EU-UNDP Disaaster Risk Reduction Toolkit

7/30/2019 EU-UNDP Disaaster Risk Reduction Toolkit

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Working Together… for a Risk Resilient Nepal

Design, layout & production by PowerComm, 5552987

This DRR Tool Kit for Constituent Assembly members isproduced jointly by the following organizations,

with funding support ofEuropean Commission Humanitarian Aid department

(through DIPECHO V partnersăActionAid with AusAIDco-finance, Care Nepal, Handicap International,

Mercy Corps, Practical Action andUNDPăBCPR South and SouthăWest Asia), Oxfam GB,

United Nations Development Program Nepal and

Association of International NGOs, Nepal.

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AN INFORMATION PACK FOR

CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY

MEMBERS OF NEPAL

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European Commission Humanitarian Aiddepartment

The European CommissionÊs Humanitarian Aiddepartment is under the direct responsibility ofCommissioner Louis Michel. Since 1992, the

Commission has funded relief to millions of victimsof natural and man-made disasters outside the

European Union.

Aid is channelled impartially to the affectedpopulations, regardless of their race, ethnic group,religion, gender, age, nationality or political affiliation.In the area of humanitarian aid, the Commission

works with 200 operational partners, includingspecialised United Nation agencies, the RedCross/Crescent movement and non-governmental

organisations (NGOs). The European Commissionis one of the biggest sources of humanitarian aid inthe world. In 2007, it provided over 768 million Euros

for humanitarian projects. This does not include theaid given separately by the EUÊs 25 Member States.Support went to projects in (number) countries.The funds are spent on goods and services suchas food, clothing, shelter, medical provisions, water

supplies, sanitation, emergency repairs and mine-clearing.

The Commission also funds disaster preparedness

and mitigation projects in regions prone to naturalcatastrophes. Under department of DisasterPreparedness (DIPECHO), the European

CommissionÊs Humanitarian Aid department hasbeen supporting a number of disaster preparednessinitiatives in South Asia, including Nepal.

For more information, please visit official website of European Commission at www.ec.europa.eu



Ü Of 198 countries in the

world, Nepal is ranked 11th

in terms of earthquake

risk and 30th in terms of

water-induced disaster risk

(UN/BCPR, 2004)

Ü Nepal is highly vulnerable

to a variety of disasters

likefood,landslide,

earthquake,fire,epidemic,

and climate changeimpact, etc.

Ü Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF), avalenches, industrial and

transport accident, environmental pollution, pesticides related

accidents etc. are contributing to disaster vulnerability in Nepal.

Ü A recent report of Department of Epidemelogy and Disease

Control, Nepal shows that 346 people died and 62,016 people

were directly by diarrheal epidemic that spread over 20 districts

of far and mid-western Nepal since 2008.

Global Rank in Water InducedDisasters Risk

Global Rank in

Earthquake Risk

30th

11th

Disaster Situation in Nepal

Living under constant

threat of disasters,

we Nepalese people

have to ensure a risk

resilient country to

ensure our right to

lead a secure life...“recent diarrhea

affected death

recent diarrhea

affected people

346

62,016

death due to

disasters,

every year

NPR, economicloss per year

1,000

1,20,80,00,000

Photo: ECO Nepal

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Ü Likewise,globalepidemicslikeBirdFlu(AvianInfuenza)

and Swine Flu (H1N1) are already affecting the local

population.

Ü Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA) report indicates that

every year, more than 1,000 people die due to disasters.

According to DisInventar Database, on an average over two

persons die everyday because of disasters, 200 everyday areaffected.

Ü From 1971 to 2007, over 1,33,000 people were affected

every year by disasters... over 9,350 houses were destroyed

every year (MoHA)

Ü MoHA report shows that economic loss due to disasters is

NPR 1.2 billion a year.

Ü German Watch Index, 2006 states that Nepal is ranked

6th in terms of vulnerability due climate change induced

hazards.

Ü Nepal’s average temperature is increasing rapidly compared

to global average in global warming. If the current trend

of rising temperature continues, three-fourth of Nepal’s

3,000+ glacial lakes will dwindle by 2030 due to premature

meltdown.

Ü ICIMOD assessment illustrates that of the 2323 glacial lakes

of Nepal, 20 are potentially dangerous and can result in

Glacier Lake Outburst Floods (GLOF).

Ü EntireNepal’sonhighseismicactivezoneindicating

impending high intensity earthquake anytime. According to

various studies, among the major 200 cities of the world,

Kathmandu valley is extremely vulnerable to earthquake and

can result in mass scale destruction of lives and property.

Ü The joint study report of MoHA and JICA (Japan

International Coorporation Agency), 2002 estimates that

if an earthquake of intensity equivalent to 8.4 Richter scale

strikes Kathmandu valley (compared to 1934 earthquake),

40,000 people may lose life;

95,000 people are likely to be injured and over 60 percent

of the buildings will collapse.

Ü The frequency, intensity and impact of disasters is on the

rise...

According to various

studies, among the

major 200 cities of

the world, Kathmandu

valley is extremely

vulnerable to

earthquake and can

result in mass scale

destruction of lives

and property.“

Photo: Co Action Nepal

Photo: ISET-N



” Nepal is highly vulnerable to disaster risks.

The country lags in its capacity to cope with

disasters and major disaster events can wreck

havoc to the future of Nepal. There is a need to

strengthen the policy and legislation on disaster

management,

emphasizing

on holistic risk

reduction measures

through clear

emphasis on

various stages

of disaster risk

management cycle.

Disaster ManagementLegislation:

Need for Revision

Previous experiences have given ample

evidence that preparedness measures

can reduce disaster losses drastically. (In

Bangladesh, the cycle of 1970 killed

500,000 people while only 4,000 life

losses were reported due to 2009 cyclone.

Reason is the comprehensive cyclone

preparedness program in Bangladesh

since early 90’s).

The Natural Calamity (Relief) Act of 1982,

amended twice in 1989 and 1992 is more

response oriented. The existing legislation has

been found to be inadequate to address rights

Experiences have

proved that disaster

preparedness can reduce

90% of human losses.

One rupee invested in

preparedness can save

seven rupees at times of

mass casualties.

P h o t o : E

C O N e p

a l

Natural Calamity

(Relief) Act of 1982,

though amended twice

is has not served its purpose

in ensuring rights of disaster affected

and disaster vulnerable people. In its current

form, it is inadequate to address comprehensive risk

reduction framework. A revision to the existing legal

provisions is imperative now…

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of disaster affected or disaster vulnerable

people. Three is a need for immediate

revision of the existing legal provisions to

ensure holistic risk management policies

and systems giving adequate emphasis

on all stages of disaster risk management

cycle from preparedness to sustainable

development.

The state must ensure that people with

disabilities as well as other differentially

vulnerable people are consulted and included

in all aspects of society, ensuring equal

opportunities in private and public life.

Inclusion of differentially vulnerable people

must be a component of any decision

and action on disaster risk management at

various levels.

Disaster Impact Assessment should be

mandatory during development and

infrastructure planning, along with

environmental impact assessment.

The government should immediately address

need for stronger legislation, which has

been proposed to the government through amulti-stakeholder initiative in 2005.

The proposed comprehensive risk reduction

framework should include, among other

provisions:

Transition from a ‘relief centric’ to a ‘risk

reduction centric’ approach

Elimination of ‘knowledge gap’ on disaster risk

reduction in the society Emphasis on gender and social inclusion

including people with disabilities

Efficient and effective coordination through

participation at all stages of disaster risk

reduction process

Integrating risk reduction approach into

development policies and actions

Establishment of an effective organizational

structure to facilitate quick and efficient decision

making

Integrating disaster risk reduction plans at various

levels, from local to national levels

Establishment of disaster management fund with

clear authority and guidelines

Strengthening political commitment for

comprehensive disaster risk reduction

Under aegis of the Hyogo Framework of Action

to reduce disaster risks (Nepal is a signatory tothis global framework), a National Strategy for

Disaster Risk Management was approved by

the cabinet in 2009. This strategy needs to be

followed up with appropriate policy and necessary

legislation to convert intention and strategy into

reality.

International legal

instruments and

humanitarian standards

emphasizes on right to

life with dignity during

emergencies. It underlines

the responsibility of the state

to protect and safeguard

human life and dignity.

Government of Nepal has adopted

the United Nation’s Convention

related the rights of people withdisabilities in 2009. Especially

the clause 11 has mentioned

that every country should

have developed all necessary

arrangement required to protect

the rights of people with disabilities

during thedisaster including

armed conflict, human conflict and

natural disasters.

P h o t o : E C O N e p a

l



The proposed Disaster Management Act, 2009 is towards

enhancing effective management of risk reduction throughout the

disaster management cycle – preparedness, mitigation, rescue and

relief, rehabilitation and recovery

The proposed Act emphasizes on protecting and securing lives

and property with emphasis on critical facilities that impact general

public and facilitates management of disasters effectively

The proposed Disaster Management Act, 2009 calls forreplacement of the existing Natural Calamity (Relief) Act, 1982

The salient features of the proposed DM Act are:

• Disasters are dened distinctly as natural and human induced

• Provision for National Council for Disaster Management

(NCDM) to be chaired by R. H. Prime Minister of Nepal

with clear mandate and functions, duties, responsibilities and

authority of the council.

• Proposal to set up National Disaster Management Authority

(NDMA) under the NCDM, to act as the focal point for

disaster management functions in Nepal from formulation

of appropriate strategies and plans to implementation and

supervision of disaster management activities

• Claries the role, responsibility and functions

of security forces including Nepal Army, Nepal

Police and Armed Police Force; institutions,

industrial sector and private organizations

“

It is very urgent to

pass out the Disaster

Management Act

to support the

implementation of National

Strategy on Disaster

Risk Management,

which supplements the

development of the

country and ensures the

rights of each individual to

safe life.

Proposed DisasterManagement Act,2009 – Key Features

Photo: ECO Nepal

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”

Though the proposed Disaster

Management Act, developed through a

multi-stakeholder consulting and initiative,

was submitted to the government, three

years have elapsed in the meantime. An

effective legislation and policy framework could have guided the country to reduce

disaster impacts during this period and for

future. Lack of an efcient and sound legal

provision has resulted in the people leading

a life ridden with multiple vulnerability,

insecure from threats and unsure about

securing rights to lead a life with dignity

during disasters.

We urge the constituent assembly

members, policy makers and government

to endorse the proposed Disaster

Management Act without further delay. A

strong Nepal requires a strong disaster risk

reduction framework and it is the primary

responsibility of the state to offer such a

framework to the people of Nepal.

• Emphasizes on development of

micro and macro hazard and

vulnerability maps for disaster prone

areas to inform decision makers

to address disaster risk reduction

effectively

• Clarity in different approaches and

functions during the three states

- pre-disaster, during-disaster and

post-disaster

• Clarity in actions and approaches

during different stages in a

disaster risk reduction cycle, from

preparedness onwards to relief,

recovery and development

• Proposal for various committees

to look into and be responsible

for Preparedness, Rescue and

Relief as well as Rehabilitation and

Reconstruction; under the leadership

respective ministries including

formation of similar committees at

district and local levels

The proposed

Disaster

Management

Act, 2063 calls

for replacement

of the existing

Natural Calamity

(Relief) Act,

2032

“Three years have

gone by since the

proposed Disaster

Management Act

was submitted to

the government. Weurge the constituent

assembly members,

policy makers

and government

to endorse the

proposed Disaster

Management Act,

2009 without further

delay.

Photo: UNDP-BPCR



The Government of Nepal approved the National Strategy for Disaster

Risk Management (NSDRM) 2009, paving way to address disaster

risk reduction in a comprehensive manner within overall development

framework. Guided by the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA), the

NSDRM is a step towards meeting the goals and priorities set through

HFA.

The NSDRM has an overall objective of providing direction to

integrate disaster risk reduction into national development plans and

processes.

NSDRM analyses risks and vulnerabilities of Nepal, taking note of

historic events and seeking to learn from past events. It emphasizes

on the relationship between disasters and poverty and suggests strong

risk reduction approach to insure development investments by the

government.

NSDRM is based on the spirit and principles of Total Disaster Risk

Management (TDRM) approach

National Strategy forDisaster Risk Management, 2009

”Major guiding principles of

disaster risk management

strategy:

• Mainstreaming disaster risk

reduction into development

plans

• Ensuring safety to life and

social security

• Gender and social inclusion

• Decentralized

implementation processes

• Holistic risk management

approach

• Safety and security to staff

and stakeholders

• One window policy and

cluster based approach to

disaster management

• Spirit of participatory,

interactive and coordinated

efforts to DRR

The need for

institutional

strengthening is very

important for effectiveimplementation of

sector approach

underlined in the

National Strategy

for Disaster Risk

Management

Women are 14

times more likely

to die of natural

disasters

Photo: ECO Nepal

Photo: Co-Action Nepal

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Sectoral Strategies for Disaster Risk

Reduction (DRR):

For disaster risk reduction and managing

preparedness, mitigation or response work for

emergency situations, different sectoral activities

are also mentioned in this strategy as per the

nature of nine sectors:

• Strategy related to agriculture and food

security sector

• Strategy related to health and nutrition sector

• Strategy related to education sector

•Strategy related to shelter, infrastructure and

physical planning sector

Photo: ECO Nepal

• Strategy related to livelihood sector

• Strategy related to water and sanitationsector

• Strategy related to forest and soil

conservation sectors

• Strategy related to information,

communication, coordination and

management capacity sector

• Strategy related to tracing, rescue and

damage assessment and need analysis

sector

Photo: Handicap International

Major strategic priorities:

Considering the Hyogo Framework for Action – HFA

(2005-2015) as a guiding document, identifying the

major challenges in the Nepalese context and in the

implementation process of getting solution to them, the

major fve priority actions are defned as:

• Prioritizing disaster risks mitigation at national and

local level and ensuring the management of strong

organizational structure for its

implementation,

• Assessment of potential disaster

risks, identify, monitor and

enhance early-warning system

• Use of knowledge, innovation

and education in order to developsafe culture and resilience,

• Reduce the factors of extended risks, and

• Strengthen disaster preparedness for

effective response.

In order to achieve those priority activities,

29 strategic activities, their indicative activitiesand outcomes and responsible agencies for

operation are also defned.



SUMMARY of the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015:Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters (Hyogo Framework)

I S D RInternational Strategy

for Disaster Reduction

International Strategy for Disaster Reduction

DRR= disaster risk reduction

Strategic Goals

The integration of disaster risk reduction intosustainable development policies and planning

Development and strengthening of institutions,mechanisms and capacities to build resilience tohazards

The systematic incorporation of risk reductionapproaches into the implementation of emergencypreparedness, response and recovery programmes

Priorities for Action

Cross Cutting Issues

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Risk assessments and maps,multi-risk: elaboration anddisseminationIndicators on DRR and vulnerabilityData & statistical loss informationEarly warning: people centered;information systems; public policyScientific and technologicaldevelopment; data sharing, space-based earth observation, climatemodeling and forecasting; earlywarningRegional and emerging risks

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Information sharing and cooperation;Networks across disciplines andregions; dialogueUse of standard DRR terminologyInclusion of DRR into schoolcurricula, formal and informaleducationTraining and learning on DRR:

community level, local authorities,targeted sectors; equal accessResearch capacity: multi-risk; socio-economic; applicationPublic awareness and media

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Disaster management capacities:policy, technical and institutionalcapacitiesDialogue, coordination & informationexchange between disaster managersand development sectorsRegional approaches to disaster response, with risk reduction focusReview & and exercise preparednessand contingency plansEmergency fundsVoluntarism & participation

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Sustainable ecosystems and environmentalmanagementDRR strategies integrated with climate changeadaptationFood security for resilienceDRR integrated into health sector and safe hospitalsProtection of critical public facilitiesRecovery schemes and social safety- netsVulnerability reduction with diversified income optionsFinancial risk-sharing mechanismsPublic-private partnershipLand use planning and building codesRural development plans and DRR

K e y

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t i v i t i e

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3. Use knowledge, innovationand education to build a cultureof safety and resilience atall levels

5. Strengthen disaster preparednessfor effective response at all levels

4. Reduce the underlying risk factors

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DRR institutional mechanisms(national platforms);designated responsibilitiesDRR part of developmentpolicies and planning, sector wise and multisector Legislation to support DRRDecentralisation of responsibilities and resources

Assessment of humanresources and capacitiesFoster political commitmentCommunity participation

Expected OutcomeThe substantial reduction of disaster losses, in lives and in the social,

economic and environmental assets of communities and countries

1. Ensure that disaster riskreduction (DRR) is a nationaland a local priority with astrong institutional basis for implementation

2. Identify, assess and monitor disaster risks and enhance earlywarning

Multi-hazard approach Gender perspective and cultural diversity Community and volunteers participation Capacity building & technology transfer

C o n t r i b u t i n g t o t h e a c h i e v e

m e n t s o f

t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l l y a g r e e d d e v e l o p m e n t

g o a l s ( i n c l u d i n g t h e M D G s )

www.unisdr.org

Expected outcome, strategic goals and priorities for action 2005-2015

…

…

The Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA):

The common strategy approved by the member states of the

United Nations Organizations for global disaster risk reduction

is the “Hyogo Framework for Action”. In the Second UN World

Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction held in Kobe, Japan

from 18 to 22 January, 2005, 168 states of the world unanimously

approved the Hyogo Framework of Action with commitment for

its adoption.

The Hyogo Framework for Action has expected an importantresult that within the period of a decade by 2015, through

signicant reduction of humanitarian, social, economic and

environmental impacts caused by disaster, every state and

community will develop resilience against it.

The Hyogo Framework of Action has dened ve priority areas

of action. In order to get them effectively implemented, guiding

principles are developed and it has also recommended practical

measures to develop resilience among the communities vulnerable

to disaster on the background of sustainable development.

The Hyogo Framework of Action emphasizes on the concept

of disaster risk reduction as a center of development plan and

strategy. Disaster challenges the achievements of development

and increases poverty. Thus it has made aware of the fact that

the impact of disaster can be the main barrier to Millennium

Development Goals (MDGs) if serious steps are not taken in

time.

The common

strategy approved by

the member states

of the United Nations

Organizations for

global disaster risk

reduction is the

“Hyogo Framework

for Action”.

The Hyogo Framework

for Action has expected

an important result that

within the period of adecade by 2015, through

signifcant reduction

of humanitarian,

social, economic and

environmental impacts

caused by disaster,

every state and

community will developresilience against it.

Photo: ECO Nepal

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Priorities of Hyogo Framework for Action:

The Hyogo Framework for Action has

identied ve priorities for actions. This

can be called as the core part of the Hyogo

Framework for Action. It has explained the

details of the potential actions under each

priority.

Priority action 1: Ensure that disaster

risk reduction is a national and a local

priority with a strong institutional basis

for implementation.

For strong institutional, national designs,institutional instruments and legal framework,

sustainable resource management,

community participation must be strong.

Priority action 2: Identify, assess, and

monitor disaster risks and enhance early

warning system.

Identify local, regional and national

vulnerability, monitoring and evaluation,develop early warning system, and capacity

building to cope with the potential

vulnerability.

Priority action 3: Use knowledge,

innovation, and education to build a

culture of safety and resilience at all

levels.

Information management and information

sharing at local and national level, raise

capacity through awareness including

education, training, and research to face

disaster and secured community.

Priority action 4: Reduce the underlying

risk factors

Environmental and natural resourcemanagement, practice social and economical

development, reduce the causes of vulnerability

by appropriate landuse planning and

techniques.

Priority action 5: Strengthen disaster

preparedness for effective response at all

levels.

Make strong policies, technical and institutional

capacity through development of human and

physical resources with trainings related to

disaster management at local, regional land

national level.

With an aim of making effective disasterrisk reduction, there should be coordination,

information sharing between all stakeholders

of preparedness, vulnerability reduction, and

disaster coping and development sector.

In a national situation of disaster overlapping

the coping capacity, it is necessary to ensure the

effective development and strengthening of

coordination in regional level, implement thepolicy in regional level, planning and establish

early warning system.

Develop planning and policy of preparedness

visioning the most disaster affective region and

group. Ensure the quick and effective response

in case of disaster, support with food and

necessary items and promote the practice of

preparedness.

To establish an Emergency fund as per

necessary for coping disaster, reduce loss and

support preparedness activities.

Motivate the attitude of volunteerism among

community and stakeholder and active

participation to reduce disaster vulnerability.



Mainstreaming DisasterRisk Reduction into Development

It is necessary to draft

the legal and institutional

frameworks for mainstreaming

disaster into development to

work for disaster risk reduction

and develop risk resilient

Nepal.

Disasters destroy

human lives, property,

social and cultural

assets and phycho-

social well being of

the society

Disasters destroydevelopment

investments and

pull back years of

development and growth

Investment in development,

without risk consideration, will make

structures and systems vulnerable to

disasters

Achievement of Millennium Development

Goals and sustainable development

in Nepal cannot be achieved without

addressing disaster risks

Mainstreaming of disaster risk reduction

into development will enhance local,

regional and national capacity to cope

with disasters and become risk resilient

Economic development is necessaryfor poverty reduction. Infrastructure

development plays a

vital role in ushering

development.

Infrastructure and

critical facility

development should

keep risk reduction

parameters in mind

from conception state

onwards

Adequate efforts

should be given to ensure

implementation of national

building code to reduce disaster risks.

This should be made mandatory at all

levels.

Community participation in all

levels of decision making is of

paramount importance in risk

reduction mainstreaming, including

participation of differentially

vulnerable groups

It is necessary to strengthen local

knowledge, skills and techniques

to cope with disasters, through acommunity led participatory exercise

Photo: ECO Nepal

M a i n s t r e a mi n g D i s a s t e r R i s k

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Major Legal instruments for DRR

Natural Calamity Relief Act, 1982

National Action Plan 1996 (Amendment)

Three Years Interim Plan's Approach Paper 2005-2008

Disaster Victim Relief Distribution Norms , 2007

National Disaster Risk Reduction Platform, 2008

National Strategy on Disaster Risk Management, 2009

Disaster Management Act, 2009

People’s Declaration on Disaster Risk Reduction

It is necessary to develop and put in

place disaster management action plan

in all 75 districts of Nepal and its VDCs

Adequate studies and researches

should be carried out along river basinsto understand floods, flash floods and

landslides, from hills to terai. Appropriate

mechanisms should be developed to

address associated risks to people,

property and environment

Recent earthquakes have

demonstrated that unsafe

school structures can cause

widespread loss. For example,

in 2004 earthquake in Pakistan,

18,000 children were killed by

unsafe school buildings. School

buildings in Nepal are unsafe.

Immediate measures should

be taken towards school and

hospital safety

Photo: UNDP-BPCR



"

We, the people of Nepal who are under constant

threat of disasters, who are affected by disasters

and vulnerable to the growing incidences of

calamities, hereby declare that:

1) Disaster Risk Reduction is people’s rights.

It entails ensuring security to people who

are affected by and vulnerable to disasters. We urge the government of Nepal to

immediately take further measures for a

comprehensive disaster risk reduction policy

that emphasizes addressing the special needs

and concerns of differentially vulnerable

people.

2) The rights of people can be protected

only through appropriate legal and policy provisions. We seek immediate adoption of

the Disaster Management Act 2063 (Revised

and submitted to the government in

February 2007) by the constituent assembly,

3) We believe that efcient governance and

a prosperous nation cannot be achieved

without including people in the decision

making process. Community is the rst

impact receiver of any disaster and the rst

responder too. We urge the government

to ensure that policy framework and

government decisions should invariably

include people’s participation at various and

appropriate levels.

4) We recognize the important role played

by international NGOs, civil society,

local NGOs, donors and government in

supporting disaster risk reduction initiatives.

People’s Declaration on

Disaster Risk Reduction, Nepal

We believe that there is tremendous scope

for us to build upon our achievements and

scale up our initiatives at community level.

We seek continued support of the key

stakeholders who have been working with

us to enhance our disaster resilience.

5) We believe that a culture of risk reduction

has to be encouraged at all levels, from the

grassroots people to the highest ofces of

the government. We urge the government

to build capacities of its own systems to

mainstream risk reduction at all levels and

invest in building community capacity to

better respond to and prepare themselves to

disasters.

6) We believe that mainstreaming disaster risk

reduction within the development processand addressing rights of disaster affected

The new constitution of

Nepal should clearly address

the issues of disasters in

the country and should

the fundamental rights of

disaster affected and disaster

vulnerable persons to a safe

and secure life with dignity

and protection of their rights

from disaster risks

P e o

p l e ’ s D e c l a r a t i o n

o n

D i s

a s t e r R i s k R e d u c t i o n

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people needs priority investments. We urge

the government, donors and international

community to listen to the voices of people

and extend their fullest support to our

desire to build a risk free nation.

7) We understand the importance of

working together. We declare our

underlying commitment to the process of

comprehensive disaster risk reduction in

Nepal and assure our support to initiatives

from government, donors, international

community and other national stakeholders

to build a Risk Free Nepal

8) We believe that a dream of a New Nepal

cannot be realized without addressing

the inherent risks posed by disasters. We

believe that disaster risk reduction is not

an option for this country, but an essential

pre-requisite that denes its development

process.

9) We once again reiterate our commitment to

work with the government towards realizing

our goal of risk free Nepal.

"

We believe that a culture

of risk reduction has to beencouraged at all levels,

from the grassroots people

to the highest offices of

the government. We urge

the government to build

capacities of its own systems

to mainstream risk reduction

at all levels and invest in

building community capacity

to better respond to and

prepare themselves to

disasters.

Photo: Action Aid Nepal



Some Experiences ofHeavy Floods in Nepal

Koshi Floods:Agony and Anguish

l August 18, 2008: a breach in

the east embankment of the

mighty Koshi river resulted in

severe oods, displacing over

50,000 people of Sunsari and

Saptarhi districts.

l Shantidevi Mandal, Haripur

VDC lost her father… lost her

property and was forced to live

in the river bank for several

days… without support,

without protection

l We became totally hopeless

when ood water rushed

into our village, said AnitaSada, a 19 year old living in

emergency residence block

A constructed for Koshi

affected people. She was

seven months pregnant

when Koshi oods broke

out. Her family had to stay

without food for seven

days…

l I was to be drown by ood… people were

shouting… whole village

went under water… with

great difculty, we survived

and ed from our village.

l Kaburahi Sahani said that

in the aftermath of oods,

she found herself and her

family to develop healthproblems. She found the

49billion

Economic loss of

1993's ood and

landslide

“ “August 18, 2008: a

breach in the east

embankment of the

mighty Koshi river

resulted in severe

oods, displacing

over 50,000 people

of Sunsari and

Saptarhi districts.


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S o m e E x p e r i e n c e s o f

H e a v y F l o o d s i n N

e p a l



same in others too. She

got involved as a health

volunteer, but it came late.

If such support systems were available immediately

after oods, things would

have been much better.

Kaburahi lost her son due to

post ood epidemic.

l Shanti Devi is another

person who lost everything

in life. She lost her home,

her buffaloes and land. Herhusband is a wage laborer

with irregular employment.

One of her sons is

physically challenged. Other

left home to work in India.

During the oods, when she

thought everything is lost,

some fellow villagers helped

rescued her to safe place

near the river bank. Herfuture looks bleak now.

l Nuna Devi and her three

children ran and ran with

other villagers during that

gruesome night. She was

9 months pregnant at that

time. She went many days

without food and with much

physical and mental pain.

Floods andLandslides of 1993

The ood and landslide of Nepal occurred during 1993

A.D was the most destructing

disaster in 58 years time. The

data of loss at that year is as

follows:

Disaster loss area Loss

Death 1336

Missing 163 Affected family 85254

Destroyed Houses 25425

Agricultural land

(hectare) 17113

Economic Loss

(NRs ) 49,00,000

l The oods and landslides

of 1993 was one of the

most destructive disastersto have hit Nepal.

l There is a widespread

feeling in the community

that losses by 1993 oods

and landslides are grossly

underestimated and

improperly reported

l There was no early warning available to people. Warning

could have averted disaster

and reduced losses

l There was no weather

forecasts coming up.

People were not aware

that Koshi was swelling

alarmingly.

l There was no plans for

any shelter settlements.

The identied shelters

were vulnerable to further

landslides

l At that time, even the

governmental, non

government and other

institutional support were

sporadic and not efcient.

An efcient system could

have reduced disaster after

effects to a great extent

lPost disaster epidemicsspread out, taking out more

lives with it. Even today,

people get nightmares of

that vicious day

l Government could not

provide adequate relief

and rehabilitation support,

though the royal family

had visited the affectedarea in 1993. People were

left to fend for themselves.

“ “The ood and

landslide of Nepal

occurred during 1993

A.D was the most

destructing disaster

in 58 years time.




Promoting Early Warning System:A Basis for Risk Reduction

Each year, the monsoon ood destroys

life and property of thousands of

people. It causes soil erosion, kills

livestock destroys stored food items,

and life and properties making it almost

impossible to rehabilitate.

Hundreds of people are displacing from their home as well as losing their

life due to landslides and soil erosion

occurring every year.

Millions of people in Nepal are

bound to live with a fear of potential

earthquake that may largely destroy life

and properties.

It is possible to get early warning

information to be safe from the abovementioned disasters. It only demands

commitments and action to change

behaviour.

Till date, Community Based Early Warning

System (CBEWS) for ood is established

in ve districts (Chitwan, Nawalparasi,

Banke, Bardia and Kailali) of Nepal. With

this successful experience we can now beoptimistic for a safer future.

Photo: Practical Action

One night in 1993, there was a

heavy ood in village. The ood

swept away my home together

with 24 livestock and 145800

sq. ft of crop land. Even I was

displaced near forest in the northpart of Bhandara.

-Nawaraj Silwal, 50, Bhandara, Chitwan

At midnight, when I got down

from my bed to go to toilet, I

came to know that the water level

was already reached to my knee.

-Lahu Ram Chaudhary, Lalitpur, Kailali

These are only few voices, representing the whole

affected people expressing their problems due to

lack of Early Warning System.

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P r o m o t i n g

E a r l y W a r n i n g

S y s t e m



As soon as we heard the Siren,

we came out from our house, took

our livestock to upland ground

(Thule Chour), and shifted our

important goods and documents

from ground oor to upstairs.

-Basant Chaudhary, Bagaicha Tole,

Nawalparasi, sharing experiences of after

ood of 6 September 2007

We are happy and proud that life

of all the people in our community

was saved. Due to the Early

Warning System equipmentand right use of knowledge and

skills gained during the training

and exposure visits people were

safe in the project communities.

Whereas, 24 people had lost

their lives in our neighbouring

communities.

-ChalluRam Chaudhary, Hasuliya, Kailai

sharing his experiences after ood of 20

September 2008

This time there was no need

of rescue and relief operation

due to Early Warning System

established in west Rapti River.

The communities already received

the ood information and reachedto safer place before ood.

-Chief District Ofcer, Birendra Baniya,

Banke speaking in5 January 2010 workshop

after the ood of 6 October 2009

Photo: Practical Action

Denitely, all ood affected people

residing near river banks in Nepal arenot getting early warning facilities.

Besides ood, there is no early warning

system established for other different

types of disaster.

It is an urgent need to scale up such

Early Warning System in other areas

of the country. Hence, the support togovernment has already been started to

draft National Early Warning Strategy for

Key Disaster Risk Reduction in Nepal.



Disaster Loss DatabaseDatabase of disaster loss from 1971 A.D to 2008 A.D

Achham 131 627 97 213,793 299 43

Arghakanchi 95 145 316 31,574 697 768

Baglung 195 422 181 59,360 964 276

Baitadi 108 331 1,669 24,507 1,426 2,018

Bajhang 79 281 30 13,053 6,516 8,622

Bajura 130 460 54 23,631 421 74

Banke 344 1,022 763 87,933 5,347 544

Bara 276 223 673 109,941 1,704 415

Bardiya 170 198 484 27,152 8,871 9,156

Bhaktapur 218 76 200 13,343 657 1,674Bhojpur 130 219 749 81,354 1,791 4,785

Chitawan 280 419 5,592 192,515 5,160 953

Dadeldhura 86 55 192 7,331 95 132

Dailekh 168 485 154 7,747 389 136

Dang 372 483 551 55,211 1,683 361

Darchula 113 193 134 2,861 4,307 2,885

Dhading 315 450 535 25,171 1,636 685

Dhankuta 140 219 1,247 7,485 3,831 5,446

Dhanusa 388 660 976 424,180 9,179 9,148

Dolakha 182 316 590 18,504 722 1,581

Dolpa 72 328 68 820 39 0

Doti 185 784 2,250 32,548 151 184

Gorkha 170 421 696 37,585 729 45

Gulmi 135 274 88 6,722 444 298

Humla 150 391 89 10,980 132 77

Ilam 165 233 1,496 4,038 1,003 3,056

Jajarkot 124 490 250 14,247 604 342

Jhapa 601 570 1,363 50,030 5,132 783

Jumla 138 408 242 46,082 224 156

Kailali 363 1,056 893 66,996 2,265 447

Kalikot 119 604 153 4,703 85 247

Kanchanpur 223 281 4,968 30,853 848 566

Kapilbastu 163 274 308 36,623 5,540 242

Kaski 355 369 241 7,329 449 249

Kathmandu 673 404 828 8,235 518 795

Kavre 329 303 1,099 30,105 2,826 1,150Khotang 111 254 549 13,437 3,171 6,175

Lalitpur 269 198 167 3,366 848 370

District Data-cards Human HousesDeaths Injuries Affected Destroyed Damaged

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Lamjung 155 161 74 11,786 468 127

Mahotari 355 433 1,305 548,075 9,073 6,144

Makwanpur 473 946 571 101,716 3,638 2,844

Manang 46 78 15 808 41 4

Morang 651 835 2,061 87,053 3,555 4,038

Mugu 72 336 78 3,249 264 67

Mustang 48 40 25 2,278 121 4

Myagdi 138 225 403 18,036 264 128

Nawalparasi 322 301 893 76,443 4,593 1,706

Nuwakot 232 271 567 8,653 366 117

Okhaldhunga 125 211 253 7,979 2,224 1,382

Palpa 194 304 951 56,484 895 434

Panchthar 145 189 834 9,658 1,498 3,486Parbat 175 88 476 69,816 384 145

Parsa 232 235 3,194 371,942 3,423 380

Pyuthan 100 247 618 2,077 368 66

Ramechhap 214 223 594 23,328 1,666 3,063

Rasuwa 112 374 22 4,191 252 139

Rautahat 343 655 574 393,066 5,915 13,969

Rolpa 84 227 206 4,938 429 11

Rukum 121 366 149 13,705 761 496

Rupandehi 292 501 1,064 51,591 4,207 1,301Salyan 129 208 450 3,242 249 74

Sankhuwasabha210 245 473 17,251 1,088 1,582

Saptari 539 831 545 432,075 25,542 2,803

Sarlahi 338 997 769 456,498 14,451 15,492

Sindhuli 290 467 714 164,612 4,059 2,957

Sindhupalchoke 314 662 866 96,491 1,395 621

Siraha 328 376 379 68,859 9,759 3,260

Solukhumbu 123 164 515 13,984 545 95

Sunsari 479 531 2,911 258,577 14,923 9,195

Surkhet 81 112 23 4,385 105 210

Syangja 309 388 258 32,989 1,666 939

Tanahu 253 253 366 86,501 793 647

Taplejung 230 276 362 23,503 618 575

Terhathum 99 127 194 10,920 1,574 2,523

Udayapur 263 329 744 75,845 4,367 3,854

Total 16,879 28,138 55,431 5,443,949 206,242 149,762Source: Nepal Desinventar Database, 2009 NSET

District Data-cards Human HousesDeaths Injuries Affected Destroyed Damaged



Database of Disaster Loss

The disaster database of different types of disaster within 8 years, from 2001 A.D to 2008 A.D,

shows clear picture of Nepal

Loss/Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Death 394 418 461 310 192 221

Missing 95 45 21 58 11 20

Injured 181 134 287 160 220 150

Affected Family 26303 16054 40486 11730 16997 4273

Livestock loss 947 667 2126 1125 905 727

Destroyed houses 8540 4596 15632 6458 3681 3155

Damaged Houses 700 1664 4204 361 1137 13

Agricutural land (Hectare) 520 1025

Economic loss (NRs) 1286964014 539874525 4276166156 989909000 341095212 381969055 223

Source: MOHA



Earthquake Grief of Nepal will be More Horrible

Nepal faced destructing earthquakes in1934 A.D and 1985. Meanshilw, there were some small scale earthquakes

which also made some damages. The earthquakes and the loss:

Loss/Year 1934 1966 1980 1988Earthquake Magnitude(Richter scale) 8.4 6.6Earthquake Occurred Area Nepal and India Western Nepal Western Nepal Eastern NepalMost Affected Area Kathmandu Darchula, Darchula, Sunsari, Dharan

Baitadi, Bajang Baitadi, BajangDeath 8,519 14 103 721Houses Loss 2,07,740 Not Available Not Available 65,000

Source: NSET

Lesson learned from the earthquake incidence and the effects occurred after disaster are as follows:

Earthquake is not a frequent disaster event. However, experts has mentioned that in every 100 years, Nepal willface a devastating earthquake. Earthquake is not regular as ood, landslide, epedimics etc.

Though earthquake occurs in a long time interval, damages and loss of life and property from earthquake will b

incredible.

It is not possible to predict when earthquake occurs and earthquakes occurs in very short time. Though it is of

short duration, it effects the development and destroys all constructiom. Earthquake doesnot kill people, but

people die during the breakdown of the constructed buildings.

The effect of earthquake is colossal and enormous money and time is necessary for reconstruction and

rehabilitation.



Western Nepal: Doti, Achham, Kalikot, Jajarkot,Kailali and Banke; similarly eastern Nepal:Rautahat, Dhanusha, Saptari and Morang-More than 400 people are died of Epidemics. The data shows that these districts are mostly affected by epidemics.

Large number of people died dueto landslide in eight mountaindistricts of Nepal; Myagdi, Kaski,Syanjya, Dhading, Sindhupalchowk,Makawanpur, Khotang, Taplejung.

Flood has effected terai regionof Nepal, most people losttheir lives in central region,Makawanpur and Sarlahi.

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Disaster brings economicloss. It is found thatdisasters like ood,landslide, and frecontributes to theproperty loss in Nepal

Landlside hasaffected buildingsof Syangya,Dhading, Kaskiand Makawanpurof Manabharatrange.

Fire is huge problem in terai region.Enourmous houses are lost dueto fre in Jhapa, Morang, Sunsari,Siraha, Dhanusa, Mahotari, Parsa,kapilbastu and Banke districts of Nepal.

Flood has affectedbuildings in Jhapa, Morang,Siraha, Makawanpur,Sindhuli, Chitwan,Nawalparasi, Rupandehiincluding other teraidistricts. Reduction

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For more information on DRR please contact any of the partners

European Commission Humanitarian Aid department (ECHO) Nepal977 1 4439120

www.ec.europa.eu/echo

Australian Government (AusAID)977 1 4371678

www.ausaid.gov.au

Ministry of Home Affairs (MOHA)977 1 4211219/4211200

www.moha.gov.np

Association of International NGOs (AIN)977 1 4222271/4222247

www.ain.org.np

UNDP Nepal/UNDP-BPCR977 1 5523200

www.undp.org.np

ActionAid Nepal977 1 4436477/4421232www.actionaid.org/nepal

CARE Nepal977 1 5522800/5522153

www.carenepal.org

Handicap International977 1 4378482/4374609

www.handicap-international.org

Mercy Corps977 1 5555532

www.mercycorps.org/countries/nepal

Practical Action977 1 4446015/4434482www.practical action.org

Oxfam International977 1 5530574/5542881

www.oxfam.org

DPNet Nepal977 1 4672165/6226613

www.dpnet.org.np

National Society for Earthquake Technology (NSET)977 1 5591000

www.nset.org.np

Nepal Red Cross Society (NRCS)977 1 4270650/4273734

www.nrcs.org

Co-Action Nepal977 56533168

www.nepaldisaster.org

ECO Nepal977 1 4435844

www.econepal.org



Working Together… for a Risk Resilient Nepal

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EU-UNDP Disaaster Risk Reduction Toolkit

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