Word Parts

• Homo – same or human• Ana – different or away• Di – away• Con – together• Bi – two• Ped – feet• Erectus – upright• Habilis - handy

EvolutionGradual change in an organism

over a long period of time

Jean Baptiste Lamarck(Born 1744 – Passed 1829)

• 1st to develop a theory for evolution

• Actual Name: Jean Baptiste Pierre Antione de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck

• Born in the North of France

• His theory was proven false

Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution

1. Theory of need; change if you need to

2. Theory of use & disuse; use it or lose it

3. Theory that acquired traits will be passed to offspring

• Lamarck will always be known for getting evolution wrong.

Charles Robert Darwin(Born 1809 - Passed 1882)

1. Known as the Father of Evolution2. Born in Shrewsbury, England3. At 22 worked as a Naturalist – studied

nature4. Took a trip on the HMS Beagle (Ship) all

around the world but most importantly to the Galapagos Islands

5. On the trip he wrote about his ideas but waited 22 years to publish them

Voyage of the Beagle

6. Wrote the book The Origin of Species

7. Never used the term evolution in his research

8. Created the theory of Natural Selection – (also known as) AKA Survival of the Fittest

Theory of Natural Selection Statements

1. Survival of the Fittest/Natural Selection – individuals that are better suited to their environment survive & reproduce

• Mimicry – resembling technique for protection from a predator– Ex Toads (Pg. 789) & King Snakes (Pg. 804)

• Camouflage – ability to blend in to avoid detection from predator– Ex: Peppered Moths, Flounders and Leafy Sea

Dragons (Pg. 780)

2. All organisms produce more offspring than can actually survive.

3. Members of each species vary from one another.

4. Struggle for Existence – every organism faces a constant battle for life

5. Descent with Modification – each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time.

– Common Ancestor/Common Descent – a single “Tree of Life” links all living and extinct organisms

– Cladogram/Phylogenic Tree – diagram that shows evolutionary relationship among a group of organisms (Pg. 460)

3 Types of Natural Selection

1. Stabilizing – favors the average species

2. Directional – favors the extreme form of a trait

3. Disruptive – favors BOTH extreme forms of a trait

Evidence for the Evolution Theory

1. Fossils – species links shown in eggs, footprints, & body parts

2. Geographic Distribution – species adapt or change due to environmental conditions

3. Speciation – creation of a new species

4. Embryology – different species developmental stages (Pg. 385)

5. Analogous Body Structures – different structure for the same function (Butterfly & Bird)

6. Vestigial Structures – once had use but no longer functions (appendix)

7. Homologous Body Structures – same structure different functions (See next slide)

• Homologous Structures

Turtle Alligator Bird Mammal

Ancient, lobe-finned fish

2 Types of Evolution

1. Divergent - when 1 species diverged into several species

• Camel and Llama (Homologous Humps)

2. Convergent – when 2 different species evolved similar traits due to their habitats

• Whales and Dolphins (flippers and hole)

Convergent Evolution

Divergent Evolution

Types of Primates

• Around 235 individual species of primates– Lemurs, Aye Aye, Chimpanzee, Humans

Primate Common Features

• Opposable Thumbs – flexible & able to grab and use objects

• Vision – dominant sense that is used for depth perception

• Brain Size – large compared to body size

• Flexible Joints – movement in many direction

• Feet – able to (grasp) pick things up

Early Humans

• Hominids – group of early humans

• Bipedal – walked on two feet

• Homo erectus – upright walking human

• Homo habilis – “Handy” human

Artificial Selection vs. Natural Selection

• Artificial Selection- choosing traits for a desired outcome.