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8/14/2019 ethics and professionalism-unit three.ppt
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UNIT THREE
UNETHICAL BEHAVIOR
IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR
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Unethical Problems in Ethiopia:
Corruption
Concerning ethics, any public
service focuses on what is the right
and proper behavior of all publicofficials.
From any rational bureaucracy, thesociety expects the public officials to
be fair and just while discharging
their discretionary powers.
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However, the essential ethical
values have been eroded inpublic services all over the world.
The deterioration and decay of
public service ethics is mainlyreflected in the form of corruption.
But what is corruption? What are its symptoms?
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Corruption is defined as theabuse of
publ ic power for p r ivate gain or Profit
(Merwe (1997)
McCormack (1997) defined Cbehavior
which deviates from the normal du t iesof a publ ic role because of private
interest -regarding (family, close private
clique), pecuniary/Financial or statusgains, or violating rules to exercise
certain types ofprivate influence.
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Thus, the phenomenon of corruption
occurs when publ ic of f ic ialsm isuse the publ ic power for
gaining private benef i t at the
expense of publ ic interest.It is exp lo i tat ion of publ ic of f ices by
officials for personal benef i ts to
extract inducementfrom varioussources and through var ious means .
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Conceptual frame work
Manifestation
Combating mechanisms
consequences
Cause
CorruptionAdministrative
Economic
Political
Kick backs
Greasing
Bribes
Economic
Administrative
Political
Code of ethics
Civic education
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Forms and types of corruption
Corruption manifests itself in many
fo rms.
some of themare:
Acceptance of br ibesor gi f ts
Kickbacks: Part of a person's
payment for doing a job that he gives
for getting him the job. This can be in a
fo rm of money or by way of
rec iprocat ion.
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Forms and types of corruption
Moonl ight ing: To be employed by two employerssimul taneously.
Misrepresentat ion: It is untrue statement of fact that
induces a person to enter a contract. Example Bank
property evaluation by civil engineers
Greasing: this is a form of bribery given to
hasten/hu rry some wo rk.
Stashing: Storing public money usually in a secret
place for futu re use.
This is mostly known when government officials put
government money in local or foreign banks. Example
Swiss Bank
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Unlaw ful usage of public assets for private
ends.
Over- invoicingand under- invoic ingofstores.
Preparat ion of fake vouchers in
accountsbusiness peopleGhost: Payment of wages to non-existent
or workers. But they only exist on the
payroll.Acts of extor t ion to process normal
functions such as l icenses, permits, letter,
etc.
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Subvert ing the law to imprison or free
individuals, reduce prison terms or fines.Earn ing comm iss ions in exchange for
obtaining work, orders or sales for
others.
Misplacementor hid ingof files,
records, titles for purposes of extortion.
The leakage of vi tal info rmat ion tocompeting or unau tho rized part ies.
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Converts of publ ic faci l i t ies fo r
personal use.
Other wrong doings such as:
Excise tax fraud,
Import and export tax frauds,
Embezzlement,
nepotism,
absenteeism,
partisanship,
election and electoral fraud, etc.
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Causes of Corruption
The causes of corruption are many and
varied, but the review of various studiesshows that the causes emanate from four
broad categories such as: pol i t ical,
economic , socio-cul tural, and inst i tut ional
or administrat iveweaknesses.
The breakdown of these major factors leads to
the following specific factors:
Lack of effective political leadership; weak
political commitment to control corruption
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Causes of Corruption
The prevalence of weak national interest; Variation of rules and directives, and
disobedience by public servants;
Poor law enforcement by the police, judges,
etc. Excessive pol i t ic izat ion of pub l ic serv ices
in which the personal ism and patronageforpolitical ends are dominating.
Pressuresand interferencein the exerciseof discretionary powers can aggravate thetemptations of corruption.
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The concentration (monopoly) of power in
the hands of one party or group;High incidence of unemployment;
High incidence of poverty that has attracted
many public officials to seek bribes;Low salary scales and poor compensation of
the public servants;
Large donations by domestic and multi-national companies to political parties or to
individual politicians;
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Sense of tenure insecurity;
Lack of code of ethics or conduct for
public officials;
Lax enforcement of auditing systems;
Lack of policy for regular monitoring of
assets and liabilities of a high-rank
government officials;
Minimal chances of detection of
corruption by political or administrative
apparatus, as well as weak punishments
for criminals
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Ineffective mechanisms for
administrative control and monitoring
of daily performance and behavior ofpublic officials;
Improper administrative procedures
including red tape;
Lack of training in ethical behavior
and practice;External influences and interference
in public service management; etc.
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Corruption Perception Index across
countries
The Corruption Perceptions Index rankscountries/territories based on how corrupt their
public sector is perceived to be.
A country/territorys score indicates the
perceived level of public sector corruption on a
scale of 0 - 10, where 0 means that a country is
perceived as highly corrupt and 10 means that a
country is perceived as very clean.A country's rank indicates its position relative to
the other countries/territories included in the
index.
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The 2011 Corruption Perceptions Index
shows that public frustration is well
founded.No region or country in the world is
immune to the damages of corruption, the
vast majority of the 183 countries andterritories assessed score below five on a
scale of 0 (highly corrupt) to 10 (very
clean). New Zealand, Denmark and
Finland top the list, while North Korea and
Somalia are at the bottom. Ethiopia
ranked number 120.
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The Corruption Perceptions Index ranks
countries and territories according to their
perceived levels of public sector corruption.
It is an aggregate indicator that combines
different sources of information about
corruption, making it possible to compare
countries. The 2011 index draws on
assessments and opinion surveys carried out
by independent and reputable institutions.
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These surveys and assessments
include questions related to the bribery
of public officials, kickbacks in publicprocurement, embezzlement of public
funds, and the effectiveness of public
sector anti-corruption efforts.Perceptions are used because
corruption is to a great extent a hidden
activity that is difficult to measure.Over time, perceptions have proved to
be a reliable estimate of corruption.
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What kind of environment does corruption need to
thrive/flourish in?
Corruption flourishes where temptation/strong feeling
to corrupt/ coexists with permissiveness.
Where institutional checks on power are missing,
where decision making remains obscure/unclear,
where civil society is thin on the ground, where greatinequalities in the distribution of wealth condemn
people to live in poverty, which is where corrupt
practices flourish.
It cannot be stressed enough that corruption is aliveand well even where political, economic, legal and
social institutions are well entrenched.
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Impact of corruption
Corruption has very serious adverse
effects for a country.
The impact of corruption in
developing countries like Ethiopia isenormous.
It has a devastating effect on the
pol i t ical, economicand
administrat ive dimensions of a
government.
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Political consequences
Corruption poses a danger to the fragile democraticinstitutions and undermines public confidence ingovernment and political institutions;
Obstructs free and fair elections;
Paralyzes the controlling role of the legislativeinstitutions on the executive power;
Constrains the independent judiciary activities;
Leads a government to use force so as to gainlegitimacy for its activities. In other words, leadersapply force in order to sustain themselves in powerat all costs.
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Economic effects The economic costs of corruption have devastating long-term
effects on developing nations.
States are deprived of undertaking economic changes that leadto development and progress.
Corruption leads a country to unshakable poverty and to be
threatened with bankruptcy;
It widens the gap between the haves and have nots It stifles/suppress private initiatives and free-market economy;
It cripples/prevents the countrys access to grant and aid
opportunities;
It leads to other socioeconomic predicaments/messes such aspoo r medica l serv ices, poor schoo ls, delay in completion of
pro jects, ru in in g of nat ional assets, reduc t ion of government
revenue, reduc t ion of produ ct ion capaci ty in industry,
agr icu l ture, etc.
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Administrative Consequences
Corruption could also bring about a shocking effect on the
quality of public service administration system.
Corruption leads to administrative inefficiency as
organizational resources are usually misallocated or
misappropriated by corrupt officials.
Corruption breeds poor personnel management systems.
In such cases, selection and recruitment mechanisms are aimed at
benefiting family members, friends, and relatives.
Appointments and promotions are also made on criteria that
completely ignore principles of merit and quality of services provided
and outputs produced.
It also causes frequent boycotting by quality personnel and
increment in the number of unqualified personnel in public
organizations.
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Mechanisms of Combating Corruption
Unless constructive preventive measures are taken
against corruption, it is like a cancer that continues to
destroy the moral, social, political and economic fabric ofsociety.
In this respect, a number of researchers have forwarded
the following recommendations:
The legislative and institutional framework must bereformed to establish or sustain legal systems that outlaw
illicit/illegal gains;
Senior officials should be required to declare their property
before taking up office, and should be prosecuted for anyinstances of bribery or graft;
Sanction must be applied to the full, and the enforcement system
must operate openly;
Provide joint control (donor and beneficiary country) over the use of
external resources;
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Officials should encourage investigative journalism as a
way of exposing unacceptable behavior;
There should be an open door policy whereby themembers of the public should be given every opportunity
to come and put across their complaints.
Creating or establishing independent bodies like the
Ombudsman and Commission of Inquiry to investigate
and arbitrate disputes in relation to corruption cases.
Decentralization and appropriate delegation of
discretionary and regulatory powers at various levels;
A complete overhaul/replacement and simplification of
purchase procedures on the basis of modern
management practices, follow up or inspection;
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Articulating/communicate code of conduct for public officials;
Strengthening the police and courts machinery;
International communities, especially developed societies must
condemn and resist the robbing of money and stashing it in foreignsecret banks by corrupt leaders of the developing nations.
Ensuring the salaries and compensations of civil servants as well as
political leaders to adequately reflect the responsibilities of their posts
and to help them lead their lives properly;
Incorporating ethics in secondary school and tertiary level curricula; Identifying corruption prone organizations and introducing strict
control and monitoring machinate;
Empowering people (the general public) to disclose and condemn any
abuse of power by public officials.
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National Integrity System (NIS)
This analysis is undertaken via a consultative
approach, involving the key anti-corruptionagents in government, civil society, the
business community and other relevant sectors
with a view to building momentum, political willand civic pressure for relevant reform
initiatives.
The NIS consists of the principle institutions
and factors that contribute to integrity,
transparency and accountability in a society.
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A well-functioning NIS provides effective safeguards
against corruption as part of the larger struggle
against abuse of power, malfeasance/unlaw action,
and misappropriation in all its forms.
However, when these institutions are characterized by
a lack of appropriate regulations and by
unaccountable behavior, corruption is likely tothrive/prosper with negative ripple/wave effects for the
societal goals of equitable growth, sustainable
development and social cohesion.
Strengthening the NIS promotes better governanceacross all aspects of society, and, ultimately,
contributes to a more just society overall.
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End of the theory