humulene 10.5 13.0 14.5 9.5 14.0

Linalool 10.5 7.5 9.5 12.0 9.0

β-pinene 13.0 11.5 12.0 7.5 9.5

Alfa-terpineol 14.5 13.5 9.0 14.5 10.0

Thymol 21.5 25.0 23.0 21.5 22.0

ES (pure oil) 8.5 10.5 11.0 7.0 6.5

MS (pure oil) 13.5 13.5 14.0 11.5 12.0

LS (pure oil) 8.5 12.0 11.5 9.5 8.0

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Table: 7 Microbicidal potential of essential oils of Ocimmum adscendens.Table: 7 Microbicidal potential of essential oils of Ocimmum adscendens.

John etal., (1999)

Essential oil and standard

Dilution (Acetone)

Zone of inhibition in mm

Bacillus subtilis

B. megaterium

E. coli

Staphylococcus aureus

Proteus vulgaris

Xanthomonas campestris

Aspergillus niger

Rhizopus oryzae

Colletotrichum musae

Ocimmum adscedens

1:01:11:2

221716

221816

161616

221916

201716

262018

252016

251716

533820

Gentamycin Sulphate 40 mg/ml

- 48 45 29 35 28 53 - - -

systain - - - - - - - 38 31 30

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Table: 8 Antibacterial activities of Allspice and Clove oil.

SI NO Organism Tested Number of strains

Zone Diameter (mm)A B C D

1 Pesudomonas species 16 27 21 17 20

2 Coagulase (+)ve Staphylococcus

16 19 21 20 14

3 Coagulase (-)ve Staphylococcus

16 29 26 23 18

4 Eschirichia coli 23 15 13 15 16

5 Curobactor diversus 2 17 15 14 12

6 Curobactor peundil 1 25 21 18 16

7 Proteus mirasilis 2 23 27 21 24

8 klebsiella 21 21 23 16 19

9 Enterobacter 1 12 14 17 16

A: Allspice oil (5ml) B: Clove oil (5ml)

C: Penicillin (1.5 U) D: Gentamicin (10mg)

Rao et.al., (2001)04/07/23 23

A: Cymbopogon citrates B: Cymbopogon flexuosus (Citral chemo type) C: Cymbopogon nardus D: Cymbopogon flexuosus (Geraniol chemo type) E: Meteronidazole Solution (1000 ppm) R: Resistant

A: Cymbopogon citrates B: Cymbopogon flexuosus (Citral chemo type) C: Cymbopogon nardus D: Cymbopogon flexuosus (Geraniol chemo type) E: Meteronidazole Solution (1000 ppm) R: Resistant

Chandrashekar and Joshi (2004)Chandrashekar and Joshi (2004)

Table: 9 Antibacterial efficacy of essential oil of Cymbopogon species against bacteria causing inflammation of gums.

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Table: 9 Antibacterial efficacy of essential oil of Cymbopogon species against bacteria causing inflammation of gums.

SI No

Organism Strains tested

Inhibition zone (mm)A B C D E

1 Prophyromonas gingivalis

abc

262526

242222

242023

282528

302428

2 Prevotella intermedia

abc

222130

211925

201824

222127

222527

3 Beta-ɸ-litomicron

abc

RRR

151514

RRR

171315

202225

4 Bacteroides fragilis

abc

RRR

162020

111010

211818

253030

Chandrashekar and Joshi (2004)04/07/23 25

Table: 10 Antibacterial activity of essential oil of Eletteria cardamomum.

SI No

Microorganism Zone of inhibition (mm)Pure oil (5ml)

1:50 1:100 1:1000 Streptopencillin(1000ppm)

Gram positive

1 Bacillus subtillis 20 18 15 10 20

2 Corynbacyterium diphtheriae

17 16 14 9.5 18


19 16 11 - 22

Gram negative4 Escherichia coli 18 16 13 8 19

5 Salmonella typhi 16 14 11 - 19

6 Shigella spp. 17.5 14 10 9 17- : No Activity Garg and Jain(2001)04/07/23 26

ANTIFUNGAL

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Table: 11 Efficacy of the ointment of Cinnamomum tamal oil against lesions caused by Microsporum audouinii and Tricophyton mentagrophytes.

Table: 11 Efficacy of the ointment of Cinnamomum tamal oil against lesions caused by Microsporum audouinii and Tricophyton mentagrophytes.

Treatment days

Percent culture recoveryControl M.

audouiniiT. mentagrophytes

3 100 100 100

5 100 100 100

7 100 100 1009 100 100 100

11 100 100 80

13 100 100 72

15 100 90 65.2

17 100 70 60.3

19 100 50 50

21 100 0 0

Prathibha et.al., (1999)04/07/23 28

Table: 12 Comparison of activity of Geranium oil and its major chemical constituents and common antifungal agents. ( at minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) levels).

Table: 12 Comparison of activity of Geranium oil and its major chemical constituents and common antifungal agents. ( at minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) levels).

SI No Compounds Potency disc (µl/ml)

Zone of inhibition (mm)

Candida albicans Cryptococcus neoformans

Oil and constituents SDA SDSA SDA SDSA

1 Geranium oil (pure)

7.8 22 20 22 22

2 Citronellol 3.9 22 24 24 24

3 Linalool 3.9 22 24 12 12

4 Geraniol 7.8 28 28 31 37

5 Isomenthone 7.8 20 22 17 17

6 Mixture of all constituents

1.9 >30 >30 >32 >32

Rath et.al., (2005)04/07/23 29

SI No Compounds Potency disc (µl/ml) Zone of inhibition (mm)

Candida albicans Cryptococcus neoformans

Antifungal agent SDA SDSA SDA SDSA

7 Itraconazole 30 mg 14 14 19 19

8 Griseofnlvin 35mg - - - -

9 Amphotericin-B 100 U - - - -

10 Nystatin 100 U 18 18 - -

11 Fluconazole 10mg 22 22 - -

- : No zone of inhibition SAD: Sabourand Dextrose agar SDAS: Sabourand Dextrose agar containing Sucrose

Rath et.al., (2005)

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Table: 13 Antifungal studies of some essential oils of Eucalyptus species against superficial ringworm infections.

Fungi Minimum cidal concentration (µl/ml)E. amygdalina

E. citriodora

E. datrympleana

E. laveopinea

Epidermophyton floccosum

0.8 0.7 0.4 0.3

Microsporum gypseum

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.3

Microsporum nanum

0.8 0.6 0.5 0.3

Tricophyton mentagrophyteies

0.7 0.2 0.4 0.3

Tricophyton rubrum

0.6 0.4 0.4 0.3

Tricophyton violaceum

0.7 0.6 0.4 0.3Sushil et.al., (1999)04/07/23 31

Table: 14 Antifungal activity of the leaf oil from curcuma longa.Table: 14 Antifungal activity of the leaf oil from curcuma longa.

Organism Inhibition of mycelial growth (in %)Oil concentration (ppm)

100 250 500 750 1000 Nystatin (ppm) 100

Macrophomina phaseolina

50.72 52.42 56.06 62.42 66.79 70.78

Botrydiplodia theobromae 36.36 43.00 50.27 52.45 57.04 82.35

Alternaria alternata 16.41 17.56 19.47 20.39 22.53 55.55

Curvularia lunata 27.63 28.94 33.56 35.50 40.13 72.41

Colletotrichum corchori 28.72 31.91 32.06 33.13 35.05 42.00

Fusarium equiseti 21.71 26.82 28.24 30.21 33.04 45.79

Chowdhury et al. (2005)Chowdhury et al. (2005)04/07/23 32

ANTIVIRAL

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Table: 1 Effect of limonin and nomilin on Invitro infected HIV replication in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC).

Table: 1 Effect of limonin and nomilin on Invitro infected HIV replication in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC).

Lucia et al. (2003)Triterpenoids (µM)

inhi

bitio

n of

HIV

rep

licati

on%

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Table: 16 Effect of limonin and nomilin on HIV replication in Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from naturally infected patients.

inhi

bitio

n of

HIV

rep

licati

on%

Triterpenoids (µM)04/07/23 35

Table: 17 Effects on anxiety using topical application of two Lavender oils in post operative cardiac patients.Table: 17 Effects on anxiety using topical application of two Lavender oils in post operative cardiac patients.

DAY 1 Lavender A Lavender B Total No Patients

Improvement 9 5 14No Improvement 3 7 10

Total No 12 12 24

Lavender A: Lavender burnatii Lavender B: Lavender angustifolia

Buckle (1993)

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Undesired Effects of Essential oilUndesired Effects of Essential oil

1. Skin irritability ex: cinnamon leaf oil, clove oil, Thyme oil.

2. Mucus membraneex: Spearmint oil and Tegetus species.

3. Photo toxicity / Photosensitivityex: Orange mint oil, Ruta graviolens oil and cumin oil.

4. Contact sensitizationex: Turpentine responsible for skin allergy to workers in paint industry.

1. Skin irritability ex: cinnamon leaf oil, clove oil, Thyme oil.

2. Mucus membraneex: Spearmint oil and Tegetus species.

3. Photo toxicity / Photosensitivityex: Orange mint oil, Ruta graviolens oil and cumin oil.

4. Contact sensitizationex: Turpentine responsible for skin allergy to workers in paint industry.

Shirley and Len (2000)04/07/23 37

5. Nephrotoxicity

ex: excess use of sandal wood oil it may cause kidney damage.

6. Respiratory sensitivity

ex: cinnamon and clove oil.

5. Nephrotoxicity

ex: excess use of sandal wood oil it may cause kidney damage.

6. Respiratory sensitivity

ex: cinnamon and clove oil.

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It should be used knowledgably & with due caution so that the dangers which cause problems should be avoided.

It should have physiological, psychological, pharmacological effects when applied to the body.

Freely available, so there is no restriction on their sale and use.

These are not harmful but deleterious effects may be observed only in case of overdose or sensitivity of the user.

It should be used knowledgably & with due caution so that the dangers which cause problems should be avoided.

It should have physiological, psychological, pharmacological effects when applied to the body.

Freely available, so there is no restriction on their sale and use.

These are not harmful but deleterious effects may be observed only in case of overdose or sensitivity of the user.

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Conclusion Conclusion

Today's increasing population and raising level of environment pollutants and stressed life style lead to deviation in health balance.

Use of synthetic and modern drugs proved unsafe, cause several side effects and fatal to human kind.

Use of essential oils is safe and relief to many important health problems (stress, tension, depression, constipation, insomnia etc) of human kind.

Today's increasing population and raising level of environment pollutants and stressed life style lead to deviation in health balance.

Use of synthetic and modern drugs proved unsafe, cause several side effects and fatal to human kind.

Use of essential oils is safe and relief to many important health problems (stress, tension, depression, constipation, insomnia etc) of human kind.

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THANK YOU

04/07/23 41

References References BUCKLE, J., 1993, Aromatherapy – A Clinical Trial.

ActaHorticulture, 332: 253-264. CARLOS, C., NILBERTO, R.F., CARLOS, L.M., FABIO, B.S. AND

MANASSES, C.F., 2003, Antispasmodic effects of the essential oil of Plectranthus barbatus and some major constituents on the guinea pigeon pea ileum. Planta medica. 69: 1080-1085.

CHANDRASHEKAR, K.S. AND JOSHI, A.B., 2004 Antimicrobial efficacy of essential oil of Cymbopogon species. Indian perfumer, 48(3): 327-329.

CHOWDHURY, J,U., YUSUF, M., JARIPA, B., AFROZ, J,T,. HOSSAIN, M.E. AND HOSSAIN, M.A., 2005, Aromatic plants of Bangaldesh: composition and antibacterial activities of leaf oil from Curcuma longa. Indian Perfumer, 49(1): 61-65.

DEANS, S.G. AND KATERINA, P.S., 1989, Antibacterial activity of summer savory () essential oil and its constituents, Journal of Horticulture Sciences, 64(2): 205-210.

BUCKLE, J., 1993, Aromatherapy – A Clinical Trial. ActaHorticulture, 332: 253-264.

CARLOS, C., NILBERTO, R.F., CARLOS, L.M., FABIO, B.S. AND MANASSES, C.F., 2003, Antispasmodic effects of the essential oil of Plectranthus barbatus and some major constituents on the guinea pigeon pea ileum. Planta medica. 69: 1080-1085.

CHANDRASHEKAR, K.S. AND JOSHI, A.B., 2004 Antimicrobial efficacy of essential oil of Cymbopogon species. Indian perfumer, 48(3): 327-329.

CHOWDHURY, J,U., YUSUF, M., JARIPA, B., AFROZ, J,T,. HOSSAIN, M.E. AND HOSSAIN, M.A., 2005, Aromatic plants of Bangaldesh: composition and antibacterial activities of leaf oil from Curcuma longa. Indian Perfumer, 49(1): 61-65.

DEANS, S.G. AND KATERINA, P.S., 1989, Antibacterial activity of summer savory () essential oil and its constituents, Journal of Horticulture Sciences, 64(2): 205-210.

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GANGRADE, S,K. AND SHRIVASTVA, R.D., SHRAMA, O,P., MOGHE, M.N. AND TRIVEDI, K.C., 1990, Evaluation of some essential oil for antibacterial properties , Indian Perfumer, 34(3): 204-208.

GARG, S. C. AND JAIN, R. K., 2001, Antimicrobial efficacy of essential oil of Eletteria cardamomum. Indian perfumer, 34(3): 204-208.

JIMOTH, T. S., ISIAKA, A. O., NURENI, O. O., TAMEKA, M. W., JENNIFER, M. S., WILLAM, N. S., ORUIEMI, N. O. AND SHERIFAT, A. A. 2005, Invitrocyticity of essential oils of Eucalyptus toreeliana F. V. Muell (leaves and fruits). Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 8(2): 110-119.

JOHN, E. T., MINIJA, J., TAJO. AND DENNA., 1999, Microbial potential of essential oil of Ocimum adscendens. Journal of Medicinal Aromatic Plant Sciences, 22(2): 256-267.

LUCIA, B., FABIO, M., MIRIAM, L., GABRIELA, M., ANTONINA, S., CALUDIO, M. M.AND VINCENZO, V., 2003, Effect of limonin and nomilin on HIV-1 replication on infected human monoculture cells. Planta Medica, 69: 910-913.

MIKUS, J., MICHAEL, H., DIETMAR, S. AND JURGEN, R., 2000, Invitro effect of essential oils and isolated mono and susquiterpenes on Leishmania major and Tripanosoma brucei. Planta Medica, 66: 366-368.

GANGRADE, S,K. AND SHRIVASTVA, R.D., SHRAMA, O,P., MOGHE, M.N. AND TRIVEDI, K.C., 1990, Evaluation of some essential oil for antibacterial properties , Indian Perfumer, 34(3): 204-208.

GARG, S. C. AND JAIN, R. K., 2001, Antimicrobial efficacy of essential oil of Eletteria cardamomum. Indian perfumer, 34(3): 204-208.

JIMOTH, T. S., ISIAKA, A. O., NURENI, O. O., TAMEKA, M. W., JENNIFER, M. S., WILLAM, N. S., ORUIEMI, N. O. AND SHERIFAT, A. A. 2005, Invitrocyticity of essential oils of Eucalyptus toreeliana F. V. Muell (leaves and fruits). Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 8(2): 110-119.

JOHN, E. T., MINIJA, J., TAJO. AND DENNA., 1999, Microbial potential of essential oil of Ocimum adscendens. Journal of Medicinal Aromatic Plant Sciences, 22(2): 256-267.

LUCIA, B., FABIO, M., MIRIAM, L., GABRIELA, M., ANTONINA, S., CALUDIO, M. M.AND VINCENZO, V., 2003, Effect of limonin and nomilin on HIV-1 replication on infected human monoculture cells. Planta Medica, 69: 910-913.

MIKUS, J., MICHAEL, H., DIETMAR, S. AND JURGEN, R., 2000, Invitro effect of essential oils and isolated mono and susquiterpenes on Leishmania major and Tripanosoma brucei. Planta Medica, 66: 366-368.

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PRATIBHA, Y., DUBEY, N., JOSHI, V.K. AND CHINSOYRIA., 1999, Antidermatophytic activity of essential oils of Cinnamomum as herbal ointment for cure dermatomycoses. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences, 21: 347-351

RAO, C.C., DASH, S.K. AND MISHARA, R.K., 2001, Antimicrobial activity of essential oil of the leaves of Pimento dioca L. (Family: Myrtaceae). Indian Drugs, 38(9): 458-461.

RATH, C.C., DASH, S.K. AND MISHRA, R.K., 2001, Invitro susceptibility of Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis L.) essential oil against five human pathogens. Indian Perfumer, 45(1): 57-61.

RATH, C.C., DASH, S.K. AND RAJESHWAR, B.R., 2005, Antifungal activity of rose scented geranium (Pelargonium spp.) essential oil and its six constituents. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 8(2): 218-222.

SHIRLEY, P. AND LEN, P., 2000, In aromatherapy for health professionals. Ed. Churchill Livngstone.






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SINGH, G., KAPOOR, I.P., PANDEE, S.K., SINGH, O.R., SINGH, U.K. AND SINGH, R.K., 2001, A note on antibacterial activity of volatile oils of some aromatic plants. Indian Perfumer, 45(4): 275-278.

SUSHIL, K.S., AMRITESH, C.S. AND ANUPAM, D., 1999, Antifungal studies of some essential oils at various pH levels for betterment of antifungal drug responses. Current Sciences, 77(5): 703-706.

THOPPIL, J.E., TAJO, A., DEENA, M.J. AND SHREERANJINI, K., 2001, Microbicidal properties of Mint oils. Indian Perfumer, 54(3): 143-145.

XAVIER, B. AND GOEB, P., 2000, Medicinal properties of essential oils and their constituent. Indian Perfumer, 44(3): 199-211.

SINGH, G., KAPOOR, I.P., PANDEE, S.K., SINGH, O.R., SINGH, U.K. AND SINGH, R.K., 2001, A note on antibacterial activity of volatile oils of some aromatic plants. Indian Perfumer, 45(4): 275-278.

SUSHIL, K.S., AMRITESH, C.S. AND ANUPAM, D., 1999, Antifungal studies of some essential oils at various pH levels for betterment of antifungal drug responses. Current Sciences, 77(5): 703-706.

THOPPIL, J.E., TAJO, A., DEENA, M.J. AND SHREERANJINI, K., 2001, Microbicidal properties of Mint oils. Indian Perfumer, 54(3): 143-145.

XAVIER, B. AND GOEB, P., 2000, Medicinal properties of essential oils and their constituent. Indian Perfumer, 44(3): 199-211.

04/07/23 45











04/07/23 46

ANTIPROTOZOALANTIPROTOZOAL

04/07/23 47

Table: 16 Antiprotozoal activites of different essential oils against Leishmeniasis major and Trypnosoma brucei.

Essential oil ED (µg/ml) SelectivityT. brucei L. major HL - 60 ED (HL –

60)/ED T. brucei

ED (HL – 60) ED L. major

Clove 1.9 58.4 34.4 18.1 0.6

Tea tree 0.5 403.0 43.0 86.0 0.1Anise 118.4 286.1 325.6 2.8 1.1

Pine 176.0 123.2 149.6 0.9 1.2

Balm mint 3.9 7.0 25.5 6.5 3.6

Pepper mint 4.2 227.5 200.2 47.7 0.9

Rosemary 19.1 282.1 91.0 4.8 0.3

Thyme 0.4 127.4 24.6 61.5 0.2Suramin 0.5 - 1000.0 2000.0 -

Amphotericin -B

- 0.3 36.0 - 120.0

-: No Activity Mikus et.al., (2000)04/07/23 48

Antifungal agents Cc: Clotrim azole Fu: Flucon azole Gf: Griseofulvin Ap: Amphotericim B Ns: Nystatin

Antifungal agents Cc: Clotrim azole Fu: Flucon azole Gf: Griseofulvin Ap: Amphotericim B Ns: Nystatin

Table: 11 Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the strains against Japanese mint. Rath et.al., (2005)

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Table: 11 Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the strains against Japanese mint.

SI No Organism Zone size (mm)

Sensitive Resistant Mint oil

1 Candida albicans Ns (32) Cc (6), Fu(9), It(8), Gf(0) Ap(7),

18

2 Sporothirix schenckii

- Cc (0), Fu(0), It(0), Gf(0) Ap(6), Ns(8)

17

3 Crytococcus neoformans

- Cc (0), Fu(0), It(0), Gf(0) Ap(0), Ns(0)

16

4 Microsporum gypseum

- Cc (0), Fu(0), It(0), Gf(0) Ap(0), Ns(0)

18

5 Tricophyton rubrum

- Cc (0), Fu(0), It(8), Gf(0) Ap(0), Ns(0)

31

Rath et.al., (2005)04/07/23 50

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