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Extended Planning Introduction

Training Document

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  Coverage Planning

 The informaion in hi! "o#$men i! !$%je# o #hange &iho$ noi#e an" "e!#ri%e! only he'ro"$# "efine" in he inro"$#ion of hi! "o#$menaion. Thi! "o#$men i! inen"e" for he$!e of Nokia Ne&ork! #$!omer! only for he '$r'o!e! of he agreemen $n"er &hi#h he"o#$men i! !$%mie" an" no 'ar of i may %e re'ro"$#e" or ran!mie" in any form ormean! &iho$ he 'rior &rien 'ermi!!ion of Nokia Ne&ork!. The "o#$men ha! %een

're'are" o %e $!e" %y 'rofe!!ional an" 'ro'erly raine" 'er!onnel an" he #$!omera!!$me! f$ll re!'on!i%iliy &hen $!ing i. Nokia Ne&ork! &el#ome! #$!omer #ommen! a!'ar of he 'ro#e!! of #onin$o$! "evelo'men an" im'rovemen of he "o#$menaion.

The informaion or !aemen! given in hi! "o#$men #on#erning he !$ia%iliy #a'a#iy or'erforman#e of he menione" har"&are or !of&are 'ro"$#! #anno %e #on!i"ere" %in"ing%$ !hall %e "efine" in he agreemen ma"e %e&een Nokia Ne&ork! an" he #$!omer.*o&ever Nokia Ne&ork! ha! ma"e all rea!ona%le effor! o en!$re ha he in!r$#ion!#onaine" in he "o#$men are a"e+$ae an" free of maerial error! an" omi!!ion!. NokiaNe&ork! &ill if ne#e!!ary e,'lain i!!$e! &hi#h may no %e #overe" %y he "o#$men.

Nokia Ne&ork! lia%iliy for any error! in he "o#$men i! limie" o he "o#$menary#orre#ion of error!. Nokia Ne&ork! // NOT 3PON3/ N 4N5 NT 7OO3 N T*3 8OC:NT O 7O 4N5 84:4;3 NC8NT4/ OCON3<NT4/ (NC/8N; :ONT45 /O333) ha migh ari!e from he $!e ofhi! "o#$men or he informaion in i.

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Co'yrigh © Nokia Oyj 200>. 4ll righ! re!erve".

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  Ta%le of Conen!

 Table of Contents

1 Objectives 4

2 Coverage Threshold!2.1 /ink $"ge :argin!.........................................................................?2.2 Cell 3i@e val$aion!........................................................................6

" Coverage #rea$>.1 Cell 4rea val$aion!........................................................................9>.2 Cell 4rea Term!..............................................................................10

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  Coverage Planning

 1 Objectives

At the end of this module, the participant will be able to:

• Define coverage threshold

• Describe different coverage planning margins: location probability

and penetration loss.

• Calculate coverage areas.

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2 Coverage Threshold

21 %in& 'udget (argins

Some additional margins need to be applied to the “naked link budget in

order to account for special environmental conditions such as in!vehicle

operation, in!building situations etc. "hese are Fast- and Slow Fading

 Margins and penetration losses.

 Fast fading margin is a factor that needs to be counted in basic power budget

calculations. "he purpose of this margin is to take into account the deep

fading dips of fast fading. "he intention here is to calculate the link for slowly

moving or stationary mobiles that suffer the most of the fast fading. "his

margin is valid mainly for dense urban environments# the value used here is

typically $ d%. &ast fading is also called as Rayleigh fading .

"he shadowing that generates large!scale variations on the receiving level

causes slow fading margin. Slow fading is also called as lognormal fading .

"his is because it has shown that the variations due to slow fading are

normally distributed when the signal levels are measured in d% scale. Slow

fading margin is not affecting the power budget calculation# it determines the

cell si'es and location probabilities.

ime

Po&er 

2 !e# A !e# 6 !e#

B20 "

meanval$e

- 20 " /ognormal

fa"ing

ayleigh

fa"ing

7ig$re 1. ll$!raion! of fa!- an" !lo& fa"ing

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  Coverage Planning

 Cell )i*e Evaluations

As soon as the ma(imum allowable path loss is determined in power budget

calculations, the achievable cell si'es can be evaluated. "he evaluation is based on basic propagation models )typically *kumura!+ata using the basic

area type correction factors.

"he procedure in cell si'e evaluation is following. Assuming that the

 performed power budget calculations have shown that the ma(imum

allowable path loss has a certain value, we use *kumura!+ata formula with

typical correction factors to obtain the cell range for path loss of this

magnitude, this can be called Rmax. -ow we need to keep in mind that the

field strength level is normally distributed having a certain standard deviation.

"his obtained value for cell range accounts for the mean value of this

aussian distribution, which is described in &igure $. "his means that the

location probability at the cell edge is now /01. *f course, we are notinterested in location probability on the cell edge, but we need to know the

location probability over the whole cell area. "his can be obtained by

integrating the aussian distribution function over the cell area. "he result

depends on the broadness of the distribution, i.e. the standard deviation )σ .

mean

σ

m B σ m B 2σm - σm - 2σ

Φ0

1

212

2

( ) z e dx withz    x m x z 

= =   −        −−∞∫ 

@

normali!e" #enrali!e" "i!ri%$ion D(oal area %elo& #$rve E 100F)

7ig$re 2. ;a$!!ian "i!ri%$ion

Calculations are not shown here, but for e(ample if the standard deviation is 2d%, cell edge location probability of /01 corresponds to appro(imately 2/ 1

location probability over the whole cell area. "ypically, location probability

of 301 is aimed for# this kind of location probability, with a standard

deviation of 2 d%, over the cell are corresponds to about 241 location

 probability on the cell edge.

+ence, we can say that because of slow fading and wanting location

 probability higher than 2/1, the cell range has to be reduced from the

ma(imum value 5 ma(. "herefore the actual achievable cell range, 5 actual, will be

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smaller than the cell range that corresponds to the ma(imum allowable path

loss. 6n &igure 7 the cell ranges in 8uestion are illustrated.

ma,

a#$al

Corre!'on"! o 90F lo#aion'ro%a%iliy over he #ell area

Corre!'on"! o G?F lo#aion'ro%a%iliy over he #ell area

7ig$re >. ll$!raion of #ell range!

"his achievable actual cell 5ange, 5 actual, is calculated using the same

*kumura!+ata formula as used for 5 ma(, but only after a slow fading margin

is deducted from the ma(imum allowable cell range.

As mentioned before, the slow fading margin depended on the wanted

location probability and the standard deviation of slow fading. 9hen

evaluating cell ranges for the indoor case, we have not only to add the

 building penetration losses, but also consider the increased standard deviation:

when summing normally distributed values, mean values are added and

standard deviations superimposed.

0

0)1

0)2

0)>

0)A

0)?

0)6

0)G

0)H

0)9

1

-> -2 -1 0 1 2 >

type mean sigma

$r%an 1? " G "

!$%$r%an 10 " G "

'a!!. #ar H " ? "

Totalmean m m m

Totaldeviation

N 

N 

= + + +

= +

1 2

12

22 2

...

...

7ig$re A. 3$mming !everal "i!ri%$ion!

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  Coverage Planning

 "he increased broadness of path loss distribution indoors means that when

doing location probability calculations, we will come up with higher slow

fading margin values.

ike the power budget part, the cell range evaluation part can be easily doneusing a spreadsheet application. *ne e(ample of this kind of spreadsheet

application is shown in "able ;.

Ta%le 1 Cell range #al#$laion e,am'le

COMMON INFO DU U SU F O

<S antenna height )m,: 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5

%S antenna height )m,: 30,0 30,0 30,0 45,0 45,0

Standard Deviation )d%,: 7,0 7,0 7,0 7,0 7,0

%= Average )d%,: 15,0 12,0 10,0 6,0 6,0Standard Deviation indoors )d%,: 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0 10,0

OKUMURA-HATA (OH) DU U SU F O

Area "ype Correction )d%, 0,0 -4,0 -6,0 -10,0 -15,0

WALFISH-IKEGAMI (WI) DU U SU F O

5oads width )m,: 30,0 30,0 30,0 30,0 30,0

5oad orientation angle )degrees,: 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0

%uilding separation )m,: 40,0 40,0 40,0 40,0 40,0

%uildings average height )m,: 30,0 30,0 30,0 30,0 30,0

INDOOR CO!ERAGE DU U SU F O

=ropagation <odel OH OH OH OH OH

Slow &ading <argin > %= )d%,: 22," 1," 17," 13," 13,"

Coverage "hreshold )d%?@m,: 5,1 56,1 54,1 50,1 50,1

Coverage "hreshold )d%m,: -77,2 -"0,2 -"2,2 -"6,2 -"6,2

ocation =robability over Cell Area)1,: 0,0# 0,0# 0,0# 0,0# 0,0#

C$%% R&'$ (*)+ 1,33 2,10 2,72 5,70 7,

OUTDOOR CO!ERAGE DU U SU F O

=ropagation <odel OH OH OH OH OH

Slow &ading <argin )d%,: 4,5 4,5 4,5 4,5 4,5

Coverage "hreshold )d%?@m,: 40," 40," 40," 40," 40,"

Coverage "hreshold )d%m,: -5,5 -5,5 -5,5 -5,5 -5,5

ocation =robability over Cell Area)1,: 0,0# 0,0# 0,0# 0,0# 0,0#

C$%% R&'$ (*)+ 4,3 5,70 6,50 10,6 14,

*bviously, these cell ranges are average values for certain area types, in

 practice, the area types are not constant, therefore these cell ranges cannot be

applied to any real environments. Anyway, these cell ranges are good average

appro(imations that can be used for network dimensioning.

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" Coverage #rea

"1 Cell #rea Evaluations

After cell range has been determined, the corresponding cell area can be

calculated. 6n the network dimensioning phase the cell area calculation can be

done by using traditional he(agonal model. *f course, one has to keep in

mind that in real networks the actual cells are something very different from

the theoretical he(agons, but for dimensional purposes there is no other way.

Omni

 4 E 2)6

i-!e#or 

 4E 1)G>

Tri-!e#or 

 4 E 1)9?

7ig$re ?. *e,agonal #ell area "efiniion!

&igure / illustrates the correspondences between cell range and cell areas in

he(agonal model. 9hen interpreting the area calculation formulas given in

&igure /, one has to notice that the cell ranges are different in comparison

with the cells in different configurations. "hese formulas are used in -etDim

tool to calculate the number of sites.

+e(agonal cell structures are commonly used in literature to illustrate a

 principle. Cells are usually very irregularly shaped, even non!contiguous

forms, see &igure B.

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  Coverage Planning

 Pre"i#e" #ell! ("ominan#e area) *e,agon!

7ig$re 6. 8ifferen#e %e&een he,agon mo"el an" a 're"i#e" #ell area

Cell #rea Terms

Dominance area is the area in which the signal from the respective cell is at

least by cellreselectionhysteresismarginE stronger than any other cell. 6n

this area all calls shall be handled only by the serving cell.

A cellFs service area is the area in which the signal is above the planned

minimum signal level. At the area borders calls will be handed over to

neighbouring cells. "his is the area, which is usually displayed, and optimised

in the coverage planning process.

A cellFs coverage area is the area in which physical radio connections can be

maintained. "he signal level may already drop below the planned minimum

level. -ormally, mobiles within this range should already have been handed

over to the neighbouring cells. +owever, for reasons of congestion or

incorrect parameter settings, mobiles may still be found within this area. -ote

that the physical coverage area can be !!depending on planning and designrules!! considerably larger than the actual service area. <obiles within the

cellFs physical coverage area can act as heavy interference contributors

towards other cells, since it is not foreseen that a mobile at this point is still

connected to the respective cell.

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•  Dominance area

•  Service area

•  Coverage area

6" hy!ere!i! margin

#overage limi

#ell #overage range

#ell !ervi#e range

"ominan#e range

&igure 2. Cell area terms

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