Ethnobotany
Alexey Shipunov
Minot State University
Lecture 24
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Outline
1 PharmacognosyPlant remedies for respiratory systemPlant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for respiratory system
PharmacognosyPlant remedies for respiratory system
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for respiratory system
Ipecac, Cephaelis (Psychotria) spp., Rubiaceae,Central America
Ipecacuanhae radixIoquinoline alkaloids as emetineHas both mucolytic and emetic effects (frequently used asanti-toxic)
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for respiratory system
Ipecac
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for respiratory system
Emetine
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for respiratory system
Cough
Normally a symptom of other diseasesSuppression of brain nervous centers will reduce the cough
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for respiratory system
Opium poppy, Papaver somniferum, Papaveraceae,Asia
Contain alkaloids codeine and morphineCodeine is toxic in large doses because of respiratory depressioneffectMorphine causes strong addiction and painful withdrawalsyndromeOpioids mimic endogenous opioids: endorphins, enkephalins,dynorphins neurotransmitters
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for respiratory system
Codeine and morphine
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
PharmacognosyPlant remedies for nervous system;
stimulants
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Stimulants and narcotics
Most of them substitute natural synaptic neurotransmittersWithdrawal syndrome is due to flexibility of our biosynthesis
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
From Nutt et al. (2007) in ”Lancet”
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Cannabis, Cannabis sativa, Cannabaceae, South Asia
Annual or perennial herbLeaves contain unique family of terpeno-phenolic compoundscalled cannabinoids (some psychoactive like THC,tetrahydrocannabinol; some are not like CBD, cannabidiols)THC is known to activate protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors land 2 (CB1, CB2)Cannabinoids mimic endocannabinoids which acts asretro-neurotransmitters which go backward in synapse andterminate release of “normal” neurotransmitters
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Cannabis
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
CBD, cannabidiol
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Coca, Erythroxylon coca, Erythroxylaceae, SouthAmerica
Andean evergreen shrubContains cocaine, anesthetic andstrong stimulant narcoticCocaine blocks the dopaminetransporter protein
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Coca
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Cocaine
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Peyote cactus, Lophophora williamsii, Cactaceae,Mexico
Cactus plant containing mescaline, LSD/psilocybin grouphallucinogen narcoticAgonist of serotonin 5-HT2A receptor
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Lophophora
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Mescaline
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Cola, Cola acuminata, Malvaceae, West Africa
Colae semenTropical tree, seeds contain caffeine and kolaninsCaffeine is antagonist of adenosine inhibitory receptors andnatural insecticide
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Cola
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Caffeinated spiders make wrong webs
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Tea, Camellia sinensis, Theaceae, East Asia
Small evergreen shrubNative to China, cultivated there from 2500 BC
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Tea
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Tea facts
Young leaves and buds are mostly usedThere are fermented (black, pu-ehr, up to 3% of caffeine!) andnon-fermented (green) teasAll contain caffeine and small amounts of theobromine andtheophylline
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Coffee, Coffea arabica, Rubiaceae, East Africa
Small evergreen tree with regular growthNative to Ethiopia, was a local Yemen culture until XVIII century
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Coffee
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Coffee facts
Seeds contain up to 2.5% of caffeineMost of aromatic compounds (caffeol) are activated when frying
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Cocoa, Theobroma cacao, Malvaceae, South America
Evergreen small tree with caulifloryCocoa beans are large fruits which go to cocoa, chocolate and oilproduction
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Cocoa
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Cocoa facts
Fermented and fried seeds contain 2% of theobrominePhosphodiesterase inhibitor which raises intracellular cAMP43% of world cocoa come from Côte d’Ivoire
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Theobromine
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Yerba mate, Ilex paraguariensis, Aquifoliaceae, SouthAmerica
Evergreen shrub from semi-deserts of South AmericaLeaves contain up to 2% of caffeineAnti-cancer and cancer effects were both stated
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Mate
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Yerba mate
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Guarana, Paullinia cupana, Sapindaceae, SouthAmerica
Tropical shrub with pinnate leaves; seed powder is used as a drinkExtremely high in caffeine (up to 6%), actually caffeine old namewas “guaranine”
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Guarana
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Khat, Catha edulis, Celastraceae, East Africa
Evergreen shrub ecologically similar to coffeeLeaves contain cathine (pseudonorephedrine), agonist ofnoardrenaline receptors, which mild psychoactive effects
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Khat
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Cathine
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Areca nut, Areca catechu, Palmae, Southeast Asia
Nuts are chewed with betle pepper (Piper betle, Piperaceae)leaves and slaked lime (Ca(OH)2)Chemical reaction will free arecoline alkaloid (similar to nicotine),agonist of acetylcholine receptors
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Areca nut vendor (Hainan, China)
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Arecoline
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
Summary
Most of stimulants / narcotics are analogs of neurotransmitters
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Pharmacognosy Plant remedies for nervous system; stimulants
For Further Reading
A. Shipunov.Ethnobotany [Electronic resource].2011—onwards.Mode of access:http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_310
Heinrich et al. 2012 (or 2004).Fundamentals of Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy.Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.Mode of access: http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_310/heinrich2004_fund_pharm_part.pdf
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