Experimental Diesel Particulate FilterCapabilities

at PNNL

Experimental Diesel Particulate FilterExperimental Diesel Particulate FilterCapabilitiesCapabilities

at PNNLat PNNL

Technical Session: Emission Control Technologies

Detroit, August 24, 2006

Tom Gallant Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

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Exhaust Emissions Science LaboratoryExhaust Emissions Science LaboratoryExhaust Emissions Science Laboratory

The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory's(PNNL) Exhaust Emissions Science Laboratory(EESL) is a research center intended to supportthe mission of DOE's Office of FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technology .

The principal activities conducted are: z Probing and understanding performance-limiting

nanometer to micrometer scale phenomena inaftertreatment devices;

z Experimentation and modeling focused onmicroscale aspects of emissions reduction technology;

z The use of unique analytical observatories to characterize each emissions phenomenon.

PNNL models the fundamentals to make the industry/academic led DPF models morerobust.

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AcknowledgmentsPrincipal Contributors

AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgmentsPrincipal ContributorsPrincipal Contributors

PNNL - Micro-modelingProject z Heather Dillon z Gary Maupin z Tim Peters z Mark Steward z Nat Saenz z George Muntean

DOE - CLEERS Team Members

Dow Automotive CRADA z Cheng Li z Frank Mao z Alek Pyzik

Delphi z Tom Harris

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Dyno Test CapabilitiesDyno Test Capabilities4kW Diesel Generator Set 2.4L Quad-4 gas engine Cummins ISB Diesel VW Jetta TDI on a chassis dyno Two engine dynamometerstands. z 600 ft-lb hydro-mechanical z 400 ft-lb eddy-current

Chassis dyno – 150 HP continuous duty Complete control systems z Programmed test profiles z Steady-state and transient z Data acquisition system

Heated wet or dry exhaustsample transfer lines

Engines are used to generate ‘real’ soot under various duty cycles and fuels.

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Aerosol Characterization CapabilitiesAerosol Characterization Capabilities

ELPI and SMPS with particle sizedetection down to 10 nm PTR-MS (HC analysis) SPLAT-MS (Particle analysis)

PTR-MS

SPLAT-MS

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DPF Fundamentals Focus Areas

DPF FundamentalsDPF FundamentalsFocus AreasFocus Areas

Pressure Drop RegenerationFiltration Efficiency

MicroMicro--modelingmodeling Validation RequirementsValidation Requirements

DPF

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Bypass

Pressure and

Temperature

Bypass valve

Particulate Measurement

System

Single Channel Configuration replaces full DPF

DPF

Exhaust in

Exhaust out

Experimental Set Upfor Micro-modeling Validation

Experimental Set UpExperimental Set Upfor Microfor Micro--modeling Validationmodeling Validation

Exhaust gases are drawn through the single channel filter using a vacuum pump

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Single Channel FilterVehicle Exhaust Assembly

Single Channel FilterSingle Channel FilterVehicle Exhaust AssemblyVehicle Exhaust Assembly

Single Channel Filter (SCF) cut from DPF

SCF attached to S.S tubing.

Clean SCF Soot coated SCF

SCF assemble inserted in S.S exhaust elbow

SCF assemble enclosed in S.S exhaust pipe.

SCF

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Micro-modelingValidation Experiments

MicroMicro--modelingmodelingValidation ExperimentsValidation Experiments

Document Soot Deposition z Macro z SEM

Measure Pressure drop z Wall Flow z Soot Cake Structure

HTML photo

Deep bed soot

Initial deep bed soot deposition

Initial soot cake layer

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Complex Substrate Structurese.g., DOW ACM

Complex Substrate StructuresComplex Substrate Structurese.g., DOW ACMe.g., DOW ACM

Soot Deposition Deep Bed and Soot Cake is not well defined

Pressure Drop In addition to wall porosity and soot cake structure, surface roughness becomes a significant factor

DOW ACM DPFDOW ACM DPFDOW ACM DPFAudi R10 Racing CarAudi R10 Racing CarAudi R10 Racing Car

There are no visual signs that a diesel power unit is at work in the back of the R10. It goes without saying that the V12 TDI is equipped with a pair of diesel particle filters for the 24 Hours of Le Mans.

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Filtration Characteristics Substrate Structure

Filtration CharacteristicsFiltration CharacteristicsSubstrate StructureSubstrate Structure

ELPI results indicate the structure has an effect on particle distribution exiting the filter.

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Quartz Window

Quartz Window

IR camera

Optical Camera

RegenerationReal Time IR / Optical Camera

RegenerationRegenerationReal Time IR / Optical CameraReal Time IR / Optical Camera

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IR / Optical Access for Soot OxidationStudies

IR / Optical Access for Soot OxidationIR / Optical Access for Soot OxidationStudiesStudies

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150

200

250

300

350

400

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Time (sec)

Tem

pera

ture

(C)

Bkgrnd Filter

0.5 liter / min 1.0 liter / min

Regeneration - IR camerRegenerationRegeneration -- IR cameraIR camera

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Quartz Window

Quartz Window

IR camera

Optical Camera

Regeneration Systemusing Dual SCF Configuration

Regeneration SystemRegeneration Systemusing Dual SCF Configurationusing Dual SCF Configuration

Dual SCF system allows for comparison of 2 catalyst technologies or a reference SCF.

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Regeneration IR cameraDual System

Regeneration IR cameraRegeneration IR cameraDual SystemDual System

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 Time (sec)

Tem

pera

ture

(C)

Noncat. Cat.

dT = 211 - 290 C

dT = 256 - 355 C

dT = 361 - 429 C

277 C

281 C

264 C

267 C

418 C 404 C

423 C 406 C

395 C

395 C401 C

384 C

dT = 211 - 290 C

Exhaust Flow

20 ft-lb 95 ft-lbs

IR filter change

Upper image - Noncatalyst Lower image - catalyst

Flow rate increasing

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Infra Analysis of Soot Oxidationof full Brick

Infra Analysis of Soot OxidationInfra Analysis of Soot Oxidationof full Brickof full Brick

Variations in radial and axial soot deposition makes it difficult to support LB modeling of oxidation reactions

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Future RegenerationReactor Studies

Future RegenerationFuture RegenerationReactor StudiesReactor Studies

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Single Channel Filter ReactorSingle Channel Filter ReactorSingle Channel Filter Reactor

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SummarySummarySummary

Single channel filter can provide a simplemechanism for understanding fundamental processes. IR camera combined with traditional pressure drop/ ELPI measurements can provide insight intosubstrate structure.