Ethnobotany. Lecture 31

Alexey Shipunov

Minot State University

April 17, 2013

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Outline

1 PharmacognosyPlant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

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Results of Exam 3: statistic summary

Summary:Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.32.00 54.00 57.00 56.85 64.00 69.00

Grades:F D C B max42 49 56 63 70

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Results of Exam 2: the curve

20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Density estimation for Exam 3 (Biol 154)

Points

63(B)

42(F)

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

PharmacognosyPlant remedies for nervous system;

stimulants

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Cola, Cola spp., Malvaceae, West Africa

Colae semenTropical tree, seeds contain caffeine and kolaninsCaffeine is antagonist of adenosine inhibitory receptors andnatural insecticide

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Cola

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Caffeinated spiders make wrong webs

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Tea, Camellia sinensis, Theaceae, East Asia

Small evergreen shrubNative to China, cultivated there from 2500 BC

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Tea

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Tea facts

Young leaves and buds are mostly usedThere are fermented (black, pu-ehr, up to 3% of caffeine!) andnon-fermented (green) teasAll contain caffeine and small amounts of theobromine andtheophylline

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Coffee, Coffea arabica, Rubiaceae, East Africa

Small evergreen tree with regular growthNative to Ethiopia, was a local Yemen culture until XVIII century

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Coffee

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Coffee facts

Seeds contain up to 2.5% of caffeineMost of aromatic compounds (caffeol) are activated when frying

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Cocoa, Theobroma cacao, Malvaceae, South America

Evergreen small tree with caulifloryCocoa beans are large fruits which go to cocoa, chocolate and oilproduction

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Cocoa

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Cocoa facts

Fermented and fried seeds contain 2% of theobrominePhosphodiesterase inhibitor which raises intracellular cAMP43% of world cocoa come from Côte d’Ivoire

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Theobromine

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Yerba mate, Ilex paraguariensis, Aquifoliaceae, SouthAmerica

Evergreen shrub from semi-deserts of South AmericaLeaves contain up to 2% of caffeineAnti-cancer and cancer effects were both stated

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Mate

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Yerba mate

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Guarana, Paulinia spp., Sapindaceae, South America

Tropical shrub with pinnate leaves; seed powder is used as a drinkExtremely high in caffeine (up to 6%), actually caffeine old namewas “guaranine”

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Guarana

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

Summary

Most of stimulants / narcotics are analogs of neurotransmitters

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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants

For Further Reading

A. Shipunov.Ethnobotany [Electronic resource].2011—onwards.Mode of access:http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_310

M. Heinrich and others.Fundamentals of pharmacognosy amd phytotherapy (selectedchapters). [Electronic resource].Churchhill Livingstone, 2004.Mode of access: http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_310/heinrich2004_fund_pharm_part.djvuChapter 16.

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