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ACTION RESEARCH
The experiment should be based on classroomproblems or the concerns of the teachers in theirpractices with the aim of improving their strategies,practices and knowledge of the environmentswithin which they practice and the experimentshould be conducted under normal conditions ofthe schools.
It demands specific solution however; the
solutions cannot be directly applied to othercontexts, but can be made accessible to othersteachers as hypothesis to be tested.
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ACTION RESEARCH
The results should not be generalized to otherclassrooms or schools but the idea or
conclusions can always be tried out by other
teachers in their own practice to see if it work for
them and unless the experimental group is arepresentative of a large population.
The results should be interpreted with utmostcaution because it is difficult to control so many
variables. Thus, the teacher should not reflect
her/his personal bias for a particular method or
factor during experimentation.
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Problems/Issues/Practices Students dontengage in discussion/class recitation Irregular attendance
No assignment
Cut classes
Keep up with changes in technology in theclassroom
Parents not attending meeting
least mastered skills
high dropout rate, failure rate, repeater rate most appropriate method/ approach in teaching
slow learners
Prepare new and exciting lessons
Suitable review scheme
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Intervention/ Treatment
A procedure, technique or strategy that is
designed to modify an ongoing process. Most interventions in education are designed to
modify directly or indirectly the student-learning
process.
In research studies, the intervention also is
referred to as a treatment.
In an experimental research study, the
treatment is the independent variable.
Example
special reading program for low-achieving
students
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Hypothesis serve to direct / guide the research
indicate the major independent and dependent variables of
interest
suggest the type of data that must be collected/ type of analysis
that must be conducted to measure the relationship among the
variables.
Null Hypothesis
A statement that an independent variable or treatment will have
no effect.
Research Hypothesis
A statement about the researchers expectations concerning the
results of a study.Directional research hypothesis: A new standards-based
mathematics curriculum will benefit elementary students at all
grade levels.
Non-directional research hypothesis: A new standards-
based mathematics curriculum will have different effects onelementar students de endin on rade level.
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Variables something that can change, characteristics or
features that vary/change
Independent Variable In experimental research, the variable that the
researcher varies or manipulates to determinewhether it has an effect on the dependentvariable
treatment/intervention variable, or the cause
ExampleAs part of an experiment, a researcherrandomly assigns teachers in a large elementary
school to receive one of three types ofprofessional development:
1) a class on instructional strategies,
2) a training program on how to increase studentmotivation,
3) a teacher discussion group.
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VariablesDependent Variable
also known as a "response variable", "measured
variable", "responding variable", "explained
variable", "outcome variable", "experimental
variable", and "output variable". influenced by the manipulation of the
independent variable.
observed aspect of the behavior
the effect
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VariablesControl Variable
It must neutralized to ensure that it does not have a
moderating effect or regulate the effects of variables
that are not intended to influence the results or
conclusions.
Example
A researcher conducts a study of two courses on how
to teach mathematics. The researcher controls for
differences among students by randomly assigning
students to one of the two courses
LatentVariableAn unobserved and unmeasured variable that is
hypothesized to have an influence on a dependent
variable..
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Variables
Extraneous VariableVariable that is not intended to influence the results orconclusions.
Example
A researcher conducts a study of the effects of twodifferent reading curricula on 1st-grade reading
achievement.
Intervening Variable
An unmeasured variable that is assumed to intervenebetween a treatment or independent variable and a
behavior or dependent variable. Most intervening
variables are internal and cannot be observed.
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SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
EXPERIMENTAL METHODThe procedure test the hypothesis to reachvalid conclusions about relationships betweenindependent and dependent variables.
Characteristics
1) an independent variable is directlymanipulated to measure its effect on adependent variable, and
2) participants are randomly assigned to
different groups that receive different amountsof the independent variable, or
3) comparison groups on characteristics thatrelate to the dependent variable.
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The essential characteristics ofexperimental method are
Control
Manipulation
Observation
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3. Preparing the Experimental Plan
Select sample of subjects. Identify and control non experimental
factors and decide the procedure of
control Select or construct and validate
instruments to measure outcomes
Determine place, time, and duration of
the experiment. Prepare time schedule
Conduct pilot study.
Decide the statistical procedures
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Preparing the Experimental Plan
Group Pre treatment Treatment Post Treatment
Experimental
Group
O1 X O2
Control Group O3 O4
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Data Analysis
Data PresentationPolygon Frequency
Histogram
Bar Graph
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Measures of Central Tendency
mean median
mode.
Measures of Dispersion range
interquartile range
variation ratio standard deviation.
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Measures of Dispersion
range, interquartile range, variationratio, and standard deviation. These
measures indicate whether the scores
in a given condition are similar to eachother or whether they are spread out.