8/12/2019 Experimental Methodr

1/17

ACTION RESEARCH

The experiment should be based on classroomproblems or the concerns of the teachers in theirpractices with the aim of improving their strategies,practices and knowledge of the environmentswithin which they practice and the experimentshould be conducted under normal conditions ofthe schools.

It demands specific solution however; the

solutions cannot be directly applied to othercontexts, but can be made accessible to othersteachers as hypothesis to be tested.

8/12/2019 Experimental Methodr

2/17

ACTION RESEARCH

The results should not be generalized to otherclassrooms or schools but the idea or

conclusions can always be tried out by other

teachers in their own practice to see if it work for

them and unless the experimental group is arepresentative of a large population.

The results should be interpreted with utmostcaution because it is difficult to control so many

variables. Thus, the teacher should not reflect

her/his personal bias for a particular method or

factor during experimentation.

8/12/2019 Experimental Methodr

3/17

Problems/Issues/Practices Students dontengage in discussion/class recitation Irregular attendance

No assignment

Cut classes

Keep up with changes in technology in theclassroom

Parents not attending meeting

least mastered skills

high dropout rate, failure rate, repeater rate most appropriate method/ approach in teaching

slow learners

Prepare new and exciting lessons

Suitable review scheme

8/12/2019 Experimental Methodr

4/17

Intervention/ Treatment

A procedure, technique or strategy that is

designed to modify an ongoing process. Most interventions in education are designed to

modify directly or indirectly the student-learning

process.

In research studies, the intervention also is

referred to as a treatment.

In an experimental research study, the

treatment is the independent variable.

Example

special reading program for low-achieving

students

8/12/2019 Experimental Methodr

5/17

Hypothesis serve to direct / guide the research

indicate the major independent and dependent variables of

interest

suggest the type of data that must be collected/ type of analysis

that must be conducted to measure the relationship among the

variables.

Null Hypothesis

A statement that an independent variable or treatment will have

no effect.

Research Hypothesis

A statement about the researchers expectations concerning the

results of a study.Directional research hypothesis: A new standards-based

mathematics curriculum will benefit elementary students at all

grade levels.

Non-directional research hypothesis: A new standards-

based mathematics curriculum will have different effects onelementar students de endin on rade level.

8/12/2019 Experimental Methodr

6/17

Variables something that can change, characteristics or

features that vary/change

Independent Variable In experimental research, the variable that the

researcher varies or manipulates to determinewhether it has an effect on the dependentvariable

treatment/intervention variable, or the cause

ExampleAs part of an experiment, a researcherrandomly assigns teachers in a large elementary

school to receive one of three types ofprofessional development:

1) a class on instructional strategies,

2) a training program on how to increase studentmotivation,

3) a teacher discussion group.

8/12/2019 Experimental Methodr

7/17

VariablesDependent Variable

also known as a "response variable", "measured

variable", "responding variable", "explained

variable", "outcome variable", "experimental

variable", and "output variable". influenced by the manipulation of the

independent variable.

observed aspect of the behavior

the effect

8/12/2019 Experimental Methodr

8/17

VariablesControl Variable

It must neutralized to ensure that it does not have a

moderating effect or regulate the effects of variables

that are not intended to influence the results or

conclusions.

Example

A researcher conducts a study of two courses on how

to teach mathematics. The researcher controls for

differences among students by randomly assigning

students to one of the two courses

LatentVariableAn unobserved and unmeasured variable that is

hypothesized to have an influence on a dependent

variable..

8/12/2019 Experimental Methodr

9/17

Variables

Extraneous VariableVariable that is not intended to influence the results orconclusions.

Example

A researcher conducts a study of the effects of twodifferent reading curricula on 1st-grade reading

achievement.

Intervening Variable

An unmeasured variable that is assumed to intervenebetween a treatment or independent variable and a

behavior or dependent variable. Most intervening

variables are internal and cannot be observed.

8/12/2019 Experimental Methodr

10/17

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

EXPERIMENTAL METHODThe procedure test the hypothesis to reachvalid conclusions about relationships betweenindependent and dependent variables.

Characteristics

1) an independent variable is directlymanipulated to measure its effect on adependent variable, and

2) participants are randomly assigned to

different groups that receive different amountsof the independent variable, or

3) comparison groups on characteristics thatrelate to the dependent variable.

8/12/2019 Experimental Methodr

11/17

The essential characteristics ofexperimental method are

Control

Manipulation

Observation

8/12/2019 Experimental Methodr

12/17

8/12/2019 Experimental Methodr

13/17

3. Preparing the Experimental Plan

Select sample of subjects. Identify and control non experimental

factors and decide the procedure of

control Select or construct and validate

instruments to measure outcomes

Determine place, time, and duration of

the experiment. Prepare time schedule

Conduct pilot study.

Decide the statistical procedures

8/12/2019 Experimental Methodr

14/17

Preparing the Experimental Plan

Group Pre treatment Treatment Post Treatment

Experimental

Group

O1 X O2

Control Group O3 O4

8/12/2019 Experimental Methodr

15/17

Data Analysis

Data PresentationPolygon Frequency

Histogram

Bar Graph

8/12/2019 Experimental Methodr

16/17

Measures of Central Tendency

mean median

mode.

Measures of Dispersion range

interquartile range

variation ratio standard deviation.

8/12/2019 Experimental Methodr

17/17

Measures of Dispersion

range, interquartile range, variationratio, and standard deviation. These

measures indicate whether the scores

in a given condition are similar to eachother or whether they are spread out.