Eucharist 2 The Eucharist as a Meal. Meals in the Ancient World.

Eucharist 2Eucharist 2

The Eucharist as The Eucharist as a Meala Meal

Meals in the Ancient Meals in the Ancient WorldWorld

Meals in the Ancient WorldMeals in the Ancient World

Meals were more than an occasion for eating Meals were more than an occasion for eating and drinking: they were a sacred time, a time and drinking: they were a sacred time, a time for thanksgiving to Godfor thanksgiving to God

Meals in the Ancient WorldMeals in the Ancient World Jewish meal began when the father or Jewish meal began when the father or

presiding member of community presiding member of community tooktook bread bread broke broke the breadthe bread blessedblessed it with the it with the berakaberaka (= blessing, (= blessing,

thanksgiving)thanksgiving) ““Blessed be you, LORD, our God, King Blessed be you, LORD, our God, King

of the universe, who brings forth bread of the universe, who brings forth bread from the earth”from the earth”

and then and then distributeddistributed the bread the bread

Meals in the Ancient WorldMeals in the Ancient World On holy days, at the end of the meal:On holy days, at the end of the meal:

Lamp brought in, lit, and blessedLamp brought in, lit, and blessed Hand washing; water brought first to the father or Hand washing; water brought first to the father or

one presiding by a servant or the youngest at the one presiding by a servant or the youngest at the tabletable

The father or one presiding then took a cup of wine The father or one presiding then took a cup of wine mixed with water and said: mixed with water and said: “Let us give thanks “Let us give thanks to the Lord our God”to the Lord our God”

All: All: “Blessed is he whose generosity has “Blessed is he whose generosity has given us food and whose kindness has given us food and whose kindness has given us life”given us life”

Meals in the Ancient WorldMeals in the Ancient World The father or one presiding then recited The father or one presiding then recited

several several berakaberaka (= blessings, thanksgivings) (= blessings, thanksgivings)

1. “Blessed be You, LORD, our God, 1. “Blessed be You, LORD, our God, King of the universe, who feeds the King of the universe, who feeds the world with goodness, with grace and world with goodness, with grace and mercy, who gives food to all flesh, for mercy, who gives food to all flesh, for You nourish and sustain all beings and You nourish and sustain all beings and provide food for all Your creatures. provide food for all Your creatures. Blessed be You, LORD, who gives food Blessed be You, LORD, who gives food to all.”to all.”

2. We thank You, LORD, our God, for a desirable, good and ample land which You were pleased to give to our fathers, and for Your covenant which You have marked in our flesh, and for the Torah which You have given us, and for life, grace, mercy, and food which You have lent us in every season. And for all this, LORD, our God, we thank You and bless Your name. Blessed be Your name upon us continually and for ever. Blessed be You, LORD, for the land and for the food.

3. “Have mercy, LORD, our God, upon Your people Israel, upon Your city Jerusalem, upon Zion, the abiding place of Your glory, upon the kingdom of the house of David Your anointed, and upon the great and holy house that was called by Your name. Feed us, nourish us, sustain us, provide for us, relieve us speedily from our anxieties, and let us not stand in need of the gifts of mortals, for their gifts are small and their reproach is great, for we have trusted in Your holy, great and fearful name. And may Elijah and the Messiah, the son of David come in our lifetime, and let the kingdom of the house of David return to its place, and You reign over us, You alone, and save us for Your name’s sake, and bring us up in it and gladden us in it and comfort us in Zion Your city. Blessed be You, LORD, who rebuilds Jerusalem.”

Meals in Jesus Meals in Jesus MinistryMinistry

Meals in Jesus’ MinistryMeals in Jesus’ Ministry Unlike the acetic John the Baptist, Jesus Unlike the acetic John the Baptist, Jesus

mingled with the people, eating and drinking mingled with the people, eating and drinking and sharing meals with his disciples and others and sharing meals with his disciples and others -- including the outcasts of society-- including the outcasts of society

Meals in Jesus’ MinistryMeals in Jesus’ MinistryFood Miracle StoriesFood Miracle Stories

Six miracle stories of Jesus providing food for Six miracle stories of Jesus providing food for crowds:crowds: Mark 6:34-44 & 8:1-9; Matt. 14:15-21 & 15:32-Mark 6:34-44 & 8:1-9; Matt. 14:15-21 & 15:32-

38; Luke 9:11-17; John 6:1-1538; Luke 9:11-17; John 6:1-15 Schillebeekx: “the focal point . . . is not so much Schillebeekx: “the focal point . . . is not so much

the miracle as the marvelous abundance that comes the miracle as the marvelous abundance that comes into play when Jesus offers his fellowship at into play when Jesus offers his fellowship at table.”table.”

The Last SupperThe Last Supper

Four accounts of the words of institution Four accounts of the words of institution (earliest to latest):(earliest to latest): Paul:Paul: 1 Corinthians 11:23-25 1 Corinthians 11:23-25 MarkMark (20 yrs. after Paul): Mark 14:22-25 (20 yrs. after Paul): Mark 14:22-25 MatthewMatthew (20+ yrs. After Mark): Matt. 26:26-29 (20+ yrs. After Mark): Matt. 26:26-29 LukeLuke (20+ yrs. After Mark): Luke 22:14-20 (20+ yrs. After Mark): Luke 22:14-20

The Last SupperThe Last SupperPaulPaul

……the Lord Jesus on the night when he was the Lord Jesus on the night when he was betrayed took a loaf of bread, and when he betrayed took a loaf of bread, and when he had given thanks, he broke it and said, had given thanks, he broke it and said, ‘This ‘This is my body that is for you. Do this in is my body that is for you. Do this in remembrance of me.’remembrance of me.’ In the same way he In the same way he took the cup also, after supper, saying took the cup also, after supper, saying ‘This ‘This cup is the new covenant in my blood. Do this, cup is the new covenant in my blood. Do this, as often as you drink it, in remembrance of as often as you drink it, in remembrance of me.’me.’ For as often as you eat this bread and For as often as you eat this bread and drink the cup, you proclaim the Lord’s death drink the cup, you proclaim the Lord’s death until he comes.”until he comes.” (NRSV) (NRSV)

The Last SupperThe Last SupperMarkMark

While they were eating, he took a loaf of While they were eating, he took a loaf of bread, and after blessing it he broke it, and bread, and after blessing it he broke it, and gave it to them, and said, gave it to them, and said, “Take, this is my “Take, this is my body.”body.” Then he took a cup, and after giving Then he took a cup, and after giving thanks he gave it to them, and all of them thanks he gave it to them, and all of them drank from it. He said to them, drank from it. He said to them, “This is my “This is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out blood of the covenant, which is poured out for many. Truly I tell you, I will never again for many. Truly I tell you, I will never again drink of the fruit of the vine until that day drink of the fruit of the vine until that day when I drink it new in the kingdom of God”when I drink it new in the kingdom of God” (NRSV)(NRSV)

The Last SupperThe Last SupperMatthewMatthew

While they were eating, Jesus took a loaf of While they were eating, Jesus took a loaf of bread, and after blessing it he broke it, gave bread, and after blessing it he broke it, gave it to the disciples, and said, it to the disciples, and said, “Take, eat; this is “Take, eat; this is my body.”my body.” Then he took a cup, and after Then he took a cup, and after giving thanks he gave it to them, saying, giving thanks he gave it to them, saying, “Drink from it, all of you; for this is my blood “Drink from it, all of you; for this is my blood of the covenant, which is poured out for of the covenant, which is poured out for many for the forgiveness of sins. I tell you, I many for the forgiveness of sins. I tell you, I will never again drink of this fruit of the vine will never again drink of this fruit of the vine until that day when I drink it new with you in until that day when I drink it new with you in my Father’s kingdom.”my Father’s kingdom.” (NRSV)(NRSV)

The Last SupperThe Last SupperLukeLuke

When the hour came, he took his place at the When the hour came, he took his place at the table, and the apostles with him. He said to table, and the apostles with him. He said to them, them, “I have eagerly desired to eat this “I have eagerly desired to eat this Passover with you before I suffer; for I tell Passover with you before I suffer; for I tell you, I will not eat it until it is fulfilled in the you, I will not eat it until it is fulfilled in the kingdom of God.”kingdom of God.” Then he took a cup, and Then he took a cup, and after giving thanks he said, after giving thanks he said, “Take this and “Take this and divide it among yourselves; for I tell you that divide it among yourselves; for I tell you that from now on I will not drink of the fruit of the from now on I will not drink of the fruit of the vine until the kingdom of God comes.”vine until the kingdom of God comes.”

The Last SupperThe Last SupperLukeLuke

Then he took a loaf of bread, and when Then he took a loaf of bread, and when he had given thanks, he broke it and he had given thanks, he broke it and gave it to them, saying, gave it to them, saying, “This is my “This is my body, which is given for you. Do this in body, which is given for you. Do this in remembrance of me.”remembrance of me.” And he did the And he did the same with cup after supper, saying, same with cup after supper, saying, “This cup that is poured out for you is “This cup that is poured out for you is the new covenant in my blood.”the new covenant in my blood.” (NRSV) (NRSV)

The Last SupperThe Last SupperThe Four AccountsThe Four Accounts

Different traditions:Different traditions: Mark and MatthewMark and Matthew Paul and LukePaul and Luke


Words over the bread:Words over the bread: All four agree All four agree “This is my body”“This is my body” only Matthew has an explicit command to eatonly Matthew has an explicit command to eat

Words over the wineWords over the wine Mark and Matthew: Mark and Matthew: “this is my blood of the “this is my blood of the

covenant”covenant” Paul and Luke: Paul and Luke: “this cup is the new covenant “this cup is the new covenant

in my blood.”in my blood.” More likely the original languageMore likely the original language


Paul and Luke: Paul and Luke: ““Do this in remembrance of me.”Do this in remembrance of me.”

Mark and MatthewMark and Matthew Jesus says he will not drink wine again until he Jesus says he will not drink wine again until he

drinks it in the heavenly banquet to come of the drinks it in the heavenly banquet to come of the Kingdom of GodKingdom of God

No command given to “do this” in the futureNo command given to “do this” in the future

The Last SupperThe Last SupperJohnJohn

Last gospel written, perhaps 10-20 years after Last gospel written, perhaps 10-20 years after Matthew and LukeMatthew and Luke

Does not describe the Last SupperDoes not describe the Last Supper After the story of the Feeding of the Five After the story of the Feeding of the Five

Thousand (John 6:1-15), John’s gospel does Thousand (John 6:1-15), John’s gospel does contain a passage of “eucharistic theology”contain a passage of “eucharistic theology”

““I am the bread of life. Your ancestors ate the I am the bread of life. Your ancestors ate the manna in the wilderness, and they died. This is manna in the wilderness, and they died. This is the bread that comes down from heaven, so the bread that comes down from heaven, so that one may eat of it and not die. I am the that one may eat of it and not die. I am the living bread that came down from heaven. living bread that came down from heaven. Whoever eats of this bread will live forever; Whoever eats of this bread will live forever; and the bread that I will give for the life of the and the bread that I will give for the life of the world is my flesh.”world is my flesh.” The Jews then disputed among themselves, The Jews then disputed among themselves, saying, “How can this man give us his flesh to saying, “How can this man give us his flesh to eat?” eat?”

So Jesus said to them, So Jesus said to them, “Very truly, I tell you, “Very truly, I tell you, unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood, you have no life in you. Those drink his blood, you have no life in you. Those who eat my flesh and drink my blood have who eat my flesh and drink my blood have eternal life, and I will raise them up on the last eternal life, and I will raise them up on the last day; for my flesh is true food and my blood true day; for my flesh is true food and my blood true drink. Those who eat my flesh and drink my drink. Those who eat my flesh and drink my blood abide in me, and I in them. Just as the blood abide in me, and I in them. Just as the living Father sent me, and I live because of the living Father sent me, and I live because of the Father, so whoever eats me will live because of Father, so whoever eats me will live because of me. This is the bread that came down from me. This is the bread that came down from heaven, not like that which your ancestors ate, heaven, not like that which your ancestors ate, and they died. But the one who eats this bread and they died. But the one who eats this bread will live forever.” will live forever.” (John 6:48-58 NRSV)(John 6:48-58 NRSV)

The Eucharist in the The Eucharist in the Early ChurchEarly Church

Eucharist in the Early ChurchEucharist in the Early Church

Eucharist from Greek Eucharist from Greek eucharistaeucharista = = thanksgivingthanksgiving

““virtually from the beginning of the church, virtually from the beginning of the church, the eucharist was part of its life” (Macquarrie)the eucharist was part of its life” (Macquarrie) Termed the “breaking of the bread”: at first, wine Termed the “breaking of the bread”: at first, wine

used only on festival days; most people too poor to used only on festival days; most people too poor to afford itafford it

Eucharist in the Early ChurchEucharist in the Early ChurchEucharist and the Community MealEucharist and the Community Meal

Originally the Eucharist was part of a Originally the Eucharist was part of a community mealcommunity meal typically in the eveningtypically in the evening the breaking of the bread the breaking of the bread beforebefore the meal the meal the blessing over the wine the blessing over the wine after after the mealthe meal

The breaking of the bread was soon moved to The breaking of the bread was soon moved to the end of the community mealthe end of the community meal

Eucharist in the Early ChurchEucharist in the Early Church Eucharist and the Community MealEucharist and the Community Meal

There were problems with the Community meal:There were problems with the Community meal:““when you come together it is not for the when you come together it is not for the better but for the worse. . . When you come better but for the worse. . . When you come together, it is not really to eat the Lord’s together, it is not really to eat the Lord’s supper. For when the time comes to eat, each supper. For when the time comes to eat, each of you goes ahead with your own supper, of you goes ahead with your own supper, and one goes hungry and another becomes and one goes hungry and another becomes drunk. What! Do you not have homes to eat drunk. What! Do you not have homes to eat and drink in? Or do you show contempt for and drink in? Or do you show contempt for the church of God and humiliate those who the church of God and humiliate those who have nothing?”have nothing?” (1 Cor. 11:17, 20-22 NRSV) (1 Cor. 11:17, 20-22 NRSV)


Custom at meals was to eat in groups, one group Custom at meals was to eat in groups, one group to a table, each with a common dish and a to a table, each with a common dish and a common cupcommon cup Size of a “table group” limited by need for each diner Size of a “table group” limited by need for each diner

to be within an arm’s length to the common dish and to be within an arm’s length to the common dish and cupcup

Table groups probably sorted themselves out by social Table groups probably sorted themselves out by social status or common interestsstatus or common interests

Well-off may have eaten at home (the community Well-off may have eaten at home (the community food not sufficiently to their taste) and instead may food not sufficiently to their taste) and instead may have spent the meal drinking (too much) wine rather have spent the meal drinking (too much) wine rather than eatingthan eating


Teaching took place during these community meals Teaching took place during these community meals (Act 20:7-8):(Act 20:7-8): On the first day of the week, when we met to On the first day of the week, when we met to

break bread, Paul was holding a discussion break bread, Paul was holding a discussion with them; since he intended to leave the with them; since he intended to leave the next day, he continued speaking until next day, he continued speaking until midnight. There were many lamps in the midnight. There were many lamps in the room upstairs where we were meeting. A room upstairs where we were meeting. A young man named Eutychus who was young man named Eutychus who was sitting in the window, began to sink off into sitting in the window, began to sink off into a deep sleep while Paul talked still longer. a deep sleep while Paul talked still longer.


Teaching took place during these community meals Teaching took place during these community meals (Act 20:7-8):(Act 20:7-8): Overcome by sleep, he fell to the ground Overcome by sleep, he fell to the ground

three floors below and was picked up three floors below and was picked up dead. But Paul went down, bending over dead. But Paul went down, bending over him took him in his arms, and said, “Do him took him in his arms, and said, “Do not be alarmed, for his life is in him.” Then not be alarmed, for his life is in him.” Then Paul went upstairs, and after he had Paul went upstairs, and after he had broken bread and eaten, he continued to broken bread and eaten, he continued to converse with them until dawn.converse with them until dawn. (NRSV) (NRSV)


Eucharist soon became separated from Eucharist soon became separated from community mealcommunity meal Roman Governor Pliny the Younger in a letter to Roman Governor Pliny the Younger in a letter to

Emperor Trajan (111-113 AD) described Emperor Trajan (111-113 AD) described Christians as gathering before dawn for worship, Christians as gathering before dawn for worship, then meeting later in the day for an ordinary mealthen meeting later in the day for an ordinary meal


Eucharist soon became separated from Eucharist soon became separated from community mealcommunity meal Time of Eucharist moved to the morningTime of Eucharist moved to the morning The many tables of the table groups became one The many tables of the table groups became one

table (altar) about which the community gathered table (altar) about which the community gathered as one groupas one group

A “service of the word” addedA “service of the word” added Based on the liturgy of the synagogue worship serviceBased on the liturgy of the synagogue worship service

Eucharist in the Early ChurchEucharist in the Early ChurchStructure of the Early LiturgyStructure of the Early Liturgy

Justin Martyr, Justin Martyr, First Apology First Apology (about (about 150 AD150 AD):): ReadingsReadings

““on the day called Sunday an assembly is on the day called Sunday an assembly is held in one place of all who live in town or held in one place of all who live in town or country, and the records of the apostles or country, and the records of the apostles or the writings of the prophets are read as the writings of the prophets are read as time allows”time allows”

SermonSermon ““Then, when the reader has finished, the Then, when the reader has finished, the

president in a discourse admonishes and president in a discourse admonishes and exhorts [us] to imitate these good things”exhorts [us] to imitate these good things”

Eucharist in the Early ChurchEucharist in the Early Church Structure of the Early LiturgyStructure of the Early Liturgy

After the Sermon: Prayers, GreetingAfter the Sermon: Prayers, Greeting ““Then we all stand up together and send Then we all stand up together and send

up prayers”up prayers” ““When we have ended the prayers, we When we have ended the prayers, we

greet one another with a kiss”greet one another with a kiss”


Eucharist:Eucharist: ““Then bread and cup of water and [a cup] of Then bread and cup of water and [a cup] of

mixed wine are brought to the one who mixed wine are brought to the one who presides over the brethren, and [the presider] presides over the brethren, and [the presider] takes them and sends up praise and glory to takes them and sends up praise and glory to the Father of all in the name of the Son and of the Father of all in the name of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, and gives thanks at some the Holy Spirit, and gives thanks at some length that we have been deemed worthy of length that we have been deemed worthy of these things from him. When he has finished these things from him. When he has finished the prayers and thanksgiving (the prayers and thanksgiving (eucharistiaeucharistia), all ), all the people give their assent by saying the people give their assent by saying ‘Amen.’‘Amen.’


Eucharist Eucharist (continued):(continued): ‘‘Amen’ is the Hebrew for ‘So be it.’ And Amen’ is the Hebrew for ‘So be it.’ And

when the president has given thanks and when the president has given thanks and all the people have assented, those whom all the people have assented, those whom we call deacons give to each of those we call deacons give to each of those present a portion of the bread and wine present a portion of the bread and wine and water over which thanks have been and water over which thanks have been given, and take them to those who are not given, and take them to those who are not present.”present.”


Hippolytus, Hippolytus, Apostolic TraditionsApostolic Traditions, , 225 AD225 AD Eucharistic Prayer:Eucharistic Prayer:

Bishop:Bishop: The Lord be with you. The Lord be with you. All:All: And with your spirit And with your spirit Bishop:Bishop: Up with your hearts Up with your hearts All:All: We have [them] with the Lord We have [them] with the Lord Bishop:Bishop: Let us give thanks to the Lord Let us give thanks to the Lord All:All: It is fitting and right It is fitting and right


Bishop:Bishop: We render thanks to you, O God, through your We render thanks to you, O God, through your beloved child Jesus Christ, whom in the last times you beloved child Jesus Christ, whom in the last times you sent to us as a savior and redeemer and angel of your sent to us as a savior and redeemer and angel of your will; who is your inseparable Word, through whom you will; who is your inseparable Word, through whom you made all things; and in whom you were well pleased; made all things; and in whom you were well pleased; whom you sent from heaven into a virgin’s womb; and whom you sent from heaven into a virgin’s womb; and who, being conceived in the womb, was made flesh who, being conceived in the womb, was made flesh and was manifested as your Son, being born of the and was manifested as your Son, being born of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin; who, fulfilling your will Holy Spirit and the Virgin; who, fulfilling your will and gaining for you a holy people,and gaining for you a holy people,


Bishop:Bishop: stretched out his hands when he stretched out his hands when he should suffer; that he might release from should suffer; that he might release from suffering those who have believed in you; suffering those who have believed in you; who, when he was betrayed to voluntary who, when he was betrayed to voluntary suffering that he might destroy death, and suffering that he might destroy death, and break the bonds of the devil, and tread down break the bonds of the devil, and tread down hell, and shine upon the righteous, and fix a hell, and shine upon the righteous, and fix a term, and manifest the resurrection, took bread term, and manifest the resurrection, took bread and gave thanks to you, saying, “Take, eat; this and gave thanks to you, saying, “Take, eat; this is my body, which shall be broken for you;”is my body, which shall be broken for you;”


Bishop:Bishop: who also [took] the cup, saying, “This who also [took] the cup, saying, “This is my blood, which is shed for you; when you is my blood, which is shed for you; when you do this, you make my remembrance.” do this, you make my remembrance.” Remembering therefore his death and Remembering therefore his death and resurrection, we offer to you the bread and the resurrection, we offer to you the bread and the cup, giving you thanks because you have held cup, giving you thanks because you have held us worthy to stand before you and minister to us worthy to stand before you and minister to you.you.


Bishop:Bishop: And we ask that you would send your Holy And we ask that you would send your Holy Spirit upon the offering of your holy church; that, Spirit upon the offering of your holy church; that, gathering her into one, you would grant to all who gathering her into one, you would grant to all who receive the holy things [to receive] for the fullness of receive the holy things [to receive] for the fullness of the Holy Spirit for the strengthening of faith in truth; the Holy Spirit for the strengthening of faith in truth; that we may praise and glorify you through your child that we may praise and glorify you through your child Jesus Christ; through whom be glory and honor to Jesus Christ; through whom be glory and honor to you, to the Father and the Son, with the Holy Spirit, you, to the Father and the Son, with the Holy Spirit, in your holy Church, both now and to the ages of in your holy Church, both now and to the ages of ages.ages.

All:All: Amen. Amen.

The Eucharist as a The Eucharist as a Meal TodayMeal Today

Eucharist as a Meal TodayEucharist as a Meal Today

The bonding among participants sharing a The bonding among participants sharing a meal into a group is present in the Eucharist. meal into a group is present in the Eucharist. Two facets:Two facets: Horizontal Bonding among the participantsHorizontal Bonding among the participants

Includes the entire Church, for all the many separate Includes the entire Church, for all the many separate Eucharists are really one EucharistEucharists are really one Eucharist

Vertical BondingVertical Bonding Jesus Christ and so to God, who presides over the one Jesus Christ and so to God, who presides over the one

EucharistEucharist


Both the horizontal bonding and the vertical Both the horizontal bonding and the vertical bonding aspects of the Eucharistic meal are bonding aspects of the Eucharistic meal are inseparableinseparable Create a challenge in creating liturgies, planning Create a challenge in creating liturgies, planning

Church spacesChurch spaces


Vertical Bonding = the mutual indwelling of Vertical Bonding = the mutual indwelling of Christ and the faithful as a benefit of the Christ and the faithful as a benefit of the Eucharistic meal derives from John’s gospel Eucharistic meal derives from John’s gospel (John 6:48-58)(John 6:48-58) Expressed in Prayer of Humble Access of the Expressed in Prayer of Humble Access of the

BCP: “Grant us, therefore, gracious Lord, so to eat BCP: “Grant us, therefore, gracious Lord, so to eat the flesh of thy dear Son Jesus Christ, and to drink the flesh of thy dear Son Jesus Christ, and to drink his blood, that we may evermore dwell in him and his blood, that we may evermore dwell in him and he in us, that our sinful bodies may be made clean he in us, that our sinful bodies may be made clean by his body, and our souls washed through his by his body, and our souls washed through his most precious blood”most precious blood”

ReferencesReferences

A Guide to the SacramentsA Guide to the Sacraments, John Macquarrie, , John Macquarrie, Chapters 10 and 11. Continuum Publishing, New Chapters 10 and 11. Continuum Publishing, New York, 1997York, 1997

The Eucharist, Essence, Form, CelebrationThe Eucharist, Essence, Form, Celebration, , 1992 edition. Johannes H Emminghaus, The 1992 edition. Johannes H Emminghaus, The Liturgical Press, Collegeville, Minnesota, 1992Liturgical Press, Collegeville, Minnesota, 1992

Eucharist. Theology and Spirituality of the Eucharist. Theology and Spirituality of the Eucharistic Prayer.Eucharistic Prayer. Louis Bouyer of the Oratory. Louis Bouyer of the Oratory. University of Notre Dame Press, 1968University of Notre Dame Press, 1968

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Eucharist 2 The Eucharist as a Meal. Meals in the Ancient World.

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