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ETHNIC MINORITY YOUTH IN THE LABOR MARKETS OF EUROPE
Suzanne ModelGene Fisher
Dept of Sociology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Presented at the Spring meeting of Research Committee 28 of the ISA at Nijmegen, The Netherlands on May 14, 2006
Research Questions
Why are exclusionary sentiments rising in Europe?New examination to enter Holland.
Why are Dutch celebrities being murdered for their intolerance?
Pim Fortuyn and Theo Van Gogh
Why are French (and British) ethnic minorities rioting? October 2005, vandalism outburst
Theoretical Answers
Deprivation Accounts:Ethnic conflict occurs because a group perceives itself as disadvantaged because other groups discriminate
against it.
Competition AccountsEthnic conflict occurs because of competition over
employment or over the rewards of employment.
Hypotheses● 1. Those ethnic groups that are engaging in
violence do so because they are deprived.– Discrimination prevents them from accessing the
economic, residential, and political outcomes that dominant members enjoy.
● 2. Ethnic conflict is occurring because of intergroup competition.– Ethnic competition is occurring because the number
of job opportunities cannot keep pace with the growth of ethnic minority job seekers.
– Ethnic minorities are entering occupations previously reserved for higher status groups.
DATA● 2 countries, Netherlands and France, (plan
to add England).● Subjects: males, age 16-25● Sources:
– Netherlands: SPVA France: Labor Force Survey ● Years
– Netherlands France● 1991* 1991● 1994* 1994● 1998* 1997● 2002 2003*
● * used in multivariate analyses
ETHNIC GROUPS● Comparison group:
– Netherlands France
– 1.Native born Dutch of 1. Native born French of
– native born parents native born parents● Minority groups
– 2. Turks 2. Maghrebis*
– 3. Moroccans 3. Southern Europeans
– 4. Black Caribbeans 4. Black Africans● Remaining ethnic groups excluded from tables
and discussion.
Outcomes● 1. Deprivation Index = Idle + Unemployed.
– Combines Idle, not in school and not in labor force
– And Unemployed, in labor force but no job.● 2. Occupational Prestige: isei● 3. Hourly earnings
– Not reported here, results similar to isei results.● 4. Location index: Proportion of a group in work
divided by proportion of that group in the working population.
Method of Analysis● 1. Test of deprivation comparing outcome
measures of ethnic minorities and dominant groups
● 2. Test for discrimination by comparing outcome measures of ethnic minorities and dominant groups adjusted for qualifications.
● 3. Examine trends in population, employment, and occupational distribution, for evidence of ethnic competition.
Unadj. Deprivation Indexes: Holland
Year NB Dutch Turk Moroc. Black
1991 35.5 41.0 45.0 54.5
1994 11.1 27.5 26.2 27.2
1998 10.2 26.4 26.0 17.6
2002 10.2 24.0 22.3 22.5
Unadj. Deprivation Indexes: France
Year Souche SE Europ Maghreb Black
1991 10.5 8.5 21.0 12.7
1994 11.8 18.7 19.7 18.1
1997 10.5 13.3 20.7 23.0
2003 14.2 11.7 28.4 26.6
Adj. Discrimination Indexes: Holland
Year NB Dutch Turk Moroc. Black
1991 35.5 30.2 27.3 39.0
1994 11.1 23.14 8.66 10.8
1998 10.2 26.0 24.9 12.7
2002 NA NA NA NA
Deprivation Indexes: France, 2003
Souche SE Europ Maghreb Black
Un-adjusted
12.4 13.1 25.3* 28.7*
Adjusted
12.4 11.6 19.51* 19.11*
Occupational Status, Holland
1998 NB Dutch Turk Moroc. Black
Un-adjusted
38.1 33.3* 33.0* 38.7
Adjusted
38.1 37.7 37.2 40.5
Occupational Status, France
2003 Souche SE Europ Maghreb Black
Un-adjusted
37.8 35.1* 38.1 38.7
Adjusted
37.8 35.8 37.7 35.1
Job Market Share Changes, France
1991-2003 (%)
Souche SE Europ Maghreb Black
1991 Pop. 74.7 5.83 3.95 3.24
Pop. change
-5.2 -13.2 +73.7 +61.1
Job share change
-4.2 -11.9 +69.2 +54.9
Location change
+1.0 +1.6 -2.6 -3.9
Conclusion● 1. Evidence of Deprivation
– Greater in France than Holland● France is trending up, Holland is trending down
– Occ. Status, in Holland only.● 2. Evidence of Discrimination
– Results the same for Holland; slight attenuation for France.– Occ. Status, none.
● 3. Evidence of Competition:– Job growth lags behind minority population growth.
● 4. Structural reasons indicate that disadvantage is greater in France than in Holland, making conditions there conducive to ethnic conflict.