Essential QuestionEssential Question
►What was the impact of What was the impact of southern Reconstruction?southern Reconstruction?
ReconstructiReconstructionon
State of the SouthState of the South
Questions of ReconstructionQuestions of Reconstruction
►How to rebuild the How to rebuild the South after the South after the Civil War?Civil War?
►How to readmit How to readmit the Confederate the Confederate states to the states to the Union?Union?
Lincoln’s Ten Percent PlanLincoln’s Ten Percent Plan
►Offer amnesty (pardon) to those Offer amnesty (pardon) to those willing to take a loyalty oath to willing to take a loyalty oath to the United Statesthe United States
►10 percent of the population must 10 percent of the population must take the oath = readmission as a take the oath = readmission as a statestate
Andrew JohnsonAndrew Johnson
►DemocratDemocrat
►From TennesseeFrom Tennessee
►Remained loyal to Remained loyal to the Union when the Union when TN secededTN seceded
Johnson’s Reconstruction Johnson’s Reconstruction PlanPlan
►Pardon all Pardon all southerners who southerners who take an oath of take an oath of loyalty to the Unionloyalty to the Union
►Former Former Confederate states Confederate states could set up state could set up state governmentsgovernments
Johnson’ Reconstruction PlanJohnson’ Reconstruction Plan
►Each state Each state needed to revoke needed to revoke secession, ratify secession, ratify the 13the 13thth amendmentamendment
Black CodesBlack Codes
►Southern laws Southern laws which limited which limited African American African American rights in the Southrights in the South
► Intended to keep Intended to keep African Americans African Americans in a condition of in a condition of slaveryslavery
Radical RepublicansRadical Republicans
►Opposed Johnson’s Opposed Johnson’s planplan
►Led by Thaddeus Led by Thaddeus StevensStevens
Fourteenth AmendmentFourteenth Amendment
► June 1866June 1866
►Granted Granted citizenship to all citizenship to all persons born or persons born or naturalized in naturalized in the United the United StatesStates
Military Reconstruction ActMilitary Reconstruction Act
► Passed by Passed by CongressCongress
►Divided the Divided the South in five South in five military districtsmilitary districts
► Union general Union general was in charge of was in charge of each districteach district
Military Reconstruction ActMilitary Reconstruction Act
►New state New state constitutionsconstitutions
►Right to vote for Right to vote for all malesall males
►Must ratify the Must ratify the 1414thth amendment amendment
Fifteenth AmendmentFifteenth Amendment
► March 1870March 1870
►Right to vote Right to vote cannot be denied cannot be denied “on account of “on account of race, color, or race, color, or previous previous condition of condition of servitude”servitude”
Freedmen’s BureauFreedmen’s Bureau
►Need for food Need for food and shelter for and shelter for freed slavesfreed slaves
►Many settled Many settled on plantation on plantation landslands
Freedmen’s Freedmen’s BureauBureau
►Task of feeding Task of feeding and clothing and clothing former slavesformer slaves
►Find work for themFind work for them
►Negotiate labor Negotiate labor contractscontracts
►Began educationBegan education
Freedmen’s BureauFreedmen’s Bureau
Freedmen’s BureauFreedmen’s Bureau
Impeachment of JohnsonImpeachment of Johnson
► Johnson Johnson vetoed every vetoed every policy from policy from CongressCongress
►Congress Congress overrode his overrode his vetoesvetoes
Impeachment of Johnson (1868)Impeachment of Johnson (1868)
► House of House of Representatives Representatives voted for his voted for his impeachmentimpeachment
► Senate put Johnson Senate put Johnson on trialon trial
► Final vote – one vote Final vote – one vote shy of removing him shy of removing him from officefrom office
SharecroppinSharecroppingg
►New system for New system for agricultureagriculture
►Tenant farmers Tenant farmers paid rent with a paid rent with a share of their share of their cropscrops
SharecroppinSharecroppingg
►Landlords – Landlords – landowners who landowners who control control sharecropperssharecroppers
►Crop liens – Crop liens – crops taken to crops taken to cover debtscover debts
SharecroppingSharecropping
►Sharecroppers Sharecroppers became trapped became trapped because because farmers could farmers could not pay their not pay their debtsdebts
►Debt peonageDebt peonage
Republican Republican RuleRule
Republicans in the SouthRepublicans in the South
► By 1870, all former By 1870, all former Confederate states Confederate states had joined the Unionhad joined the Union
► Republicans held Republicans held political powerpolitical power
► Included freed Included freed slaves, northerners, slaves, northerners, poor whitespoor whites
CarpetbaggersCarpetbaggers
►Northerners Northerners moving into the moving into the SouthSouth
►Became involved Became involved in politicsin politics
ScalawagsScalawags
►White White southerners who southerners who worked with worked with Republicans and Republicans and supported supported ReconstructionReconstruction
African AmericansAfrican Americans
► First led by the First led by the educatededucated
►Many who lived in Many who lived in the North and had the North and had fought for the Union fought for the Union armyarmy
► Became involved in Became involved in politicspolitics
Southern ResistanceSouthern Resistance
►Against political Against political power in the power in the hands of African hands of African AmericansAmericans
►Against Against Republicans Republicans leading southern leading southern politicspolitics
Ku Klux KlanKu Klux Klan
►Started in 1866 Started in 1866 by Nathaniel by Nathaniel Bedford ForrestBedford Forrest
►Secret societySecret society
►Mostly former Mostly former Confederate Confederate soldierssoldiers
Goals of the KKKGoals of the KKK
►Drive out Drive out carpetbaggerscarpetbaggers
►Regain control of Regain control of the South for the the South for the Democratic PartyDemocratic Party
►Use terrorUse terror
Tactics of the KKKTactics of the KKK
► Broke up Republican Broke up Republican meetingsmeetings
► Harassed Freedmen’s Harassed Freedmen’s Bureau workersBureau workers
► Burned homes, Burned homes, churches, schoolschurches, schools
► Kept Republicans Kept Republicans (white and black) from (white and black) from votingvoting
Letter to the U.S. SenateLetter to the U.S. Senate
““We believe you are not familiar with We believe you are not familiar with the description of the Ku Klux Klan’s the description of the Ku Klux Klan’s riding nightly over the country, going riding nightly over the country, going from county to county, and in the from county to county, and in the county towns spreading terror county towns spreading terror wherever they go by robbing, wherever they go by robbing, whipping, ravishing, and killing our whipping, ravishing, and killing our people without provocation . . . We people without provocation . . . We pray you will take some steps to pray you will take some steps to remedy these evils.”remedy these evils.”
Ku Klux Klan ActKu Klux Klan Act
►Passed by Passed by Congress in 1871Congress in 1871
►Outlawed Outlawed activities of the activities of the KlanKlan
►Federal arrestsFederal arrests
Compromise of 1877Compromise of 1877
►1876 – presidential 1876 – presidential electionelection
►Republican – Republican – Rutherford B. Rutherford B. HayesHayes
►Democrat – Samuel Democrat – Samuel TildenTilden
Compromise of 1877Compromise of 1877
► Election results Election results disputed in three disputed in three southern statessouthern states
► Results decided by Results decided by CongressCongress
► Rutherford B. Hayes Rutherford B. Hayes won with the won with the support of southern support of southern DemocratsDemocrats
End of ReconstructionEnd of Reconstruction
► April 1877April 1877
►Hayes pulled federal Hayes pulled federal troops out of the troops out of the SouthSouth
► Southern Democrats Southern Democrats took control of all took control of all state legislaturesstate legislatures
Jim Crow LawsJim Crow Laws
►Southern states Southern states create laws to create laws to segregate public segregate public spacespace