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Essential QuestionEssential Question::– To what extent did Franklin To what extent did Franklin
Roosevelt’s New Deal provide Roosevelt’s New Deal provide relief, recovery, & reform relief, recovery, & reform during the Great Depression?during the Great Depression?
Franklin Franklin Roosevelt & Roosevelt & the First New the First New Deal (1933-Deal (1933-1935)1935)
The Election of 1932The Election of 1932
The depression made Hoover the The depression made Hoover the “victim” while Franklin Roosevelt “victim” while Franklin Roosevelt emerged as the “savior”:emerged as the “savior”:– In the 1932 election, FDR was able to In the 1932 election, FDR was able to
unite the rural & urban factions of the unite the rural & urban factions of the Democratic party & won a landslide Democratic party & won a landslide victoryvictory
– FDR appealed to Protestants & FDR appealed to Protestants & Catholics, farmers & workers, native-Catholics, farmers & workers, native-born & immigrantsborn & immigrants
“I pledge you—I pledge myself to a new deal for the American people.”
The Hundred DaysThe Hundred Days
When FDR took over in 1933, the When FDR took over in 1933, the U.S. economy was on the brink of U.S. economy was on the brink of collapse:collapse:– Unemployment was at 25%Unemployment was at 25%– 38 states had total bank failure38 states had total bank failure
FDR requested from Congress broad FDR requested from Congress broad executive power to begin his “New executive power to begin his “New Deal” program of economicDeal” program of economic relief,relief, recoveryrecovery && reformreform
FDR asked for “broad executive power that would be given to me if we were in
fact invaded by a foreign foe.”
“Let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself;the only thing we have to fear is fear itself; nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert
retreat into advance.”
Public Relations Efforts: FDR’s Fireside ChatsPublic Relations: Eleanor Roosevelt’s travels
The Hundred DaysThe Hundred Days
In his 1In his 1stst hundred days, FDR began hundred days, FDR began his 1his 1stst New Deal (1933-35) New Deal (1933-35)
FDR’s 1FDR’s 1stst order of business was to order of business was to restore confidence in banking: restore confidence in banking: – Declared a Declared a 4-day bank holiday: 4-day bank holiday: closed or closed or
funded weak banks & opened new gov’t-funded weak banks & opened new gov’t-aided banksaided banks
– Glass-Steagall ActGlass-Steagall Act created the FDIC created the FDIC which guaranteed all bank deposits up which guaranteed all bank deposits up to $5,000to $5,000
Banks were regulated (not nationalized); the economic system was reformed
(not drastically changed)
Emergency Banking Act of 1933
Now, the FDIC insures deposits up to $100,000
“Capitalism was saved in eight days”
The Hundred Days The Hundred Days The greatest success of the First New The greatest success of the First New
Deal was its ability to offer Deal was its ability to offer reliefrelief to to unemployed citizens via the unemployed citizens via the Reconstruction Finance CorpsReconstruction Finance Corps– Modest relief checks were doled to 15% Modest relief checks were doled to 15%
of Americans of Americans – Federal Emergency Relief ActFederal Emergency Relief Act (FERA)(FERA)
pumped $500 million into state welfare pumped $500 million into state welfare programsprograms
The Hundred DaysThe Hundred Days
Relief efforts of the First New Deal Relief efforts of the First New Deal created more “alphabet agencies”created more “alphabet agencies”– Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
employed urban menemployed urban men– Civilian Works Admin (CWA)Civilian Works Admin (CWA) hired 4 hired 4
million men & womenmillion men & women– Agricultural Adjustment AdminAgricultural Adjustment Admin (AAA)(AAA)
subsidized farmerssubsidized farmers
CCC workers paved roads, planted trees, built bridges
CWACWA
Creating drainage system for an airfield Dredging a lake
AAA
Percentage of American Families Percentage of American Families Accepting Government Relief in Accepting Government Relief in 19331933
The Hundred Days The Hundred Days
The The National Industrial Recovery Act National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)(NIRA) was the 1 was the 1stst attempt at attempt at economic economic recoveryrecovery::– Created the Created the National Recovery Admin National Recovery Admin
(NRA)(NRA) set max hours & minimum wages set max hours & minimum wages for workers & stimulated industry by for workers & stimulated industry by fixing prices & setting production limitsfixing prices & setting production limits
– Created the Created the Public Works Admin (PWA)Public Works Admin (PWA) to build public roads, bridges, & to build public roads, bridges, & buildings buildings
Additional attempts to stimulate the economy include taking the U.S. off the gold standard &
ending prohibition (21st amendment)
National Recovery AdministrationNational Recovery Administration
The NRA ended up being too bureaucratic; business cooperation gave way to self-interest & greed
The Hundred DaysThe Hundred Days Some of FDR’s First New Deal Some of FDR’s First New Deal focused on long-term focused on long-term reformsreforms – Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
created dams in 7 states to provide created dams in 7 states to provide cheap hydroelectric power & create jobs cheap hydroelectric power & create jobs
– Securities & Exchange Commission Securities & Exchange Commission (SEC)(SEC) to regulate the stock market & to regulate the stock market & prevent another stock market crash prevent another stock market crash
The Tennessee Valley The Tennessee Valley AuthorityAuthority
Critics claimed the TVA was too socialistic; Competing electric companies attacked the
TVA for selling cheaper electricity & eliminating competition
The Hundred DaysThe Hundred Days The 1The 1stst hundred days of hundred days of
FDR’s administration FDR’s administration were temporary were temporary solutions to solve solutions to solve problems, but…problems, but…
……psychologically, psychologically, Americans believed Americans believed that FDR was that FDR was actively responding actively responding to the Great to the Great DepressionDepression
The The Hundred Hundred DaysDays
“Even the hand of an iron dictator is in preference to a paralytic stroke”
—Alf Landon (Repub nominee in 1936)
“The whole country is with him, just so he does something. If he burned down the
capitol we would cheer and say ‘well, we at least got a fire started anyhow.’”
—Will Rogers
Essential QuestionEssential Question::– To what extent did Franklin Roosevelt’s To what extent did Franklin Roosevelt’s
New Deal provide relief, recovery, & New Deal provide relief, recovery, & reform during the Great Depression?reform during the Great Depression?
Franklin Franklin Roosevelt & Roosevelt & the Second New the Second New Deal (1935-Deal (1935-1938)1938)
Criticism of the First New Criticism of the First New DealDeal
The failure of the New Deal to end The failure of the New Deal to end the depression led to growing the depression led to growing frustration among Americansfrustration among Americans– From 1933-1934, the New Deal focused From 1933-1934, the New Deal focused
in immediate problems & did very little in immediate problems & did very little to help unskilled workers & to help unskilled workers & sharecroppers sharecroppers
– In 1935, FDR shifted approach from In 1935, FDR shifted approach from economic relief to reformeconomic relief to reform
Challenges to FDRChallenges to FDR
By 1935, signs of discontent with the By 1935, signs of discontent with the New Deal were evidenced as 3 critics New Deal were evidenced as 3 critics gained national attention: gained national attention: – Father Charles CoughlinFather Charles Coughlin called for called for
nationalizingnationalizing U.S.U.S. banks;banks; used anti-used anti-Semitism in radio sermons Semitism in radio sermons
– Francis TownsendFrancis Townsend appealed to the elderly appealed to the elderly with a $200/mo payment plan to anyone with a $200/mo payment plan to anyone over 60 inover 60 in orderorder toto stimulatestimulate thethe economyeconomy
Father Charles CoughlinFather Charles Coughlin
Dr. Francis Dr. Francis TownsendTownsend
Challenges to FDRChallenges to FDR Louisiana Senator Huey Louisiana Senator Huey
Long proposed his Long proposed his Share the WealthShare the Wealth plan plan to:to:– Take from the rich— Take from the rich—
a 100% tax on all a 100% tax on all personal personal income over income over $1 million$1 million
– Give to the poor— Give to the poor— give every citizen give every citizen $2,500 per year $2,500 per year
“The Kingfish”
Challenges to FDRChallenges to FDR
The popularity of these opposition The popularity of these opposition voices showed the need for the New voices showed the need for the New Deal to do more to help Deal to do more to help
In the 1934 mid-term elections, the In the 1934 mid-term elections, the Democrats increased their control of Democrats increased their control of Congress & initiated a series of Congress & initiated a series of programs called the programs called the Second New Second New DealDeal (1935-38) (1935-38)
“Boys—this is our hour. We’ve got to get everything we want…now or never.”
—RFC head Harry Hopkins
The Second New Deal The Second New Deal
TheThe 11stst act of the 2 act of the 2ndnd New Deal was New Deal was Works Progress Admin (WPA)Works Progress Admin (WPA), the most , the most comprehensive, direct-assistancecomprehensive, direct-assistance
programprogram ofof thethe NewNew DealDeal– The national gov’t hired 10 million The national gov’t hired 10 million
Americans in an attempt to stimulate the Americans in an attempt to stimulate the economyeconomy
– WPA created building projects, funded WPA created building projects, funded artists, & pumped $10 billion into the artists, & pumped $10 billion into the economy economy
WPA helped but never employed enough people to stimulate consumer purchase
power—it made the Depression bearable
WPA Public Work ProjectWPA cared less about what got done as long as work was done: built hospitals, schools, airport fields… but also moved leaf piles & dug ditches
WPA InitiativesWPA Initiatives
WPA Health InitiativesWPA Health Initiatives
WPA Arts ProjectWPA Arts Project
WPA Community WPA Community MuralsMuralsConstruction of the Dam
by William Gropper
WPA Music ProjectsWPA Music Projects
WPA Theater ProjectsWPA Theater Projects
WPA Writers ProjectsWPA Writers Projects
Social SecuritySocial Security
Social Security ActSocial Security Act (1935) was the 1 (1935) was the 1stst U.S. welfare program for the aged, U.S. welfare program for the aged, disabled, & unemployeddisabled, & unemployed– Old-age pensions to be funded by Old-age pensions to be funded by
employers & workers employers & workers – Unemployment compensation to begin Unemployment compensation to begin
in 1942 funded nat’l taxes but in 1942 funded nat’l taxes but administered by statesadministered by states
– Welfare payments for the blind, Welfare payments for the blind, handicapped, & needy children handicapped, & needy children
Liberal critics argued Liberal critics argued that SS did not do that SS did not do enoughenough
Conservative critics Conservative critics argued that SS argued that SS violated violated individualism & self-individualism & self-reliance reliance
Social Security Social Security created America’s 1created America’s 1stst
welfarewelfare program to program to help individuals help individuals
Labor LegislationLabor Legislation Wagner ActWagner Act (1935) created the Nat’l (1935) created the Nat’l
Labor Relations Board to oversee Labor Relations Board to oversee labor-management affairslabor-management affairs– Mandated management to negotiate Mandated management to negotiate
with unions regarding pay, hours, with unions regarding pay, hours, conditions if majority of workers vote for conditions if majority of workers vote for a uniona union
Fair Labor Standards ActFair Labor Standards Act (1938) (1938) created 1created 1stst minimum wage & minimum wage & maximum hour laws (aimed at maximum hour laws (aimed at helping non-unionized workers)helping non-unionized workers)
40¢ per hour40 hours per week
The “Magna Carta” for labor
Success of the New Deal Success of the New Deal Programs?Programs?
ConclusionsConclusions
The New Deal was made up of 3 The New Deal was made up of 3 parts: parts: reliefrelief, , recoveryrecovery, & , & reformreform– New Deal was most successful in New Deal was most successful in
providing immediate relief to ease providing immediate relief to ease economic suffering economic suffering
– The New Deal did not bring economic The New Deal did not bring economic recovery or an end to the depressionrecovery or an end to the depression
– The New Deal brought major reforms The New Deal brought major reforms that changed Americathat changed America
For the 1st time, the gov’t used Keynesian
economics (deficit spending & gov’t
spending to stimulate the economy)
The gov’t assumed responsibility for the health of the nation's economy & citizens
The New Deal signaled the beginning of the
welfare state