Estimation of the gas flaring emissions using
Sentinel-3A‘s SLSTR Alexandre Caseiro Johannes W. Kaiser Berit Gehrke Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry Mainz
Gernot Rücker Joachim Tiemann David Leimbach Zebris GbR Munich
contact: [email protected]
photo from esa.int
Motivation: Monitor hot spots
Detect Hot spots: volcanoes, gas flares, vegetation fires, industry, etc. Using an adapted Nightfire algorithm
and the S3 SLSTR instrument (based on work using VIIRS by C. Elvidge/NOAA).
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Elevated gas flares in Kuwait, National Geographic 1969
Ground gas flare in Nigeria, Anejionu et al.,
2014
Steel mill, photo from Columbia.edu
Portugal forest fires 2017,
photo by Thomas Cabral
Instrumentation and concept
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S5 S6 S7/F1 S8/F2 S9
Hot spot at night = elevated value in the SWIR.
We use the S5 channel for detection. We use the radiances of all the IR bands at the detected hot spots to perform a dual Planck curve fitting
SLSTR = Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer
IR bands: SWIR = S5: 1.61 μm + S6: 2.25 μm MIR = S7: 3.7 μm + F1: 3.7 μm TIR = S8: 10.85 μm + F2: 10.85 μm + S9 12 μm
Retrieval principle
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Fit of observations = Planck curve of background (S8&S9) + Planck curve of hot source (S5) Retrieved parameters: • Temperature of background • Area of hot source • Temperature of hot source • 1-σ uncertainties
Radiative Power: RPGF = σSB × TGF4 × AGF
Based on C. Elvidge et al. (2013, 2016), application to VIIRS on-board Suomi NPP
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Hot spot detections in 2017
noise
South Atlantic anomaly
Vegetation fires
Industry
Gas flaring
Volcanoes
Hot spot examples:
Monitoring of hot spots – Symposium "Neue Perspektiven der Erdbeobachtung" – Köln, Juni 2018
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How to discriminate between hot spots?
noise
South Atlantic anomaly Vegetation fires
Industry Gas flaring
Monitoring of hot spots – Symposium "Neue Perspektiven der Erdbeobachtung" – Köln, Juni 2018
cooler hotter
transient
persistent
Volcanoes
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How to discriminate between hot spots?
noise
South Atlantic anomaly Vegetation fires
Industry Gas flaring
Monitoring of hot spots – Symposium "Neue Perspektiven der Erdbeobachtung" – Köln, Juni 2018
cooler hotter
transient
persistent
Volcanoes
Persistence
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Persistent detections
Monitoring of hot spots – Symposium "Neue Perspektiven der Erdbeobachtung" – Köln, Juni 2018
Persistent hot spots: Gas flaring Industry Volcanoes
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How to discriminate between hot spots?
noise
South Atlantic anomaly Vegetation fires
Industry Gas flaring
Monitoring of hot spots – Symposium "Neue Perspektiven der Erdbeobachtung" – Köln, Juni 2018
cooler hotter
transient
persistent
Volcanoes
Temperature
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Persistent detections – temperatures
Monitoring of hot spots – Symposium "Neue Perspektiven der Erdbeobachtung" – Köln, Juni 2018
Bi-modal Temperature distribution
Industry, volcanoes Gas flares
1 full year of SLSTR night time observations
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Retrieval examples - Most favourable case: S5 + S6 + MIR (25%)
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Retrieval examples - Most favourable case: S5 + S6 + MIR (25%)
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Retrieval examples - Most common case: S5 + S6 (67%)
Retrieval examples - Most common case: S5 + S6 (67%)
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Retrieval examples: S5 + MIR (3%)
Retrieval examples: S5 + MIR (3%)
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Retrieval examples: S5 only (5%)
Retrieval examples: S5 only (5%)
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1 full year of SLSTR night time observations
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Comparison with VIIRS Nightfire
- General good agreement globally - Differences in the number of hot spots for some regions: Mid West, China, NW Canada, …
Both datasets: ~6000 locations
SLSTR, this work
VIIRS Nightfire “flares only” (C. Elvidge, NOAA)
Monitoring of hot spots – Symposium "Neue Perspektiven der Erdbeobachtung" – Köln, Juni 2018
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Comparison with VIIRS Nightfire
We detect larger flares
We detect smaller flares
Closer look at a region where gas flaring is preponderant: Persian Gulf
Google Earth image of a very large flare in Venezuela
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Activity and Emissions
Activity = volume of gas flared, in BCM (billion cubic meters) Using a calibration adapted from Elvidge et al., 2016:
We estimate a global flaring activity of 156 BCM for 2017 (this compares well with Elvidge et al., 2016: 143 BCM in 2012)
Emissions of Black Carbon = applying published emission factors (Klimont et al., 2017): Linear range between: 0.57 g.m-3 : representative of efficient flaring (~2600K) 1.60 g.m-3 : representative of inefficient flaring (~1300K)
We estimate a global BC emission of 149 Gg for 2017 (this is lower than Klimont et al., 2017: 210 Gg in 2010)
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Summary
• Algorithm for retrieving temperature, size and FRP of night-time fires from SLSTR
developed (paper submitted to Remote Sensing: https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/201805.0020/v2)
• 12 months of observations processed and validated against VIIRS and TET-1 • We derived a global consumption of associated gas by flares of 156 BCM,
corresponding to a global emission of 149 Gg of BC.
• New product applicable for gas flare emission calculation, e.g. in CAMS-GFAS
Monitoring of hot spots – Symposium "Neue Perspektiven der Erdbeobachtung" – Köln, Juni 2018
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Thank you!
• Paper in Remote Sensing – revisions submitted
• If you want to use the dataset please contact [email protected]
• http://www.mpic.de/en/research/atmospheric-chemistry/ag-kaiser.html
Monitoring of hot spots – Symposium "Neue Perspektiven der Erdbeobachtung" – Köln, Juni 2018
For 2017, from SLSTR:
156 BCM flared gas 149 Gg Black Carbon emitted
mailto:[email protected]
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Retrieval examples - Most favourable case:
S5 + S6 + MIR (25%)