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EVDT
PPT - 1
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
EVDT
PPT - 2
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Program Overview
I. Introduction 10 min.
II. Extent of the Problem 45 min.
III. Personnel Selection 45 min.
IV. Necessity of SOGs 20 min.
V. Legal Aspects 45 min.
VI. Vehicle Dynamics 45 min.
EVDT
PPT - 3
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Program Overview
VII. Inspections/Maintenance 60 min.
VIII. Vehicle/Ops Safety 60 min.
IX. Competency Course 30 min.
X. Appendices
XI. Bibliography
EVDT
PPT - 4
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Objectives
Objectives Understand the goal of this emergency
vehicle driver training program. Recognize the importance of an emergency
vehicle driver training program. Identify the elements of a comprehensive
emergency vehicle driver training program
EVDT
PPT - 5
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Course Goal
Present the necessary classroom, competency course training, and testing for new and existing emergency vehicle drivers. The program will verify proficiency in both the knowledge and understanding of, as well as, the practical application to emergency vehicle driving.
EVDT
PPT - 6
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Importance of Driver Training
All emergencies involve vehicle response.
25% of firefighters killed are responding to or returning from incidents.
Drivers being criminally charged. Driver training program demonstrates
the organization’s commitment to safety.
EVDT
PPT - 7
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Comprehensive Emergency Vehicle Driver Training
1. Classroom Instruction
2. Competency Course Completion
3. Street and Highway Driving
4. Testing
EVDT
PPT - 8
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Module II Extent of the Problem
Objectives
1. Understand the complexities of driving under emergency conditions and the existence of laws governing an emergency vehicle.
2. Recognize the high incidence of accidents involving emergency vehicles and the associated deaths and injuries.
EVDT
PPT - 9
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Module IIExtent of the Problem
3. Know the types, conditions, and causes of accidents involving emergency vehicles.
4. Recognize the factors that contribute to the incidence of accidents involving emergency vehicles.
EVDT
PPT - 10
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Perspective
Misconception
…to rely solely on the fact that there are laws governing emergency vehicle response and that this will insure a safe emergency vehicle response.
EVDT
PPT - 11
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
On-Duty Firefighter Deaths1977 - 1999
157
171
126
139135125
113119
126121
131136
118108 109
75 77
10497 96 97 91
109
77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
Source: U. S. F.A, Annual Firefighter Fatality Studies 1977-99 * NFPA Journal
EVDT
PPT - 12
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Emergency Vehicle Incidents Based on Frequency of Accidents
OverturnRear EndFire RelatedIntersectionsAll Others
45%
13%
11%
7%
Intersections 24%
Source: VFIS
EVDT
PPT - 13
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Emergency Vehicle Incidents Based on Severity of Accidents
OverturnRear EndFire RelatedIntersectionsAll Others
29%
13%
8%
5%
Intersections 45%
Source:VFIS
EVDT
PPT - 14
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Contributing Factor
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Frequency Severity
Driver ErrorError OtherMaintenanceUnknown
53%
18%
8%
21%
59%
21%
8%12%
Source: VFIS
EVDT
PPT - 15
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Intersection Accident Details
Type of Response Warning Devices Percent of Reported IncidentsEmergency Lights/Siren 68 %Emergency Lights Only 8 %Emergency Neither 2 %Emergency Unknown 1 %
Return from Emergency Lights Only 1 %Return from Emergency Neither 2 %Training Neither 1 %Other Neither 5 %Unknown Unknown 12 %
Source: VFIS
EVDT
PPT - 16
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Impacts of Vehicle Accidents
1. Personnel Injury or Death to Emergency Responders
2. Peripheral Injury or Death to Others
3. Vehicle and Equipment Loss
4. Long Term Impact
EVDT
PPT - 17
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Emergency Vehicle Incidents
Rock Springs Teen Dies in Collision Suburban Van at Intersection Pumper Experiences Rear-End Collision Civilian Fatality at Intersection Accident Tanker Rolls Over, Driver Killed County Firefighter Killed in Head-On Collision
with Fire Truck
EVDT
PPT - 18
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Unfortunately, the story continues….
California
Texas
Oklahoma
North Carolina
Indiana
Wisconsin
EVDT
PPT - 19
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Criminalization of Emergency
Service Personnel
Ohio
Texas
Georgia
EVDT
PPT - 20
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Module IIIPersonnel Selection
Objectives1. Recognize that proper personnel selection
procedures are the first steps in developing an effective program.
2. Understand that the human aspects of driver selection are an important component of the process.
3. Recognize that a number of abilities necessary for driving must be acquired.
EVDT
PPT - 21
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Module IIIPersonnel Selection
4. Recognize the importance of maintaining accurate and complete personnel records.
5. Understand the importance of maintaining proficiency through an on-going re-certification program.
EVDT
PPT - 22
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Importance of Driver Selection
Human Aspects Acquired Abilities Vehicle Characteristics Personnel Records
EVDT
PPT - 23
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Human Aspects
Attitude Knowledge Mental Fitness Judgment Physical Fitness Age Habits Driving Characteristics
EVDT
PPT - 24
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Acquired Abilities
Driver’s License State and Local Laws Defensive Driving Techniques Vehicle Characteristics
EVDT
PPT - 25
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Defensive Driving Techniques
Space Management Following Distance and Rate of Closure Hazard Identification Correct Braking Techniques
EVDT
PPT - 26
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Vehicle Characteristics
Type of Emergency Vehicle Vehicle Components and Features Special Driver Training
EVDT
PPT - 27
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Personnel Files
Training Records Physical Capability Driving Record Suspected Substance Abuse
EVDT
PPT - 28
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Driver Re-certification
Actual Emergency Vehicle Driving Experience
Observed Proficiency Time Since Last Re-certification Introduction of New Vehicles Introduction of New Technology
EVDT
PPT - 29
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Module IVNecessity of SOGs
Objectives1. Understand the reasons that SOGs
are important to operating an effective driver training program.
2. Recognize the subject areas for SOGs that impact the certification, operation, and re-certification of emergency vehicle drivers.
EVDT
PPT - 30
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Significance of SOGs
1. All Personnel Understand What is Expected or Required
2. Intended Compliance with All Necessary Requirements is Identified
3. Pre-planned and Agreed Upon Actions
4. Resource Documents Upon Which to Base Training
5. Required Anticipated Actions
EVDT
PPT - 31
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
SOG Subject Areas
1. Eligibility Requirements for Drivers
2. Training and Proficiency Testing Requirements for Drivers
3. Emergency Response Procedures and Requirements
4. Customary and Ordinary Operational Procedures
5. Special Situation Procedures
EVDT
PPT - 32
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Module VLegal Aspects
Objectives
1. Understand the changing legal climate which exists and its impact upon emergency vehicle drivers and the organization.
2. Identify the primary legal principles which affect drivers and recognize their implications upon emergency vehicle operation.
EVDT
PPT - 33
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Module VLegal Aspects
3. Recognize that specific state driving laws affect the emergency vehicle driver.
4. Recognize that individual state or local laws, standards, and requirements impact emergency vehicle driver training and operations.
EVDT
PPT - 34
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Five Categories of Requirements
State motor vehicle and traffic laws Nationally recognized standards State and federal occupational and
safety regulations Local ordinances Organizational policies, procedures, and
guidelines
EVDT
PPT - 35
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Changing Legal Climate
Concept of public kindness “King can do no wrong”
EVDT
PPT - 36
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Legal Principles and Terms
Subject to laws unless specific exemption exists
Exemptions apply only to true emergencies
Emergency vehicle drivers can be found criminally and/or civilly liable
EVDT
PPT - 37
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Legal Principles and Terms
True Emergency Due Regard Negligence Gross Negligence Willful and Wanton Vicarious Liability
EVDT
PPT - 38
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Legal Principles and Terms
Judicial review based on ….
1. Was it a true emergency?
2. Was due regard for the safety of others exercised?
EVDT
PPT - 39
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Emergency Vehicle Driving Laws
1. CDL requirements
2. Exemptions granted to emergency vehicle drivers
3. Requirements for members of the public
4. Requirements for emergency responders in POVs
EVDT
PPT - 40
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Other Requirements and Standards
National Fire Protection Association Standards
State Laws and/or Administrative Regulations
Local Ordinances or Statues Organizational Rules and Regulations
and Standard Operating Guidelines
EVDT
PPT - 41
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Module VIVehicle Dynamics
Objectives1. Understand the physical forces which
act upon vehicles and their impact upon vehicle handling.
2. Recognize that certain vehicle characteristics can influence the impact of physical forces on emergency vehicles.
EVDT
PPT - 42
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Physical Forces
Friction Velocity Momentum Inertia Centrifugal Force
EVDT
PPT - 43
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Physical Forces
Friction – resistance to motion between two moving objects that touch.
Tire/Road Friction Brake Friction Steering Friction
EVDT
PPT - 44
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Physical Forces
Velocity – speed
Acceleration (velocity increase) Deceleration (velocity decrease) Braking (velocity decrease)
EVDT
PPT - 45
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Physical Forces
Directional Control – a derivative of three factors.
Steering Turning Tracking
EVDT
PPT - 46
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Physical Forces
Momentum – is measured as the product of the object’s mass or weight times its velocity.
Inertia – the force it takes for a moving object to stay in motion in the same direction.
EVDT
PPT - 47
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Physical Forces
Centrifugal Force – the force caused by inertia, which tends to make a rotating body move away from the center of rotation.
EVDT
PPT - 48
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Physical Forces
Centrifugal Force
EVDT
PPT - 49
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Vehicle Characteristics
Total weight and weight distribution Suspension system Braking system(s) Baffling system
EVDT
PPT - 50
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Vehicle Characteristics
Total weight and weight distribution Gross Axle Weight Rating (GAWR) Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) or
(GCWR) Weight Distribution – horizontal and
vertical centers of gravity
EVDT
PPT - 51
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Vehicle Characteristics
Suspension System
1. Axles
2. Springs
3. Wheels and Tires
EVDT
PPT - 52
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Vehicle Characteristics
Braking Systems Anti-lock Braking Systems (ABS) Secondary or Auxiliary
Engine Brake Automatic Transmission Retarder Driveline Retarder
EVDT
PPT - 53
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Vehicle Characteristics
National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Report Engine Retarders Limiting Valves
Baffling Systems
EVDT
PPT - 54
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Module VIIInspections & Maintenance
Objectives1. Understand the value and importance
of regular inspections of emergency vehicles.
2. Identify the major component systems of an emergency vehicle.
3. Understand how to perform pre- and post-trip inspections.
EVDT
PPT - 55
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Module VIIInspections & Maintenance
4. Understand the various classes of PM and the importance of a PM program for emergency vehicles.
5. Recognize the role of the driver in inspections and maintenance.
6. Understand the importance of keeping accurate and complete records.
EVDT
PPT - 56
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Emergency Vehicle Components
Chassis Body Primary Function Components (Task or
Mission) Auxiliary Systems
EVDT
PPT - 57
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Emergency Vehicle Components
Chassis Frame Suspension System Steering and Braking Systems Power Train Components
EVDT
PPT - 58
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Emergency Vehicle Components
Body Primary Function Auxiliary Systems
EVDT
PPT - 59
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Inspections
Post-Trip Cleaning of vehicle. Replacing supplies. Re-fueling and checking fluid levels, if
justified. Report any unusual occurrences or
malfunctions.
EVDT
PPT - 60
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Inspections
Pre-trip Vehicle overview Check the engine compartment Start engine and check inside cab Check headlights, signal lights, warning lights, and
audio devices Conduct walk around inspection Check controls and indicators Check brake system (air brakes)
EVDT
PPT - 61
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Types of Preventative Maintenance
Routine Maintenance Scheduled Maintenance Crisis Maintenance
EVDT
PPT - 62
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Types of Preventative Maintenance
Routine Fluid level checks Wheels and tires Electrical systems and devices
EVDT
PPT - 63
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Types of Preventative Maintenance
Scheduled Manufacturer’s recommended schedule Amount of use Organizational policy Professional standards
EVDT
PPT - 64
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Types of Preventative Maintenance
Crisis Classification A (Immediate) Classification B (As Soon As Possible) Classification C (Next P.M.)
EVDT
PPT - 65
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Role of the Emergency Vehicle Driver
Battery or Batteries Braking System Coolant System Electrical System Fuel Hydraulic Fluids
EVDT
PPT - 66
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Role of the Emergency Vehicle Driver
Lubrication Oil (Engine) Tires Steering System Belts Tools, Appliances, and Equipment
EVDT
PPT - 67
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Role of the Emergency Vehicle Driver
Document the need for maintenance on the assigned vehicle.
Verify that the requested and needed maintenance was performed.
EVDT
PPT - 68
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Recordkeeping
Maintenance Records Training Records Operational Records
EVDT
PPT - 69
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Module VIII: Emergency Vehicle Operations/Safety
Objectives1. Recognize that motivation is both
physically and mentally based.2. Understand that there are a number of
important actions which must be completed prior to initiating driving.
3. Recognize that emergency response driving is a complex process.
EVDT
PPT - 70
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Motivation
Routine Comfort Confidence
EVDT
PPT - 71
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Defensive Driving Goals
To maintain the highest level of safety possible.
To be prepared for unexpected situations and conditions which can adversely affect emergency vehicle operation.
To avoid, through effective training and applied practice, unnecessary legal consequences.
EVDT
PPT - 72
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Preparing to Drive
Route Planning Driver Readiness Effective Start-Up Procedures
EVDT
PPT - 73
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Preparing to Drive
Route Planning Minimizing accident exposure Enabling the emergency vehicle driver to
focus on actual driving tasks Avoiding environmental and construction
hazards
EVDT
PPT - 74
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Preparing to Drive
Driver Readiness Fatigue Health Personal Problems
EVDT
PPT - 75
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Preparing to Drive
Effective Start-Up Procedures Circle of Safety Inspection Adjustment of Cab Features Wearing of Occupant Restraints Receive Signal Before Moving
EVDT
PPT - 76
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Emergency Response Driving
Predicting the predictable Expect the unexpected Handling any unexpected problems
EVDT
PPT - 77
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Emergency Response Driving
IPDE System Identify Predict Decide Execute
EVDT
PPT - 78
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Emergency Response Driving
Five Visual Habits1. Aim high in steering2. Get the big picture3. Keep eyes moving, scan4. Make sure the other drivers see the
emergency vehicle5. Identify an escape route
EVDT
PPT - 79
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Use of Emergency Lights and Siren
Signal two basic concepts:
1. They notify other drivers that an approaching emergency vehicle is operating in an emergency mode.
2. They request other drivers to yield the right of way to the emergency vehicle in accordance with state and/or local law.
EVDT
PPT - 80
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Use of Emergency Lights and Siren
RED – Stop. May also attract. BLUE – Emergency vehicle (fire or
police). AMBER – Danger/Caution. Excellent for
rear of vehicle. CLEAR – Caution. Good visibility, shut
off at scenes.
EVDT
PPT - 81
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Use of Emergency Lights and Siren
Procedures for Use of Siren Use when responding to an emergency Change to yelp mode at least 200’ from
intersection High-low mode is least effective Use another audible device to alert drivers
who fail to hear siren
EVDT
PPT - 82
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Space Management
Following Distance4 second rule at 40 mph or less; 5 second
rule above 40 mph Rate of Closure Blind Spots Alongside Traffic Closure from Behind
EVDT
PPT - 83
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Speed Management
Two important rules:
1. Emergency vehicles must not be driven in excess of the posted speed limits.
2. Emergency vehicles must not exceed cautionary speeds.
EVDT
PPT - 84
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Basic Maneuvers
Steering Use both hands Keep arms inside of vehicle Maintain hands in “3” and “9” position
EVDT
PPT - 85
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Basic Maneuvers
Braking and Stopping Hydraulic – Pump brake pedal Air – Firmly and steadily press brake pedal,
release if wheels lock ABS – Apply firmly and hold down for
duration
EVDT
PPT - 86
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Basic Maneuvers
Backing Up Park Intelligently Give Audible Notice Use a Spotter Understand Signals Use Side Mirrors Check Front Corners Maintain Speed Control
EVDT
PPT - 87
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Basic Maneuvers
Lane Changing Plan Ahead Signal Intention Practice Space Management Make the Change of Lanes Smoothly
EVDT
PPT - 88
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Basic Maneuvers
Turning Always signal before turning Whenever possible turn from one proper
lane into another proper lane
EVDT
PPT - 89
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Basic Maneuvers
Passing Check traffic both ahead and behind Check sides and double check blind spots Signal before initiating pass Accelerate while changing lanes Signal before returning to the driving lane Check mirror before returning to the driving lane Cancel directional signal and resume cruising
speed
EVDT
PPT - 90
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Basic Maneuvers
Negotiating Intersections Scan for possible hazards Slow down Change siren cadence Check options and avoid opposing lane Come to a complete stop (controlled intersection) Establish eye contact Proceed one lane at a time
EVDT
PPT - 91
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Operating Under Adverse Conditions
Traction Implications Rain Snow and Ice Leaves
Adverse Handling Implications High Winds
Vision Implications Night Driving Precipitation
EVDT
PPT - 92
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Crash Avoidance
Crash Avoidance Identify Escape Route Brake Smoothly and Firmly Accelerate Smoothly Steer to Avoid Head-On Impact
EVDT
PPT - 93
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Placement of Vehicles at Emergency Incidents
Placement on streets and highways Positioning so as to minimize the blinding
effect of warning lights Identify potential hazards at scenes Identify safe distances from certain scenes Consideration for the ease of leaving the
scene
EVDT
PPT - 94
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Module IX: EmergencyVehicle Competency Course
Objectives
1. Understand the purpose of successfully completing a competency course.
2. Recognize the importance of safe operations when participating on a competency course.
3. Understand the method of scoring the competency course.
EVDT
PPT - 95
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Purpose of a Course Program
Assist in the training of a candidate driver.
Verify the competency of an existing driver.
Examine the proficiency of an existing emergency vehicle driver.
EVDT
PPT - 96
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Performance Criteria
Comfortable seating position Ease and convenience for reaching all
essential vehicle controls Proper hand position on the steering wheel Careful vehicle control Precise steering adjustments Consistent vehicle speed Proper adjustment and effective use of vehicle
mirrors
EVDT
PPT - 97
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Supplemental Highway Driving
Comply with NFPA 1002 and/or NHTSA’s national standard curriculum – ambulance
Successfully complete competency course first
Minimum of eight hours of highway driving
EVDT
PPT - 98
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Emphasis on Safety
Dedicated Safety Officer All personnel identified and visible Only personnel with assignment on
course Vehicle can be declared as unsafe Malfunctions reported immediately Only one vehicle on course at any time
EVDT
PPT - 99
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Emphasis on Safety
Second person in cab of vehicle All personnel seated and belted No food, drink, or smoking permitted Maximum course speed – 15 mph Operate with headlights on Proceed only after being given signal
EVDT
PPT - 100
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Scoring of Competency Course
Each cone brushed, moved or overturned 10 points
Cross any line, each time crossed 3 points Park 12” or more from curb 3 points Stop more than 6” but less than
12” from the measured point 3 points Stop 12” or more but less than
18” from the measured point 6 points Stop 18” or more from or go past
the measured point 10 points
EVDT
PPT - 101
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
Appendix Competency Course
Station One Straight Line Station Two Confined Space Turn
Around Station Three Alley Dock Station Four Serpentine Station Five Offset Alley Station Six Parallel Parking Station Seven Diminishing Clearance Station Eight Stop Sign
EVDT
PPT - 102
“HERE TO HELP”
Revised November 2000
THANK YOU!
VFIS
1-800-233-1957
www.vfis.com