Exploring the Religions of Our World Chapter 4 Islam Chapter 4 Islam.

Exploring the Religions Exploring the Religions of Our Worldof Our World

Exploring the Religions Exploring the Religions of Our Worldof Our World

Chapter 4 Chapter 4 IslamIslamChapter 4 Chapter 4 IslamIslam


The BasicsThe BasicsThe BasicsThe Basics

Abraham Abraham

ancestor to Jews, ancestor to Jews,

Christians, Christians,

Muslims Muslims

Abraham Abraham

ancestor to Jews, ancestor to Jews,

Christians, Christians,

Muslims Muslims

Allah Allah ““TheThe God” God”

Allah Allah ““TheThe God” God”

Islam Islam

““surrender” or surrender” or

““submission” submission”

Islam Islam

““surrender” or surrender” or

““submission” submission”

Mohammad Mohammad

God’s final God’s final

messenger messenger

Mohammad Mohammad

God’s final God’s final

messenger messenger


Periods of Islamic HistoryPeriods of Islamic HistoryPeriods of Islamic HistoryPeriods of Islamic History

Page 135Page 135Page 135Page 135


HistoryHistoryIslam has always existed, beginning with Adam the Islam has always existed, beginning with Adam the

first manfirst man

Muhammad:Muhammad:born in Mecca in about 570 CEborn in Mecca in about 570 CEfirst revelation from the Angel Gabriel who first revelation from the Angel Gabriel who instructed him to be the messenger of Allah in instructed him to be the messenger of Allah in 610610moved to Medina in 622 moved to Medina in 622 died in 632died in 632

HistoryHistoryIslam has always existed, beginning with Adam the Islam has always existed, beginning with Adam the

first manfirst man

Muhammad:Muhammad:born in Mecca in about 570 CEborn in Mecca in about 570 CEfirst revelation from the Angel Gabriel who first revelation from the Angel Gabriel who instructed him to be the messenger of Allah in instructed him to be the messenger of Allah in 610610moved to Medina in 622 moved to Medina in 622 died in 632died in 632


HistoryHistory (continued)(continued)The first four caliphs :The first four caliphs :

• Abu BakrAbu Bakr – first to succeed Muhammad– first to succeed Muhammad• UmarUmar – oversaw the expansion of Islam; – oversaw the expansion of Islam;

appointed a committee of six to choose his appointed a committee of six to choose his successorsuccessor

• UthmanUthman – a member of the Umayyah clan; – a member of the Umayyah clan; was instrumental in the publication and was instrumental in the publication and distribution of the Qur’andistribution of the Qur’an

• ‘‘AliAli – Muhammad’s cousin– Muhammad’s cousin

HistoryHistory (continued)(continued)The first four caliphs :The first four caliphs :

• Abu BakrAbu Bakr – first to succeed Muhammad– first to succeed Muhammad• UmarUmar – oversaw the expansion of Islam; – oversaw the expansion of Islam;

appointed a committee of six to choose his appointed a committee of six to choose his successorsuccessor

• UthmanUthman – a member of the Umayyah clan; – a member of the Umayyah clan; was instrumental in the publication and was instrumental in the publication and distribution of the Qur’andistribution of the Qur’an

• ‘‘AliAli – Muhammad’s cousin– Muhammad’s cousin


HistoryHistory (continued)(continued)The The SunniSunni Muslims and Muslims and Shi’ahShi’ah Muslims share Muslims share

fundamental beliefs and practices but are fundamental beliefs and practices but are divided on who is to lead Muslims – why?divided on who is to lead Muslims – why?

Chronology of the division:Chronology of the division: 1. Uthman is assassinated1. Uthman is assassinated 2. Ali succeeds him as caliph 2. Ali succeeds him as caliph 3. Uthman’s cousin Mu’awiyah is also proclaimed 3. Uthman’s cousin Mu’awiyah is also proclaimed

caliphcaliph 4. following a series of battles, an arbitrator rules 4. following a series of battles, an arbitrator rules

in favor of Mu’awiyahin favor of Mu’awiyah 5. ‘Ali is assassinated 5. ‘Ali is assassinated

HistoryHistory (continued)(continued)The The SunniSunni Muslims and Muslims and Shi’ahShi’ah Muslims share Muslims share

fundamental beliefs and practices but are fundamental beliefs and practices but are divided on who is to lead Muslims – why?divided on who is to lead Muslims – why?

Chronology of the division:Chronology of the division: 1. Uthman is assassinated1. Uthman is assassinated 2. Ali succeeds him as caliph 2. Ali succeeds him as caliph 3. Uthman’s cousin Mu’awiyah is also proclaimed 3. Uthman’s cousin Mu’awiyah is also proclaimed

caliphcaliph 4. following a series of battles, an arbitrator rules 4. following a series of battles, an arbitrator rules

in favor of Mu’awiyahin favor of Mu’awiyah 5. ‘Ali is assassinated 5. ‘Ali is assassinated


Chronology of division: Chronology of division: (continued)(continued)

6. when ‘Ali’s son makes a claim to leadership, he and 6. when ‘Ali’s son makes a claim to leadership, he and his family are massacredhis family are massacred

7. Shi’ah Muslims see Husayn as a martyr and remain 7. Shi’ah Muslims see Husayn as a martyr and remain loyal to his familyloyal to his family

8. The Sunni (the majority) accept the rule of the 8. The Sunni (the majority) accept the rule of the UmayyadsUmayyads

9. the Sunni support a 9. the Sunni support a caliphatecaliphate and call their leaders and call their leaders caliphcaliph

10. the Shi’ah support an 10. the Shi’ah support an imamateimamate and call their leaders and call their leaders ImamImam

Chronology of division: Chronology of division: (continued)(continued)

6. when ‘Ali’s son makes a claim to leadership, he and 6. when ‘Ali’s son makes a claim to leadership, he and his family are massacredhis family are massacred

7. Shi’ah Muslims see Husayn as a martyr and remain 7. Shi’ah Muslims see Husayn as a martyr and remain loyal to his familyloyal to his family

8. The Sunni (the majority) accept the rule of the 8. The Sunni (the majority) accept the rule of the UmayyadsUmayyads

9. the Sunni support a 9. the Sunni support a caliphatecaliphate and call their leaders and call their leaders caliphcaliph

10. the Shi’ah support an 10. the Shi’ah support an imamateimamate and call their leaders and call their leaders ImamImam


HistoryHistory (continued)(continued)

Historical centers of Islam:Historical centers of Islam: Medina, Saudi ArabiaMedina, Saudi Arabia Kufah, IraqKufah, Iraq Damascus, SyriaDamascus, Syria Baghdad, IraqBaghdad, Iraq

HistoryHistory (continued)(continued)

Historical centers of Islam:Historical centers of Islam: Medina, Saudi ArabiaMedina, Saudi Arabia Kufah, IraqKufah, Iraq Damascus, SyriaDamascus, Syria Baghdad, IraqBaghdad, Iraq


Philosophy

Philosophy

Philosophy

Philosophy

Engineering

Engineering

Engineering

Engineering

Geo

grap

hy

Geo

grap

hy

Geo

grap

hy

Geo

grap

hy

Astronomy

Astronomy

Astronomy

Astronomy

Mathematics

Mathematics

Mathematics

Mathematics

Chemistry

Chemistry

Chemistry

Chemistry

Medicine

Medicine

Medicine

Medicine

Literature

Literature

Literature

Literature

History History (continued)(continued)

Muslim scholarship sought to reconcile reason and faith Muslim scholarship sought to reconcile reason and faith which led to advances in:which led to advances in:

History History (continued)(continued)

Muslim scholarship sought to reconcile reason and faith Muslim scholarship sought to reconcile reason and faith which led to advances in:which led to advances in:


History History (continued) (continued) The Nation of IslamThe Nation of IslamW.D. Fard MuhammadW.D. Fard Muhammad – African-American who spoke against – African-American who spoke against

Christianity as a white man’s religion and called for the Christianity as a white man’s religion and called for the establishment of a separate, African-American homelandestablishment of a separate, African-American homeland

Elijah MuhammadElijah Muhammad – continued Fard’s message when he succeeded – continued Fard’s message when he succeeded him, expanding the Nation of Islam to other citieshim, expanding the Nation of Islam to other cities

Malcom XMalcom X – leader in New York who challenged Elijah – leader in New York who challenged Elijah Muhammad’s leadership and message before being Muhammad’s leadership and message before being assassinated by rivals in 1965assassinated by rivals in 1965

Warith Din MuhammadWarith Din Muhammad – Elijah Muhammad’s son who succeeded – Elijah Muhammad’s son who succeeded in bringing most of the Nation of Islam into union with Sunni in bringing most of the Nation of Islam into union with Sunni IslamIslam

Louis FarrakhanLouis Farrakhan – led members of the Nation of Islam who – led members of the Nation of Islam who opposed the more integrated ideology of Warith Din opposed the more integrated ideology of Warith Din MuhammadMuhammad

History History (continued) (continued) The Nation of IslamThe Nation of IslamW.D. Fard MuhammadW.D. Fard Muhammad – African-American who spoke against – African-American who spoke against

Christianity as a white man’s religion and called for the Christianity as a white man’s religion and called for the establishment of a separate, African-American homelandestablishment of a separate, African-American homeland

Elijah MuhammadElijah Muhammad – continued Fard’s message when he succeeded – continued Fard’s message when he succeeded him, expanding the Nation of Islam to other citieshim, expanding the Nation of Islam to other cities

Malcom XMalcom X – leader in New York who challenged Elijah – leader in New York who challenged Elijah Muhammad’s leadership and message before being Muhammad’s leadership and message before being assassinated by rivals in 1965assassinated by rivals in 1965

Warith Din MuhammadWarith Din Muhammad – Elijah Muhammad’s son who succeeded – Elijah Muhammad’s son who succeeded in bringing most of the Nation of Islam into union with Sunni in bringing most of the Nation of Islam into union with Sunni IslamIslam

Louis FarrakhanLouis Farrakhan – led members of the Nation of Islam who – led members of the Nation of Islam who opposed the more integrated ideology of Warith Din opposed the more integrated ideology of Warith Din MuhammadMuhammad

Qur’anQur’anQur’anQur’an


Sacred Stories and Sacred ScripturesSacred Stories and Sacred ScripturesSacred Stories and Sacred ScripturesSacred Stories and Sacred Scriptures

most sacred book for Muslimsmost sacred book for Muslims a collection of the revelations a collection of the revelations

Muhammad received directly from Muhammad received directly from GodGod

contains God’s infallible words, contains God’s infallible words, uncorrupted by human interventionuncorrupted by human intervention

literally means “recitation”literally means “recitation” divided into 144 divided into 144 surahssurahs

most sacred book for Muslimsmost sacred book for Muslims a collection of the revelations a collection of the revelations

Muhammad received directly from Muhammad received directly from GodGod

contains God’s infallible words, contains God’s infallible words, uncorrupted by human interventionuncorrupted by human intervention

literally means “recitation”literally means “recitation” divided into 144 divided into 144 surahssurahs

Qur’anQur’an(Koran)(Koran)Qur’anQur’an(Koran)(Koran)


Sacred Stories and Sacred ScripturesSacred Stories and Sacred Scriptures (continued)(continued)Sacred Stories and Sacred ScripturesSacred Stories and Sacred Scriptures (continued)(continued)

second authentic source of authority second authentic source of authority for Muslimsfor Muslims

contains Muhammad’s words and contains Muhammad’s words and deeds as well as what he approved deeds as well as what he approved and prohibited and prohibited

it is Muhammad’s way of lifeit is Muhammad’s way of life it goes hand in hand with the it goes hand in hand with the

Qur’an because one needs to fully Qur’an because one needs to fully understand and live as a Muslimunderstand and live as a Muslim

second authentic source of authority second authentic source of authority for Muslimsfor Muslims

contains Muhammad’s words and contains Muhammad’s words and deeds as well as what he approved deeds as well as what he approved and prohibited and prohibited

it is Muhammad’s way of lifeit is Muhammad’s way of life it goes hand in hand with the it goes hand in hand with the

Qur’an because one needs to fully Qur’an because one needs to fully understand and live as a Muslimunderstand and live as a Muslim

Qur’anQur’anQur’anQur’anSunnahSunnahSunnahSunnah


Beliefs and PracticesBeliefs and Practices

Belief in one God is the central belief of MuslimsBelief in one God is the central belief of Muslims

Beliefs and PracticesBeliefs and Practices

Belief in one God is the central belief of MuslimsBelief in one God is the central belief of Muslims

La ilaha ilia AllahLa ilaha ilia Allahwa Muhammadun rasul Allahwa Muhammadun rasul Allah

There is no god but God,There is no god but God,Muhammad is the Messenger of God.Muhammad is the Messenger of God.

La ilaha ilia AllahLa ilaha ilia Allahwa Muhammadun rasul Allahwa Muhammadun rasul Allah

There is no god but God,There is no god but God,Muhammad is the Messenger of God.Muhammad is the Messenger of God.


Beliefs and PracticesBeliefs and Practices (continued)(continued)

Core Tenets Core Tenets


Core Tenets Core Tenets

God is the creator God is the creator

and sustainer and sustainer

of the universeof the universe

God is the creator God is the creator

and sustainer and sustainer

of the universeof the universe

God is all-: loving, God is all-: loving,

powerful, knowing, powerful, knowing,

merciful, presentmerciful, present

God is all-: loving, God is all-: loving,

powerful, knowing, powerful, knowing,

merciful, presentmerciful, present

God gives life andGod gives life and

takes life awaytakes life away

God gives life andGod gives life and

takes life awaytakes life away

God is the judge of all andGod is the judge of all and

determines who will spenddetermines who will spend

eternity in heaven or helleternity in heaven or hell

God is the judge of all andGod is the judge of all and

determines who will spenddetermines who will spend

eternity in heaven or helleternity in heaven or hell

God is very involved as aGod is very involved as a

guide in human affairsguide in human affairs

God is very involved as aGod is very involved as a

guide in human affairsguide in human affairs

Divine providenceDivine providenceDivine providenceDivine providence

Free will is an integralFree will is an integral

part of being humanpart of being human

Free will is an integralFree will is an integral

part of being humanpart of being human

Muhammad is theMuhammad is the

““Messenger of God”Messenger of God”

Muhammad is theMuhammad is the

““Messenger of God”Messenger of God”


TheTheChristianChristian

BibleBible

TheTheChristianChristian

BibleBible

Qur’anQur’anQur’anQur’anQur’anQur’anQur’anQur’an

Beliefs and Practices Beliefs and Practices (continued)(continued)Biblical prophets mentioned in the Qur’an: Biblical prophets mentioned in the Qur’an:

Adam Adam NoahNoah

AbrahamAbraham MosesMoses

AaronAaron Jacob and his Jacob and his

sons sons JobJob JesusJesus

Beliefs and Practices Beliefs and Practices (continued)(continued)Biblical prophets mentioned in the Qur’an: Biblical prophets mentioned in the Qur’an:

Adam Adam NoahNoah

AbrahamAbraham MosesMoses

AaronAaron Jacob and his Jacob and his

sons sons JobJob JesusJesus

Chapter 4 Chapter 4 IslamIslamChapter 4 Chapter 4 IslamIslamS

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The Five Pillars of IslamThe Five Pillars of Islam


The Five Pillars of IslamThe Five Pillars of Islam


Sacred TimesSacred TimesSacred TimesSacred Timesprayer 5prayer 5

times eachtimes eachdayday

prayer 5prayer 5times eachtimes each

dayday

Eid al-Fitr Eid al-Fitr

(Festival of (Festival of

Breaking Breaking

the Fast)the Fast)

Eid al-Fitr Eid al-Fitr


Breaking Breaking

the Fast)the Fast)

Eid al-Adha Eid al-Adha


Sacrifice)Sacrifice)

Eid al-Adha Eid al-Adha


Sacrifice)Sacrifice)

AshuraAshura

(recalls(recalls

the Exodusthe Exodus

from Egypt)from Egypt)

AshuraAshura

(recalls(recalls

the Exodusthe Exodus

from Egypt)from Egypt)


Sacred Places and Sacred SpacesSacred Places and Sacred SpacesMosque (Mosque (MasjidMasjid ) ) - a place of public worship- a place of public worshipMecca, Saudi ArabiaMecca, Saudi Arabia – the holiest city in Islam; – the holiest city in Islam;

birthplace of Muhammad and site of his first birthplace of Muhammad and site of his first revelationsrevelations

Medina, Saudi ArabiaMedina, Saudi Arabia – second holiest city; place to – second holiest city; place to which Muhammad immigratedwhich Muhammad immigrated

Jerusalem, IsraelJerusalem, Israel – the place of Muhammad’s “Night – the place of Muhammad’s “Night Journey”; place he ascended into heavenJourney”; place he ascended into heaven

Karbala, IraqKarbala, Iraq – the site of the massacre of the ‘Ali and – the site of the massacre of the ‘Ali and his companions and familyhis companions and family

Sacred Places and Sacred SpacesSacred Places and Sacred SpacesMosque (Mosque (MasjidMasjid ) ) - a place of public worship- a place of public worshipMecca, Saudi ArabiaMecca, Saudi Arabia – the holiest city in Islam; – the holiest city in Islam;

birthplace of Muhammad and site of his first birthplace of Muhammad and site of his first revelationsrevelations

Medina, Saudi ArabiaMedina, Saudi Arabia – second holiest city; place to – second holiest city; place to which Muhammad immigratedwhich Muhammad immigrated

Jerusalem, IsraelJerusalem, Israel – the place of Muhammad’s “Night – the place of Muhammad’s “Night Journey”; place he ascended into heavenJourney”; place he ascended into heaven

Karbala, IraqKarbala, Iraq – the site of the massacre of the ‘Ali and – the site of the massacre of the ‘Ali and his companions and familyhis companions and family


Islam Through a Catholic LensIslam Through a Catholic Lens

Similarities between Muslims and CatholicsSimilarities between Muslims and Catholics• The worship of the one GodThe worship of the one God• The understanding of God as: living, subsistent, merciful, The understanding of God as: living, subsistent, merciful,

almighty, Creatoralmighty, Creator• The desire to submit to God’s decrees The desire to submit to God’s decrees • The veneration of Jesus as a prophetThe veneration of Jesus as a prophet• The invocation of the Virgin MaryThe invocation of the Virgin Mary• The anticipation of the Day of JudgmentThe anticipation of the Day of Judgment• The centrality of Family lifeThe centrality of Family life• Social concerns: prejudice, poverty, environmentSocial concerns: prejudice, poverty, environment

Islam Through a Catholic LensIslam Through a Catholic Lens

Similarities between Muslims and CatholicsSimilarities between Muslims and Catholics• The worship of the one GodThe worship of the one God• The understanding of God as: living, subsistent, merciful, The understanding of God as: living, subsistent, merciful,

almighty, Creatoralmighty, Creator• The desire to submit to God’s decrees The desire to submit to God’s decrees • The veneration of Jesus as a prophetThe veneration of Jesus as a prophet• The invocation of the Virgin MaryThe invocation of the Virgin Mary• The anticipation of the Day of JudgmentThe anticipation of the Day of Judgment• The centrality of Family lifeThe centrality of Family life• Social concerns: prejudice, poverty, environmentSocial concerns: prejudice, poverty, environment


Islam Through a Catholic LensIslam Through a Catholic Lens (continued)(continued)

Major Major DifferencesDifferences between Muslims and Catholics between Muslims and Catholics• Muslims do not believe in doctrine of the Holy Muslims do not believe in doctrine of the Holy

Trinity Trinity • Muslims do not acknowledge Jesus’ divinityMuslims do not acknowledge Jesus’ divinity• Muslims do not believe Jesus suffered a Muslims do not believe Jesus suffered a

human death by crucifixionhuman death by crucifixion

Islam Through a Catholic LensIslam Through a Catholic Lens (continued)(continued)

Major Major DifferencesDifferences between Muslims and Catholics between Muslims and Catholics• Muslims do not believe in doctrine of the Holy Muslims do not believe in doctrine of the Holy

Trinity Trinity • Muslims do not acknowledge Jesus’ divinityMuslims do not acknowledge Jesus’ divinity• Muslims do not believe Jesus suffered a Muslims do not believe Jesus suffered a

human death by crucifixionhuman death by crucifixion


IslamIslam MuslimMuslim AllahAllah Ka’bahKa’bah HijrahHijrah CaliphsCaliphs Qur’anQur’an ImamImam CalligraphyCalligraphy

IslamIslam MuslimMuslim AllahAllah Ka’bahKa’bah HijrahHijrah CaliphsCaliphs Qur’anQur’an ImamImam CalligraphyCalligraphy

SurahsSurahs hafiz hafiz HadithHadith Five pillarsFive pillars ShahadahShahadah MuezzinMuezzin SalahSalah WuduWudu

SurahsSurahs hafiz hafiz HadithHadith Five pillarsFive pillars ShahadahShahadah MuezzinMuezzin SalahSalah WuduWudu

ZakahZakah SawmSawm RamadanRamadan HajjHajj UlamaUlama MosqueMosque AdanAdan

ZakahZakah SawmSawm RamadanRamadan HajjHajj UlamaUlama MosqueMosque AdanAdan

VocabularyVocabularyVocabularyVocabulary

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Exploring the Religions of Our World Chapter 4 Islam Chapter 4 Islam.

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