Europe and the Wider WorldCrusades, the East and Beyond?

Crusades

Key TermsSeljuk TurksCouncil of Clermont

Pope Urban II (r. 1088 – 1099)

First Crusade (1096-1099)People’s CrusadeCrusader KingdomsKnights Templar (ca. 1129-1312)

Second Crusade (1147-1149)

Key TermsThird Crusade (1187-1192)

Battle of Hattin (1187)Salah-al-din (ca. 1138-1193)Treaty of Jaffa (1192)

Fourth Crusade (1204)Latin Empire of Constantinople (1204-1261)

Byzantine Empire under SiegeCompare the Byzantine Empire in 526, to the Empire in 1081 after the disastrous Battle of Manzikert in 1071

The holy places they desecrate and destroy in numberless ways, and they threaten them with worse treatment. And who does not lament over these things? Who has not compassion? Who is not horrified? Who does not pray? For almost the entire land from Jerusalem to Greece, and the whole of Greece with its upper regions, which are Cappadocia Minor, Cappadocia Major, Phrygia, Bithynia, Lesser Phrygia (i.e. the Troad), Pontus, Galatia, Lydia, Pamphylia, Isauria, Lycia, and the principal islands Chios and Mytilene, and many other regions and islands which we cannot even enumerate, as far as Thrace, have already been invaded by them, and now almost nothing remains except Constantinople, which they are threatening to snatch aware from us very soon, unless the aid of God and the faithful Latin Christians should reach us speedily.

Spurious? Letter from Alexius I Komnenus

to Count Robert of Flanders (ca. 1095)

Council of Clermont (1095)

Map of First Crusade

Crusaders States

Pilgrimage

Latin Empire of Constantinople (1204-

1261)

Krak des cheveliers

CrusadesOutcomes

Key TermsIbn Rushd (Averroës) (ca 1126-1198)Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)AstrolabeLeonardo Fibonacci

Liber abacci

Roman vs Arabic numerals

MCCCXLVI / IVMMMM (M) /VII

How does one divide these?

Item si voluerit dividere 9000 per 7, ponat 7 sub primo zephyro, et dividat 9 per7, exibit 1 et remanent 2: ponat ergo 1 sub 9 et 2 desuper, quibus copulatis cum 0, quod est secus 9, faciunt 20 que dividat per 7, exibunt 2 et remanent 6: ponat 2 sub illo zephyro, et 6 desuper, quibus copulatis cum sequenti zephyro, faciunt 60 que dividat per 7, exibunt 8 et remanent 4: ponat 8 sub illo zephyro 0, et desuper ponat4, quibus copulatis cum zephyro primi gradus, faciunt 40, que dividat per 7, exibunt5, et remanent 5: ponat 5 sub ipso 0 et remanentia 5 ponat super virgulam de 7 ex parte descripta, et ante ipsam ponat numerum exeuntem ex divisione.

Trés Riches Heures du Duc de Berry (e 15th c)

Opicinus de Canistris world map, 1296 -

1300

The East

Key TermsGenghis Khan (1162-1227)John of Plano (ca. 1180-1252)

Güyük Khan (ca. 1202-1248, r. 1246-1248)Karakorum

William of Rubruck (ca. 1220-1293)Marco Polo (2254-1324)

Il MilioneKublai Khan (1215-1294, r. 1260-1294)

William’s Travels

Andreas W

alsperger's w

orld map,

1448