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■ Essential QuestionEssential Question:
–How did the U.S. mobilize civilians at home to help win World War 2 & what impact did this have on American society?
■ Warm-Up QuestionWarm-Up Question:
–What other major American war is most similar in its resemblance to the U.S. entrance into WW2?
The Home Front■ WW2 impacted all aspects of
American life:–FDR hoped the U.S. would be
the great “arsenal of democracy” –The boost of wartime industry
ended the Great Depression–The war altered the lives of
women, African-Americans, Japanese-Americans, & Mexican-Americans
Mobilization■ To win wars in Asia & Europe &
meet civilian demands, the U.S. gov’t grew to its largest size ever:
–The War Powers ActWar Powers Act gave the president unprecedented power
–New bureaucracies were formed to direct the economy, create propaganda, sell war bonds, & prevent enemy subversion
The power to create new gov’t agencies
to censor the press
to limit civil liberties & seize personal property
The Office of War Mobilization coordinated
the draft, consumer prices, & the labor force
The Office of War Information
directed press, print, radio, & film
propaganda
The Office of Strategic Services gathered enemy intelligence & conducted espionage
This is 2x as much as all previous gov’t spending combined
The U.S. gov’t spent $250 million per day from 1941 to 1945
War bonds helped raise $187 billion to support
the war effort
Buy, Buy, Buy, Buy a Bond:Buy, Buy, Buy, Buy a Bond:It Will Lead to VICTORY!It Will Lead to VICTORY!
Buy, Buy, Buy, Buy a Bond:Buy, Buy, Buy, Buy a Bond:It Will Lead to VICTORY!It Will Lead to VICTORY!
The Wartime Economy■ The most decisive factor for Allied
victory was America’s ability to outproduce both Germany & Japan
–Heavy industry was converted to war & was directed by the War Production Board (WPB)War Production Board (WPB)
–15 million U.S. soldiers fought but 60 million workers & farmers supplied them with supplies
U.S. made 2x more goods than Germany & 5x more than Japan
Henry Kaiser’s West Coast ShipyardsThe Allies won the Battle of the Atlantic, in part, because the USA produced ships
faster than German u-boats could sink them
Kaiser standardized battleship building & reduced the time it took to make a battleship
from 355 days to 14 days
■ Essential QuestionEssential Question:
–How did the U.S. mobilize civilians at home to help win World War 2 & what impact did this have on American society?
■ Reading Quiz Ch 25 B (904-922)Reading Quiz Ch 25 B (904-922)
Regional Changes■ The war effort transformed the
Western & Southern U.S.:–California became the major
center for industry to support the war effort in the Pacific
–60 of the 100 new military based were built in the South
–Southern textile factories & industrial jobs helped end sharecropping & tenant farming
9 million defense workers moved to new factories & shipyards in South & West
Women■ The war presented new economic
opportunities for women:
–Dramatic rise in employment (14 million to 19 million by 1945)
–Most new female workers were married, many middle-aged
–Entered “exclusively male” fields
–Temporarily redefined “woman’s sphere” from “just at home”
“To hell with the life I have had. This war is too [serious], and it
is too [important] to win it.”
S..t..r..e..t..c..h That Food!S..t..r..e..t..c..h That Food!S..t..r..e..t..c..h That Food!S..t..r..e..t..c..h That Food!
Women’s Army Air Women’s Army Air Corps PilotsCorps Pilots
Women’s Army Air Women’s Army Air Corps PilotsCorps Pilots
Join the Women’s Join the Women’s Army Corps Army Corps
(WACs)(WACs)
Join the Women’s Join the Women’s Army Corps Army Corps
(WACs)(WACs)
Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES)
Families■ The uncertainties of war &
economic affluence of the 1940s led to a dramatic rise in marriage
■ The influx of women into the workforce led to a new demand for daycare centers & to an increase in child delinquency
■ Public health improved as more families had access to doctors, dentists, & prescription drugs
…and high divorce rates
African-Americans■ 1 million blacks served in U.S.
military but few saw combat■ Discrimination in the workforce
led A. Philip Randolph to pressure FDR to create a Fair Employment Fair Employment Practices CommitteePractices Committee
■ Continued black migration into the North & West made race relations a national issue
Banned discrimination in defense industries & gov’t
Segregated units…againSegregated units…againSegregated units…againSegregated units…again
Tuskegee Airmen
Double V: Victory at Home & Abroad
A. Philip Randolph threatened a “March on Washington” to
protest war time discrimination
Other groups, like the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), staged sit-ins in restaurants
in major cities to protest discrimination
Mexican-Americans ■ Mexican-Americans:Mexican-Americans:
–Served in quasi-segregated military units, often in the most hazardous branches
–Mexican-American workers found jobs in SW agriculture & west coast industry
–Faced discrimination, especially during the Zoot Suit Riots
Japanese-Americans■ Due to Pearl Harbor, many in the
U.S. feared Japanese-Americans were helping prepare for a Japanese invasion in the West
■ Civil liberties were restricted:–Issei had their assets frozen–Used racial stereotypes (“Japs”)–In 1942, FDR ordered 112,000
Japanese-Americans moved to internment camps
Japanese who were not American citizens living in the U.S.
Japanese- American Internment
Camps
Families were given one week to close their businesses & homes
The all Japanese-American 442nd Division fought in Europe & received over 1,000
citations for bravery