Excreta disposal in Emergency

International Federationof Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies

Excreta disposal in Emergency

Objectives & Minimum Sphere StandardsTechnical options

Operation & Maintenance


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What is dangerous about faeces?

Primary sanitary barriers

ToiletsHand-washing (critical times)Water treatment and water handlingFood hygiene


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How do we do excreta disposal in a emergency?

Cycle

Rapid assessment & planning design

Implementation:

1st phase – Immediate action

In-depth assessment & planning design

Implementation:

2nd phase – medium term action

Monitoring

Inputs from HP teams

•Community consultation process to feed into design, siting and maintenance of emergency hardware facilities

•Ensure understanding of different target groups

•Provide feedback on modifications in design of facilities

•Baseline survey: monitor sanitation coverage


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Sphere Standards and Indicators

SPHERE standard 1: access to and numbers of toilets

People have sufficient numbers of toilets, sufficiently close to their dwellings to allow them rapid, safe and acceptable access at all

times of the day and night.

Standard 1 example indicators

> Maximum 20 people per toilet> Use of toilets arranged by household and /or segregated by

sex> Separate toilets for men and women in public places


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Sphere Standards and Indicators

SPHERE standard 2: design and construction

People have access to toilets which are designed, constructed and maintained in such a way as to be comfortable, hygienic and safe to

use.

Standard 2 example indicators

> Toilets are built in such a way that they can be used by all sections of the population, including children, older people,

pregnant women and physically and mentally disabled people

> Users (especially women) have been consulted and approve of the siting and design of the toilet


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Technical options

Immediate action

1st phase Acute emergency

•Open defecation fields•Shallow trench latrines•Deep trench latrine•Shallow family latrines•Bucket latrine•Packet latrine•Chemical toilets

Control free defecationCommunal facilitiesCommunity consultation

Medium term action

2nd phase stabilized emergency

•Simple pit latrine•VIP latrine•Eco – San•Borehole latrine•Pour-flush latrines•Septic tanks

Family facilitiesCommunity participation

disaster4-6 weeks 4-6 months


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Latrine components – basics

•Privacy and dignity•Roof is essential in areas with high rainfall•Door / spiral-shaped entrance•< 1 m2 is recommended•Frame: timber, PVC pipe, •Fitted with plastic sheeting, local materials•User’s involvement in design

Superstructure

•Support weight of a person•Easy to clean•Prefabricated or manufactured locally•Concrete, wood, ferrocement or plastic

Slab

Pit

•1 m across and 3 m deep (minimum 0.9 m diameter)•Best shape: circular•The top 0.5 m of a pit should be always lined (but depend of soil)•Different pit linen material: locally available


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Open Defecation fields

WHEREVER POSSIBLE AVOID DEFECATION FIELDS AND INSTALL TRENCH LATRINES AS FIRST OPTION


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Shallow trench latrine


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Deep trench latrine


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Technical design: organizational options

Public facilities:

Designed, built, maintained and cleaned by an outside body on behalf of the users.

They belong to the outside body and not the users.

Family facilities:

Usually designed and built by the users (with or without designs, tools and materials provided by others).

They may be used by several families. The latrine belongs to the family / ies.

Communal facilities:

Similar to public facilities but which are managed by the community as a shared resource (market, school, etc.).

The facility belong to the community.


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Design considerations

Number of people using latrineComfort and community desiresTradition of latrine use in community PrivacyAnal cleansing material (amount of water used)Emptying/Longevity:

How long will population stay? Technology available and bulk disposal (don’t move the problem around)What other materials will be thereWhat will a stable population do next (Land)


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Design considerations (cont.)

Pit sizeV = (NxSxD) + 0.5 m of free space x A

N = number of users

S = Sludge accumulation (m3/person/year)

D= design life (years)

A= pit-base area (m2)

GroundwaterUsually 99% of pathogens destroyed within 2m of unlined pit in unconsolidated soils if above water table

Fine soils or fractured rock then risk extends further.If in saturated zone then contamination spread is HORIZONTAL (usually) up to 15m

Soil conditionsShould be self supporting Watch for effects throughout the seasonsPermeability, for size and contamination


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Design considerations (cont.)

SitingCommunal latrines good distance (30m) away from dwellings and down wind if possibleFamily latrines near to dwelling (5m)Away from water sources (see groundwater)Avoid depressions, water courses that might run with waterDISCUSS with communitySpace for additional latrines

Construction resources (local materials; superstructure)Safety and accessibility (Lighting, Location, Distance, Screening, Design - separate M/W/Children - )Operation and maintenance Construction of hand washing facilities


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Exercise – latrine design

In your group think about the positive and negative aspects of this design (10 min)

Source: OXFAM. Photographer: Saira Raza

This latrine unit in a makeshift hospital in Pakistan was designed with double space to allow for wheelchair access. The unit had tarpaulin fixed over the wooden planks for ease of cleaning. A commode chair should be located over the squat hole.


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O&M

Promoting among target population the appropriate use and maintenance of excreta disposal facilities

Cleaning: Supervision + Equipment + TrainingCommunal latrines: Need for employing some members to clean and maintainOwnership: Involving population in design, siting, construction, maintenance, etc. Family latrinesCoordination with other agencies: consisted approach (paid staff vs. volunteer staff)Distribution of cleaning materials: cleaning kit (disinfectants, mops, rags, buckets, gloves, etc)


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Which one would you use?


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Standard-size squatting plate (790 mm x 590 mm) MSM: 120 units (2 pallets) Easily removable drop-hole cover which reduces the odour and fly nuisance. They are easy to clean, resistant to urine, faeces and most commonly known chemicals and are both vermin and termite proof.

Pre - moulded plastic squatting plates

Monarflex squatting plates


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Plastic squatting platesAustrian RC in Batagram (Pakistan) EQ Operation


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SanPlat moulds – All in one

For local production of smallconcrete slabs (60 x 60 cm) with one mould only. Attractive to look at and easyto clean. The Plastic lid and the foot operated handle Standardized drop hole dimensions allow for standardized tight fittinglids. MSM: 25 units

http://www.sanplat.com


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The small SanPlat 60x60 cm is easily made in an all-in-one plastic mould. For best results the first portion of concrete should be a cement slurry. Later much stiffer concrete (1+2+2 volumes of cement, sand an stone) is added to absorb the excess water.




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SanPlat Mould Box - components

•10 drop hole moulds in plastic •2 belt moulds: 1.2 m diameter•2 belt moulds: 1.5 m diameter•6 belt clips•2 arch moulds: 1.2 m diameter•2 arch moulds: 1.5 m diameter•2 SanPlat foot rest moulds•2 SanPlat wooden frames: 60 x 60 cm•Latrine building manuals



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SanPlat Mould Box



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Wooden frames – reinforced concrete slabs

Reinforcing bars


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Mozambique domes – shaped slabs

Note that the SanPlats can be cast one on top of the other, hence reducing the need for spade at the casting yard.

http://www.sanplat.com Serial production of dome-shaped SanPlats at the Maxaquenetraining centre in Maputo.


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Latrine construction – WATSAN Mod.15 equipment

Tools: hoes, shovels, spade, pick axes, axes, saws, hammers, Squatting plates (50): 2 palletsLatrine sanplat mould box: 1 boxSanplat mould, All-in-one: 10 mouldsWheelbarrow (85 l): 3 unitsPlastic sheeting (4 x 60 m): 6 units


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Bibliography……….Bibliography……….


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Thank you……….Thank you……….

Date post:	06-Jan-2016
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Excreta disposal in Emergency

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