based on input frommy heavy ion colleagues
at RHIC!
Experimental OverviewM. Grosse PerdekampUIUC and RBRC
RHIC Physics in the Context of the Standard Model
o Overview
o Heavy Ion PhysicsExperimental challengesRBRC contributions
o Experimental ResultsInitial stateElliptic FlowHard ProbesHeavy Flavor
STARSTAR
pp2pppp2pp
Workshop on Heavy Ion Physics 2June 19th
Overview: Strong Interaction Physics at RHIC
o Quark Matter at high Temperatures and Densitiesion-ion collisions (Cu-Cu, Au-Au: √sNN=22.5, 62, 130, 200 GeV)
o Proton Spin Structurepolarized proton-proton collisions (p-p: √s=200 to 500 GeV)
o Low-x and high Parton Densitiesion-deuteron collisions (d-Au: √sNN=200 GeV)
very active field: 74 PRL letters
in the first 5 years
Workshop on Heavy Ion Physics 3June 19th
(I) RHIC 2001 – 2005 : Discovery
Key Observations
1. Jets are suppressed in central Au + Au collisions– Suppression is flat up to pt ~ 10 GeV/c– Absence of suppression in d+Au
2. Strong elliptic flow– Scaling of v2 with eccentricity shows that a high degree of collectivity builds up
at a very early stage of collision – evidence for early thermalization– Data described by ideal hydrodynamic models fluid description of matter
applies.3. Energy density allows for a non-hadronic state of matter
– Energy density estimates from measurements of dN/dy are well in excess of the ~1 GeV/fm3 lattice QCD prediction for the energy density needed to form a deconfined phase.
Strongly interacting Quark Matter
RBRC workshop, May 2004 served as starting point for the white paper discussion: Nucl. Phys. A757, 2003
Workshop on Heavy Ion Physics 4June 19th
(II) Survey of sQGP Properties at RHIC
Formulate sQGP predictions and test withpresent and future precision data from RHIC,examples:
• RAA at very high pT• Charm energy loss• Baryon multiplicities in hadronization• Chiral symmetry restoration• Thermal radiation • J/ψ • Modification of jets
Workshop on Heavy Ion Physics 5June 19th
Structure of Neutron Stars
physics goalto find quark matterand survey it’s properties
experimental methodheavy ion collisions athigh energies
Brief History
A brief history of Heavy Ion Experiment
BevalacAGS GSI SPS RHIC LHC
Find quark matter andsurvey it’s properties
Workshop on Heavy Ion Physics 6June 19th
From Nuclear Physics and HEP toHeavy Ions The Experimental Challenge
Contact between final state and the physics of the fire ball ?
Variable collision systems and energy
Control measurements and their systematics
Event Characterization
Occupancy
Backgrounds
Data Volume
Central Au-Au at RHIC
√s = 38 TeV~28 TeV released in
the collisions~ 7500 particles in the
final state
Heavy ion physics has advanced the frontiersfor accelerators, experiment and theory!
Workshop on Heavy Ion Physics 7June 19th
RHIC Four Complementary Experiments
Design, R&D, construction, operation and analysis
~ 6400 man-years
HBD (Hadron Blind Detector)Silicon (VTX, FVTX)Muon TriggerForward Calorimeter
FMS (Forward Meson Spectrometer)TOF HFT (Heavy Flavor Tracker)Tracking UpgradeDAQ
RHIC Luminosity and Detector Upgrades
Workshop on Heavy Ion Physics 8June 19th
RBRC Contributions, Examples
(I) hard probes in pQCD
Studying themedium withhigh pT probes
q g
RBRC (Theory):
Werner Vogelsang
Workshop on Heavy Ion Physics 9June 19th
• NLO-pQCD calculation from W. Vogelsang– CTEQ6M PDF– direct photon + fragmentation photon– Set Renormalization scale
and factorization scale pT/2,pT,2pT
NLO pQCD shows good agreement with the experimentalcross section for p-p collisionsat √s=200 GeV.
Direct Photons: NLO pQCD vs RHIC Data
RBRC (analysis):
Kensuke Okada
Workshop on Heavy Ion Physics 10June 19th
Direct Photons in Au+Au
PRL 94, 232301
Expectation for Ncollscaling of direct photons
Resummed pQCD calculationspermit calibration of hard probeat RHIC in a model independentway.
Workshop on Heavy Ion Physics 11June 19th
RBRC Contributions, Examples
(II) Event Mixing forneutral pion recon-struction
(Sasha Bazilevsky, Hisayuki Torii)
reconstruction ofπ0 in central Au-Aucollisions possible
Invariant Mass [GeV/cc]0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Inv.Mass (asym<0.8 , 1.5<Pt<2.0)
Invariant Mass [GeV/cc]0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
-500
0
500
1000
1500
Subtracted
Invariant Mass [GeV/cc]0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
-500
0
500
1000
1500
invariant mass
N(2γ)
N(2γ)
N(2γ)
Photon pairs from different events
Photon pairs from same events
RBRC (analysis):
Hisayuki Torii, Sasha Bazilevsky
Workshop on Heavy Ion Physics 12June 19th
pp
AuAubinaryAuAuAA Yield
NYieldR
/ ⟩⟨=
Au-Au √s = 130 GeV: High pT Suppression!
Workshop on Heavy Ion Physics 13June 19th
Examples
(III) Event selection(Yuji Goto, Kensuke Okada, Hisayuki Torii, MGP, Wei Xie)
selection of π0 in d-Au collisions athigh rates makescontrol experimentpossible.
RBRC (hardware):
Yujie Goto, Kensuke Okada,Hisayuki Torii, MGP, Wei Xie
Workshop on Heavy Ion Physics 14June 19th
• Significantly different and opposite centrality evolution of Au+Au experiment from d+Au control.
Au + Au Experiment d + Au Control Experiment
Jet Suppression: A Final State Effect
Workshop on Heavy Ion Physics 15June 19th
RBRC Contributions, Examples
(IV) Transfer and analysis of largedata samples.
Transfer of 270 TByte from BNL – Wako
rate : 60MB/sduration : April 16th – June 25th
first large scale application ofgrid technology
Cern Courier
Science Grid
RBRC (operation):
Hisayuki Torii, YasushiWatanabe, Satoshi Yokkaichi,Hiro Hiejima, MGP
Workshop on Heavy Ion Physics 16June 19th
Run5 π0 Cross Section Analysis
• Consistent with previous PHENIX results from runs 3+4
• Extends previous results to pT of 20 GeV/c.
• Theory is consistent with data over nine orders of magnitude.
2005 preliminaryπ0 cross sectionvs perturbative QCD(W. Vogelsang)
(Data – Theory)/Theory
RBRC (analysis):Sasha Bazilevsky
Is the Initial State in Heavy IonCollisions Determined by Saturation
Effects in the Gluon Field ?
Workshop on Heavy Ion Physics 18June 19th
BRAHMS, PRL 93, 242303 and R. Debbe
RdAu= YdAu
NcollYpp
BRAHMS d+Au Fesults as Functionof Rapidity and Centrality
Hadron production is suppressed at large rapidityconsistent with saturation effects at low x in the Au gluon densities CGC
Workshop on Heavy Ion Physics 19June 19th
η-2 -1 0 1 2
CP
R
0.5
1
1.5
60-880-20
η-2 -1 0 1 2
60-8820-40
η-2 -1 0 1 2
60-8840-60
PTH at backward
PTH at forward
HDM at backward
HDM at forward
(GeV/c)Tp1 2 3 4
CP
R
0.5
1
60-880-20
=1.0 ηBRAHMS =2.2 ηBRAHMS =3.2 ηBRAHMS
(GeV/c)p1 2 3 4
60-8840-60
=1.4-2.2ηPHENIX
PRL 94, 082302
0 1 2 30
0.5
1
1.5
2
<0.6η0.2<
1 2 3
<1.0η0.6<
1 2 3 4
<1.4η1.0<
(GeV/c)Tp
dA
uR
0.5
1
1.5
= 2 GeV/cTp
PHOBOSPHENIXSTARBRAHMS
0 0.5 10
0.5
1
1.5
= 3.2 GeV/cTp
= 2.6 GeV/cTp
0 0.5 1
= 3.8 GeV/cTp
η
dA
uR
PRC 70, 061901(R)
Suppression in the d direction and enhancement in the Au frag. region
Similar Effects Seenby PHENIX and PHOBOS
Workshop on Heavy Ion Physics 20June 19th
Theory vs DataA. Dumitriu et al. Nucl. Phys. A770 57-70,2006
Not bad! However, Large K factors, η-dependent. We hope for NLO calculations soon …
Elliptic Flow Strong Evidence for sQGPPDFs (partonic degrees of freedom)?!
Workshop on Heavy Ion Physics 22June 19th
Flow: A Collective Effect
Elliptic flow = v2 = 2nd Fourier coefficient of momentum anisotropy
dn/dφ ~ 1 + 2 v2(pT) cos (2 φ) + ...Initial spatial anisotropy is converted into momentum anisotropy. Efficiency of the conversion depends on the properties of the medium
φ
x
yz
φ
Workshop on Heavy Ion Physics 23June 19th
v2 Large for all Particles
Large v2 of heavier particles: φ, Ξ, Ω, d.
Even open charm flows (measured through single electrons)
Strong interactions at early stage early thermalization.
RBRC (analysis):
Etsuji Taniguchi
Workshop on Heavy Ion Physics 24June 19th
Flow Extends to Very High pT
charged hadrons
Workshop on Heavy Ion Physics 25June 19th
Comparison to Models
Hydro works at low pT
solid: STARopen: PHENIXPRL91(03)
Partonic scaling works
at intermediate pT
Also for heavier particles
Strong case for sQGP with early thermalization of partonic matter made of constituent quarks
RBRCTetsufumi Hirano
next!
High pTSuppression
Workshop on Heavy Ion Physics 27June 19th
π0 pT spectra at √sNN = 200 GeV
AuAu Run4
High quality data:
9 centrality bins36 pT binshigh statistics!
RBRC (analysis):
Hisayuki Torii, Wei Xie, EtsujiTaniguchi
Workshop on Heavy Ion Physics 28June 19th
Suppression Extends to 20 GeV/c
• Suppression is strong (RAA =0.2) and flat up to 20 GeV/c• Matter is extremely opaque• The data should provide a lower bound on the initial gluon density
Workshop on Heavy Ion Physics 29June 19th
Theory Reproduces RAA for RHIC and SPS
SPS data, dNg/dy~400-600I.Vitev, nucl-th/0404052
Au+Au 200, dNg/dy~1200I.Vitev, nucl-th/0404052
Cu+Cu 200X-N Wang PL B595, 165 (2004)
Workshop on Heavy Ion Physics 30June 19th
RAA vs Reaction Plane
Energy lossdepends on the path-length
Heavy FlavorPhysics
RBRC (theory):
Dima Kharzeev et al.,Peter Petreczky
June 19th
Heavy Quark Suppression and Flow!
• Suppression is approximately the same as for hadrons.
• Challenge for energy loss models.
PHENIX RAA
Charm quark is suppressedand has large v2!!
• Strong coupling of charm quark to medium.• Contribution from b quark at high pT.
0-10% 10-20%
20-40% 40-60%
60-92% min bias.
Workshop on Heavy Ion Physics 33June 19th
NA50 J/ψ
Reanalysis of data:
Normal nuclear absorption derived
from pA data only σ = 4.18±0.35 mb
S-U consistent with normal nuclear
absorption
Only Pb-Pb shows additional
suppression
Systematic errors of ~8% not shown
Workshop on Heavy Ion Physics 34June 19th
NA50 - NA60 Comparison
NA50 and NA60 data consistent with each other.
Npart seems to be a good scaling factor to take account of system size.
Workshop on Heavy Ion Physics 35June 19th
NA60 J/ψ Comparison to Models
Satz, Digal, Fortunato (percolation)Rapp, Grandchamp, Brown (diss. and recomb.)Capella, Ferreiro (comovers)
Models (tuned to reproduce the NA50 data and with specific predictions for In-In) faill to describe the observed suppression pattern for NA60
Workshop on Heavy Ion Physics 36June 19th
J/ψ at RHIC PHENIX : MuonArms
CuCuµµ
200 GeV/c
AuAuµµ
200 GeV/c
dAuµµ
200 GeV/c
J/ψ µµmuon arm
1.2 < |y| < 2.2
RBRC (muon identifier):
Kazu Kurita, AtsuhiTaketani, Hiroki Sato,Nobu
Workshop on Heavy Ion Physics 37June 19th
CuCuµµ
200 GeV/c
AuAuµµ
200 GeV/c
dAuµµ
200 GeV/c
AuAuee
200 GeV/c
CuCuee
200 GeV/c
J/ψ µµmuon arm
1.2 < |y| < 2.2
J/ψ eeCentral arm
-0.35 < y < 0.35
J/ψ at RHIC PHENIX : Muon + Central Arms
RBRC (analysis):
Yasuyuki Akiba, Wei Xie
Workshop on Heavy Ion Physics 38June 19th
CuCuµµ
200 GeV/c
AuAuµµ
200 GeV/c
dAuµµ
200 GeV/c
AuAuee
200 GeV/c
CuCuµµ
62 GeV/c
J/ψ µµmuon arm
1.2 < |y| < 2.2
J/ψ eeCentral arm
-0.35 < y < 0.35
Factor ~3suppression
in central events
CuCuee
200 GeV/c
Data show the same trend within errors for all species and even 62 GeV
J/ψ at RHIC PHENIX
Workshop on Heavy Ion Physics 39June 19th
RAA vs Npart: PHENIX and NA50
NA50 data normalized to NA50 p+p point.
Suppression level is similar in the two experiments, although the collision energy is 10 times higher (200GeV in PHENIX wrt 17GeV in NA50)
Workshop on Heavy Ion Physics 40June 19th
Comparison to Theory (I): Nuclear Absorption
Central arm
Vogt (nucl-th/0507027) Cold nuclear matter absorption model in agreemwith dAu: Tendency to underpredict suppression in most central events
Muon arm
Workshop on Heavy Ion Physics 41June 19th
Comparison to theory (II)
Models that were successful in describing SPS data fail todescribe data at RHIC - too much suppression!
Workshop on Heavy Ion Physics 42June 19th
Comparison to theory (III)
Adding recombination Much better agreementWith the data.
Workshop on Heavy Ion Physics 43June 19th
Summary
o Enormous effort and advances to build RHIC with it’s detectors as the first facility optimally adapted for Heavy Ion Physics.
o Discovery of the strongly interacting quark gluon plasma.Many independent channels. Among the most important:
strong elliptic flowlarge suppressionlarge energy densities
o Enter second phase of the experimental program at RHIC to survey the sQGP.
o Additional tools: detector upgrades in PHENIX and STAR; electron cooling in RHIC.