Extract from EPA Batneec Guidance Note For The Extraction Web viewExtract from EPA Batneec Guidance...

APPENDIX 22EXTRACTS FROM BATNEEC NOTES

LIST OF BATNEEC NOTES AVAILABLE.........................................................................5

EXTRACT FROM EPA BATNEEC GUIDANCE NOTE FOR THE EXTRACTION OF ALUMINA.................................................................................................................................8

4. CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES.....................................................................................85. EMISSION LIMIT VALUES.....................................................................................11

EXTRACT FROM EPA BATNEEC GUIDANCE NOTE FOR BOARD MANUFACTURE...................................................................................................................15

4. CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES...................................................................................155. EMISSION LIMIT VALUES.............................................................................................19

EXTRACT FROM EPA BATNEEC GUIDANCE NOTE FOR THE CHEMICAL SECTOR..................................................................................................................................23

4. CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES...................................................................................235. EMISSION LIMIT VALUES.....................................................................................27

EXTRACT FROM EPA BATNEEC GUIDANCE NOTE FOR ELECTROPLATING OPERATIONS........................................................................................................................37


EXTRACT FROM EPA BATNEEC GUIDANCE NOTE FOR THE EXTRACTION OF MINERALS.............................................................................................................................47

4. CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES...................................................................................475. EMISSION LIMIT VALUES..............................................................................................51

EXTRACT FROM EPA BATNEEC GUIDANCE NOTE FOR THE PIG PRODUCTION SECTOR......................................................................................................55

4. CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES........................................................................................555. COMPLIANCE MONITORING.....................................................................................62

EXTRACT FROM EPA BATNEEC GUIDANCE NOTE FOR THE RENDERING OF ANIMAL BY-PRODUCTS....................................................................................................64

4. CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES...................................................................................645. EMISSION LIMIT VALUES....................................................................................68

EXTRACT FROM EPA BATNEEC GUIDANCE NOTE FOR THE SLAUGHTER OF ANIMALS...............................................................................................................................71


EXTRACT FROM EPA BATNEEC GUIDANCE NOTE FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF SUGAR..............................................................................................................................76

4. CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES...................................................................................76

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5. EMISSION LIMIT VALUES.............................................................................................79

EXTRACT FROM EPA BATNEEC GUIDANCE NOTE FOR THE MANUFACTURE OR USE OF COATING MATERIALS................................................................................83


EXTRACT FROM EPA BATNEEC GUIDANCE NOTE FOR TEXTILE FINISHING..................................................................................................................................................96

4. CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES...................................................................................965. EMISSION LIMIT VALUES...........................................................................................100

EXTRACT FROM EPA BATNEEC GUIDANCE NOTE FOR WASTE......................105

4. CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES.................................................................................1055. EMISSION LIMIT VALUES...................................................................................109

EXTRACT FROM EPA BATNEEC GUIDANCE NOTE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF CEMENT...............................................................................................................................118

4. CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES.............................................................................1185. EMISSION LIMIT VALUES................................................................................................121

EXTRACT FROM EPA BATNEEC GUIDANCE NOTE FOR THE POULTRY PRODUCTION SECTOR....................................................................................................125

4 CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES.......................................................................................1255 COMPLIANCE MONITORING.............................................................................133

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LIST OF BATNEEC NOTES AVAILABLE

Published BATNEEC Notes are available from the EPA website at www.epa.ie and EPA Publications, Dublin Regional Inspectorate, McCumiskey House, Richview, Clonskeagh Road, Dublin 14. Tel. 00353 (0)1-26801000

IPPC DirectiveAnnex 1 Category

Equivalent EPA Act

1992, First Schedule Category

Description of Activity per EPA Act 1992, First Schedule

BATNEEC NOTE

1. Energy Industries

1.1 2.2 The burning of fuel in a boiler > 50 MWDraft note covers all

activities 2.1 & 2.2 (V8) in this sector

1.2 9.3 The refining of petroleum or gas Draft (V3)1.3 9.4 Carbonisation, gasification etc. of coal, lignite,

oil, bituminous shaleDraft (V3)

1.4 9.4 Carbonisation, gasification etc. of coal, lignite, oil, bituminous shale

Draft (V3)

2. Production and Processing of Metals

2.1 3.6 Roasting, sintering or calcining of metallic oresDraft (V3)

2.2 3.2 The processing of iron & steel in forges Draft (V3)

2.3(a) 3.2 The processing of iron & steel in forges Draft (V3)2.3(b) ?2.3(c) 3.4 The production. recovery, processing, use of non-

ferrous metalsDraft (V3)

2.4 3.3 The production. recovery, processing, use of ferrous metals

Draft (V3)

2.5(a) 1.2 The extraction of aluminium oxide from ore Published2.5(b) 3.4 The production. recovery, processing, use of non-

ferrous metalsDraft (V3)

2.6 12.3 Electroplating operations Published3. Mineral Industry

3.1 10.1

13.3

Production of cement

Lime production

Published

Draft (V3)3.2 1.1 The extraction, production & processing of raw

asbestosAwaiting draft

3.3 4.3 The production of glass Draft (V1)3.4 4.2 Manfu. of glass fibre or mineral products fibre Draft (V1)

3.5 13.4 Coarse ceramics Draft(V3)

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http://www.epa.ie/


Equivalent EPA Act



BATNEEC NOTE

4. Chemical Industry - Published Chemical Note covers all activities 4.1 – 4.64.1(a) 5.2

5.3

5.4

The manufacture of olefins and their derivatives or of monomers and polymers, including syrene and vinyl chloride

The manufacture, by way of chemical reaction processes, of organo or organo-metallic chemical products other than those specified at 5.2

The manufacture of inorganic chemicals4.1(b) 5.3

5.9

5.4


The chemical manufacture of glues, bonding agents and adhesives

The manufacture of inorganic chemicals4.1(c) 5.3

5.4


The manufacture of inorganic chemicals4.1(d) 5.3

5.4

5.9


The manufacture of inorganic chemicals

The chemical manufacture of glues, bonding agents and adhesives4.1(e) 5.3

5.4



4.1(f) 5.3 The manufacture, by way of chemical reaction processes, of organo or organo-metallic chemical products other than those specified at 5.2

4.1(g) 5.3 The manufacture, by way of chemical reaction processes, of organo or organo-metallic chemical products other than those specified at 5.2

4.1(h) 5.2 The manufacture of olefins and their derivatives or of monomers and polymers, including syrene and vinyl chloride

4.1(i) 5.3 The manufacture, by way of chemical reaction processes, of organo or organo-metallic chemical products other than those specified at 5.2

4.1(j) 5.7 The manufacture of paints, varnishes, resins, inks, dyes, pigments or elastomers where the production capacity exceeds 1,000 litres per week

4.1(k) 5.3

5.4


The manufacture of inorganic chemicals4.2(a) 5.4 The manufacture of inorganic chemicals4.2(b) 5.4 The manufacture of inorganic chemicals4.2(c) 5.4 The manufacture of inorganic chemicals4.2(d) 5.4 The manufacture of inorganic chemicals4.2(e) 5.4 The manufacture of inorganic chemicals

4.3 5.5 The manufacture of artificial fertilizers4.4 5.6 The manufacture of pesticides, pharmaceutical or vetinary products and their

intermediates4.5 5.6 The manufacture of pesticides, pharmaceutical or vetinary products and their

intermediates

4.65.3

5.4



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Equivalent WM Act

1996, Third & FourthSchedule Category


BATNEEC NOTE

5. Waste Management5.1 Sched. 4,

classes 1,3,5,6,7,& 9

Disposal or recovery of hazardous wastePublished

5.2 Sched. 3, Class 8

Incineration of municipal waste

5.3 Disposal of non-hazardous waste5.4 Sched. 3,

Classes 1 & 5

Landfills


Equivalent EPA Act



BATNEEC NOTE

6. Other Activities6.1(a) 8.2 Pulp & Paper manufacture Note covers 8.1 manfu. of

paper pulp & paper & 8.2(V3) manfu. of

bleached pulp.6.1(b) 8.1 Board manufacture Published

6.2 8.5 Dyeing, treatment or finishing of fibres or textiles including carpet

Published

6.3 8.6 Fell-mongering & tanning Draft (V4)6.4(a) 7.4 The slaughter of animals Published6.4(b) 7.1

7.5

7.6

7.7

Manufacture of vegetable & animal oils & fats

Manufacture of fish-meal and fish-oil Draft (V3)

Manufacture of sugar

Rendering of animals by-products.

Draft (V3)

Draft (V3)

Published

Published6.4(c) 7.2 Manufacture of dairy products Draft (V3) 6.5 7.7 Rendering of animals by-products. Published

6.6(a) 6.1 The rearing of poultry Published6.6(b) 6.2 The rearing of pigs Published

6.6(c) 6.2 The rearing of pigs Published6.7 12.2 Manufacture or use of coating materials using

organic solvents Published

6.8 9.4 Carbonisation, gasification etc. of coal, lignite, oil, bituminous shale

Draft (V3)

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Extract from EPA Batneec Guidance Note For The Extraction of Alumina

4. CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES

4.1 Introduction

As explained in Section 2, this Guidance Note identifies BATNEEC but obviously does so in the absence of site-specific information. Accordingly, it represents the requirements expected of any new activity covered by the Note, but does not exclude additional requirements which may form part of the granting of a licence for a specific site.

The approach to be used in selecting BATNEEC is based on the following hierarchy:

Process design / redesign changes to eliminate emissions and wastes that might pose environmental problems.

Substitution of materials (e.g. low sulphur fuel) by environmentally less harmful ones.

Demonstration of waste minimisation by means of process control, inventory control and end-of-pipe technologies etc.

Use of energy efficient technologies, such as combined heat and power generation, when appropriate.

The existing or possible measures for reducing and controlling emissions are described in this section. These range from relatively simple containment measures to sophisticated recovery and end-of-pipe technologies and include:

(i) Load minimisation(ii) Containment (iii) Recovery/recycle(iv) Emission reduction (v) Waste treatment and disposal.

The technical feasibility of the measures listed below has been demonstrated by various sources. Used singly or in combination, the measures represent BATNEEC solutions when implemented in the appropriate circumstances. The circumstances depend on plant scale, materials used, grade of product made, etc. A summary of the treatments for various emissions is given at the end of the section.

4.2 Technologies for load minimisation(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints).

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Use of high aluminium content Bauxite. Optimisation of energy recovery and usage. Inventory control. Optimisation of water and condensate usage. Separation of cooling water, storm water and process effluents of different

origin in order to permit appropriate treatment options. Use of low sulphur fuels when economically feasible. Optimised design and engineering of mud-stack to minimise surface and ground

water contamination. Selection of process/plant design to maximise alumina yield. Design of receiving hoppers and of finished product loading systems to minimise

fugitive dust releases (especially at jetties).

4.3 Containment of emissions(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints).

Save for bulk tanks, enclosure of materials, storage, handling, processing and transfer within a suitable building.

Closed transfer systems for raw and process materials. Bunding of tanks. Management of mud-stack to minimise dust blow-off (e.g. use of crusting agents,

cover material etc.). Overground pipelines and transfer lines. Only totally enclosed conveyors to be used. Overfilling protection on bulk storage tanks. Prevention of rain ingress, wind entrainment etc. for stored materials. Heat recovery to be used where practicable. Local extract systems as appropriate. Condensers on all appropriate process equipment.

4.4 Technologies for recovery and recycle(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints).

Countercurrent washing of wastes for alumina and caustic recovery. Recovery of condensate for reuse. Reuse of collected dusts. Recycle of effluent/ storm water run-off streams where appropriate.

4.5 Technologies for treating air emissions(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints).(Symbols refer to Table 4.1).

Electrostatic precipitors (T1). Bag Filters (T2). Cyclones (T3).

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Wet Scrubbers (T4).

4.6 Technologies for treating water emissions(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints).(Symbols refer to Table 4.2)

pH Correction/neutralisation (F1). Coagulation/flocculation/precipitation (F2). Sedimentation/filtration/floatation (F3). Centrifugation (F4).

4.7 Technologies for the treatment and disposal of wastes(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints).

4.7.1 Sludge Treatment

Gravity thickening. Dissolved air flotation. Filtration. Centrifugation.

4.7.2 Disposal

Engineered landfill of wastes. Reuse in another industry.

Table 4.1 - Summary of Technologies for Treating Air Emissions

(Symbols refer to section 4.5)

Emission Type Technology

Dust

Off Gases (Sodium salt treatment)

T1, T2, T3

T4

Table 4.2 - Summary of Technologies for Treating Water Emissions

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(Symbols refer to section 4.6)


Suspended Solids F2, F3, F4

Alkali/ Acid F1

5. EMISSION LIMIT VALUES

5.1 Reference Conditions

The reference conditions for concentrations of substances in emissions to air from

contained sources are:

For combustion sources (including calciner)

Temperature 273 K; Pressure 101.3 kPa; 11% oxygen, no correction for water

vapour content.

For non-combustion sources

Temperature 273 K; Pressure 101.3 kPa; no correction for water vapour content

These units and reference conditions may not be suitable for continuous

monitoring methods and may, by agreement with the Agency, be converted, for

day-to-day control purposes, into values more suitable for the available

instrumentation.

5.2 Interpretation of Compliance

Page 9 of 132

Unless otherwise detailed in the licence, the following interpretation of

compliance with limit values should apply.

(Achievement of ELV concentration by the introduction of dilution air is not

permitted)

5.2.1 Emissions to Air

For continuously monitored emissions, the following will be required for compliance with measurements based on 30 minute mean values (unless otherwise stated):

(i) 97% of all 30 minute mean measurements shall be below 1.2 times the emission limit.

(ii) No 30 minute mean measurement shall exceed 2.0 times the emission limit.

(iii) All daily mean values shall be less than the emission limit.

Where periodic monitoring is used to check compliance, all samples should meet the consent conditions.

5.2.2 Emissions to Waters

The limit values for discharges to water are based on 24 hour flow proportional composite samples unless otherwise specified.

5.3 Emissions to Air

Emission Limit Values representing BATNEEC are given in Table 5.1 below.

Table 5.1 - Emission Limit Values for Emissions to Air

Emission Limit Value

Total Particulate Matter (Calciner) 50 mg/m3

Note 1: Achievement of ELV concentrations by the introduction of dilution air is not

permitted

5.4 Emissions to Water

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Effluent should be minimised by recovery of materials wherever practicable. The

use of lower quality water may be possible for some parts of the process rather

than fresh water.

All releases to waters are subject to a licence from the Agency. However, any

discharge to a sewer will require the consent of the sanitary authority.

BATNEEC to minimise the release of substances will generally include

minimisation at source and either specific treatment of contaminated waste

streams to remove particular substances or co-treatment of combined effluent

streams or both. The Emission Limit Values for effluent discharges to waters are

set out in Table 5.2.

Table 5.2 - Emission Limit Values for Emissions to Water*

Constituent Groupor Parameter

Limit Value Notes

pH 6 - 9 3

BOD (mg/l) As per Licence(based on presence in raw materials)

Toxic Units 5 1,3Total Nitrogen (as N)** >80% Removal

or 15 mg/l3,4

Total Phosphorus (as P)** >80% Removalor 2 mg/l

3,4

Oils, Fats and Grease (mg/l) 15 3

Fish Tainting No Tainting 2,3

Mineral Oil (Interceptor) (mg/l) 20 3

Metals As per Licence(based on presence in raw materials)

* All values refer to daily averages, except where otherwise stated to the contrary, and except for pH which refers to continuous values. Limits apply to effluent prior to dilution by uncontaminated waters, e.g. cooling waters or storm waters.

** Only applicable to waters subject to eutrophication. One or both limits may apply depending on the sensitivity of the receiving waters.

Notes for Table 5.2:

1. Toxicity Unit (TU) = 100/x hour E(L)C 50 in percentage vol/vol, where x is defined by the test procedure. The toxicity of the process effluent to at

Page 11 of 132

least two appropriate aquatic species shall be determined. Higher TU values reflect greater levels of toxicity.

2. No substances shall be discharged in a manner which, or at a concentration which, following initial dilution, causes tainting of fish or shellfish, interferes with normal patterns of fish migration or which accumulates in sediments or biological tissues to the detriment of fish, wildlife or their predators.

3. Consent conditions for these parameters for discharge to municipal treatment plants can be established with the Licensing Authority, and different values may apply.

4. Reduction in relation to influent load. Total nitrogen means the sum total of Kjeldahl-Nitrogen plus nitrate-nitrogen plus nitrite-nitrogen.

Page 12 of 132

Extract from EPA Batneec Guidance Note For Board Manufacture


4.1 Introduction



Process design / redesign changes to prevent emissions and eliminate wastes that might pose environmental problems.

Substitution of materials / resins etc. by environmentally less harmful ones.



(i) Load minimisation (ii) Containment (iii) Recovery/Recycle(iv) Emission reduction (v) Waste treatment and disposal.

The technical feasibility of the measures listed below has been demonstrated by various sources. Used singly or in combination, the measures listed below represent BATNEEC solutions when implemented in the appropriate circumstances. The circumstances depend on plant scale, chemicals used, nature of the products made, number of different products produced, etc. A summary of the treatments for various emissions is given at the end of the section.

Note that where flammable/explosive vapours or dusts are handled, safety procedures (acceptable to HSA) should be adopted and nothing in this note should be construed as advice to the contrary.

4.2 Technologies for load minimisation

Page 13 of 132

(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and site constraints).

Inventory control. Optimisation of water usage. Dry equipment cleaning and dry vacuum systems, where feasible. Minimum number of controlled emission points for all large dedicated plants. Separation of cooling water, storm water and process effluents of different origin

in order to permit appropriate treatment options. Use of low NOx burner technology. Maximum use of covered storage for wood chips, sawdust etc. Avoidance of excessive drier temperatures. Selection of most environmentally favourable resins and adhesives. Optimisation of heat recovery (including abatement systems).

4.3 Containment of emissions(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints).

Enclosure of material storage (other than logs and bulk liquids), handling, processing and transfer within a suitable building.

Bunding of tanks. Overground pipelines and transfer lines. Check system to avoid mixing incompatible materials. Bunding of all stored materials with separate bunding for incompatibles. Prevention of rain ingress, wind entrainment etc. for stored materials. Local extraction systems as appropriate e.g. sanders, surface coating, trimming

etc. Overfilling protection on bulk storage tanks.

4.4 Technologies for recovery and recycle(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints).

Recycle of waferised/fiberised material. Reuse of trimmings, collected dusts, bark and sludges (as appropriate) as fuel. Chemically treated wood (e.g. sander dust and off cuts) should only be burned

where suitable combustion conditions are assured). Ducting of burner exhausts to drier inlets. Reuse in another industry (e.g. bark, chippings etc.).

4.5 Technologies for treating air emissions(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints).(Symbols refer to Table 4.1)

Cyclones (T1). Bag filters (T2). Wet electrostatic precipitators (T3).

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Vapour incineration (T4). Wet scrubbers (T5). Biofilters as final air treatment (T6).

4.6 Technologies for treating water emissions(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints).(Symbols refer to Table 4.2)

4.6.1 Primary Treatment Coagulation/flocculation/precipitation (F1). Sedimentation/filtration/floatation (F2).

4.6.2 Secondary Treatment Biofilters (F3). Activated sludge/aeration lagoons (F4). Extended aeration (F5). Nitrification/denitrification (F6).

4.6.3 Tertiary Treatment Filtration/coagulation/precipitation (F7).

4.7 Specific technologies for the treatment and disposal of wastes(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints).

4.7.1 Sludge Treatment Gravity thickening. Dissolved air floatation. Filtration. Centrifugation. Sludge digestion. Drying.

4.7.2 Disposal Engineered landfill of wastes. Landspreading of wastes (as fertiliser). Recycle of process wastes to other industries.

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Emission Type Technology(Symbols refer to section 4.5)

Large Particulates T1

Small Particulates T2, T3

Organics (VOCs, adhesives, phenols,aldehydes etc.

T3, T4, T5, T6

Ammonia T5

Carbon Monoxide T4

NOx -


Emission Type Technology(Symbols refer to section 4.6)

Organics (incl. phenols) F1, F2, F3, F4, F5

Ammonia/Nitrate F6

Trace Organics F7

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5. Emission Limit Values


The reference conditions for concentrations of substances in emissions to air from contained sources are:

All sources except Direct Fired Wood Driers :Temperature 273K; Pressure 101.3 kPa; no correction for water vapour content.

Direct Fired Wood Driers :Temperature 273K; Pressure 101.3 kPa; no correction for water vapour content,oxygen 17% v/v.

These units and reference conditions may not be suitable for continuous monitoring methods and may, by agreement with the Agency, be converted, for day-to-day control purposes, into values more suitable for the available instrumentation.


Unless otherwise detailed in the licence, the following interpretation of compliance with limit values should apply:

5.2.1 Air emissions






5.2.2 Emissions to waters


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5.3 Releases to Air

All emissions to air should be free from persistent mist, fume and droplets and, other than steam or water vapour, should be colourless.



Parameter Emission Limit

Particulates (wood driers and MDF plants) 20 mg/m3

Particulates (other than above) 50 mg/m3

Condensible VOCs (as C)(excluding particulate matter)

130 mg/m3

CO *Formaldehyde (excluding Wood Driers) 5 mg/m3

Formaldehyde (Wood Driers) 20 mg/m3

Total Aldehydes (Wood Driers) (as C) 20 mg/m3

Total Ammonia 70 mg/m3

MDI (as NCO group) 0.1 mg/m3 (2 hr. mean)NOx Pulverised Fuel fired plant

(>20 MW) or Grate Fired plant (not burning coated residues)

400 mg/m3

All other plant 500 mg/m3

Phenol 20 mg/m3

Odour No detectable odour nuisance beyond site boundary

Note 1: Achievement of ELV concentrations by the introduction of dilution air is not permitted* To be determined at time of licensing

5.4 Releases to Water

Effluent should be minimised by recovery of materials wherever practicable. The use of lower quality water may be possible for some parts of the process rather than fresh water.

All releases to waters are subject to a licence from the Agency. However, for any discharge to a sewer, the Agency are also required to obtain the consent of the sanitary authority. BATNEEC to minimise the release of substances will generally include minimisation at source and either specific treatment of contaminated waste streams to remove particular substances or co-treatment of combined effluent streams or both. The Emission Limit Values for effluent discharges to waters are set out in Table 5.2.

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Table 5.2 - Emission Limit Values for Discharge to Water*


Limit Value Notes

pH 6 - 9 4BOD > 90% removal

or 50 mg/l1,4

Total Ammonia (mg/l as N) 10 4Total Nitrogen (as N)** >80% Removal

or 15 mg/l4,5

Total Phosphorus (as P)** >80% Removal or 2 mg/l

4,5

Oils, fats and grease (mg/l) 10 4Fish Tainting No Tainting 3,4Mineral Oil (Interceptor) (mg/l) 20 4Toxic units 5 2,4Phenols (mg/l) 1 4

*All values refer to daily averages, except where otherwise stated to the contrary, and except for pH which refers to continuous values. Limits apply to effluent prior to dilution by any uncontaminated streams, e.g. cooling waters, storm water, etc.

** Only applicable to waters subject to eutrophication. One or both limits may apply depending on the sensitivity of the receiving water.


1. The daily raw waste load for BOD is defined as the average daily mass arising for treatment over any three month period.

Calculations of the removal rates for BOD should be based on the differences between the waste loads arising for disposal and those discharges to the receiving waters. The amounts removed by treatment (chemical, physical, biological) may be included in the calculation.

2. Toxicity Unit (TU) = 100/x hour E(L)C 50 in percentage vol/vol, where x is defined by the test procedure. The toxicity of the process effluent to at least two appropriate aquatic species shall be determined. Higher TU values reflect greater levels of toxicity.

3. No substances shall be discharged in a manner which, or at a concentration which, following initial dilution, causes tainting of fish or shellfish, interferes with normal patterns of fish migration or which accumulates in sediments or biological tissues to the detriment of fish, wildlife or their predators.

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Page 20 of 132

Extract from EPA Batneec Guidance Note For The Chemical Sector


4.1 Introduction

As explained in Section 2, this Guidance Note identifies BATNEEC, but obviously does so in the absence of site-specific information. Accordingly, it represents the requirements expected of any new activity covered by the Note, but does not exclude additional requirements which may form part of the granting of a licence for a specific site.



Substitution of materials / solvents etc. by environmentally less harmful ones.


The existing, or possible measures for reduction and control of emissions are described in this section. These range from relatively simple containment measures to sophisticated recovery and end-of-pipe technologies and include:

(i) Load Minimisation

(ii) Containment (iii) Recovery/recycle (iv) Emission reduction (v) Waste treatment & disposal.

The technical feasibility of the measures listed below has been demonstrated by various sources. Used singly or in combination, these measures represent BATNEEC solutions when implemented in the appropriate circumstances. The circumstances depend on plant scale, chemicals used, nature of the products made, number of different products produced, degree of plant integration etc. A summary of the treatments for various emissions is given at the end of this section. Note that, where flammable / explosive dusts or vapours are handled, safety procedures (acceptable to HSA) should be adopted and nothing in this note should be construed as advice to the contrary.

4.2 Technologies for load minimisation :(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints)

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Improved phase separation in the process. Optimisation of vacuum condensation efficiency. Additions of reagents to reactors via sluice valves. Optimised separation of product and solvent in the filtration or

centrifugation step prior to final drying. Inventory control. Optimisation of water usage. Countercurrent product rinsing. Mother liquor treatment (recuperation, oxidation). Dry equipment cleaning and dry vacuum systems, where feasible. Separation of cooling water, storm water and process effluents of different

origin in order to permit appropriate treatment options.

4.3 Containment of Emissions :(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints)

Enclosure of materials (excluding bulk liquids), storage, handling, processing and transfer within a suitable building.

Minimisation of tank filling losses by, e.g., vapour return systems. Secondary containment of relief valve or bursting disk discharges from

reactors. Low loss vacuum pumps, e.g., dry vacuum pumps, once-through oil

pumps, cryogenic solvent as pump seal liquid. Covered basins in WWTP to contain VOC losses. Vent collection and ducting from tank farms to central abatement

systems. Vent collection and ducting from reactors to central abatement systems. Closed transfer systems from reactors to centrifuges to filters to dryers. Bunding of tanks. Single controlled emission point for all large dedicated plants. Minimisation of tank breathing losses by pressure vacuum valves,

isolation and/or tanks painted white. Overground pipelines and transfer lines. Floating roofs on bulk storage tanks. Storage of delivered materials pending detailed analysis. Check system to avoid mixing incompatible materials. Bunding of all stored materials with separate bunding for incompatibles Overfilling protection on bulk storage tanks. Prevention of rain ingress, wind entrainment etc. for stored materials.

4.4 Technologies for recovery and recycling:(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints)

Waste air streams with relatively high solvent loads, especially those after drying, distillation/condensation or vacuum filtration should be subjected to an effective treatment, primarily aimed at recovery.

Separate organic and aqueous phase drains from process buildings .

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Interceptor tanks at each process building. On-site solvent recovery plants. Off-site solvent recovery. Water condensers on reactor overheads. Refrigerated condensers on reactor overheads. Cryogenic condensation on reactor overheads. Carbon adsorption/desorption on vapour streams containing organics. Organic liquid absorption/desorption on vapour streams containing organics. Polymer adsorption/desorption on vapour streams containing organics. Aqueous scrubbing with solvent recovery. Optimisation of condensation capacity after distillation resulting in at least

95% efficiency for all solvents in multi-purpose plants and at least 99% for dedicated plants.

Reuse in another industry.

4.5 Technologies for treating air emissions:(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints)

References in brackets are explained in Table 4.5.1

Biofilters as final air treatment.(T1) Selective chemical reaction scrubbers, e.g., hypochlorite scrubbers for odour

control of mercaptans, NaOH scrubbers for acid removal.(T2) Aqueous scrubbing of soluble VOCs for liquid phase biodegradation in

WWTP.(T3) Cyclones for removal of fermenter aerosol.(T4) Steam sterilisation of fermenter exhausts.(T5) HEPA and bag filters.(T6) Wet electrostatic precipitators.(T7) Vapour incineration - thermal.(T8) Vapour incineration - catalytic and regenerative (for non-chlorinated solvent

streams).(T9) Flares. (T10)

Table 4.5.1. Summary of Technologies for Treating Air Emissions.Emission Type Technologies

VOCs/Organics T2, T3, T8, T9, T10.Odours T1, T2, T8, T9.Organisms T5, T6.Halogens & compounds T2Sulphur & compounds T2Phosphorus & compounds T2Nitrogen & compounds T2, T10Carbon oxides --Particulates, metals, metalloids and compounds

T4, T6, T7

Acid gases T24.6 Technologies for treating water emissions:

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(No priority ranking is intended, and appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints.)

4.6.1 Pre-Treatment:

Air stripping of effluents for recovery or treatment.(VOCs) Steam stripping of effluents for recovery or treatment.(Organics) Steam or air stripping for removal of organohalogens and aromatic

hydrocarbons prior to WWTP. (These streams should be treated as close to the source as possible and should not be transported in open sewer systems on site. The air or steam used should be subject to recovery)

Precipitation. (Heavy metals) Oxidation .(Cyanides)

4.6.2 Primary Treatment:

pH Correction / neutralisation. (acids and alkalis) Coagulation / flocculation / precipitation. (dissolved and colloidal solids) Sedimentation / filtration / floatation. (solids removal)

4.6.3 Secondary Treatment:

Biofilters. (organic treatment for BOD removal) Anaerobic treatment. (organic treatment for BOD removal) Wet air oxidation. (organic treatment for BOD removal) Activated sludge / aeration lagoons. (organic treatment for BOD removal) Extended aeration. (organic treatment for BOD removal) Nitrification / denitrification. (treatment of nitrogen compounds)

4.6.4 Tertiary Treatment:

Filtration, coagulation, precipitation. (solids and phosphate removal) Ozonation/Oxidation. (trace organics) Activated Carbon polishing.(trace organics) Resin beds. (dissolved solids)

4.6.5 Sludge Treatment:

Gravity thickening. Dissolved air floatation. Filtration. Centrifugation. Sludge digestion. Drying.

4.7 Technologies for the treatment and disposal of wastes:

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(No priority ranking is intended, and appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints.).

Incineration. (Incinerator emissions are the subject of a separate note) Waste encapsulation. Vitrification of waste. Engineered landfill of wastes.




For non-combustion gases :

Temperature 273 K; Pressure 101.3 kPa; no correction for water vapour content.

For combustion gases:

Temperature 273 K; Pressure 101.3 kPa; dry gas.Oxygen content 3% (dry) for liquid and gaseous fuels, 6% (dry) for solid fuels.

These units and reference conditions may not be suitable for continuous monitoring methods and may, by agreement with the Agency, be converted for day-to-day control purposes into values more suitable for the available instrumentation.


Unless otherwise detailed in the license, the following interpretation of compliance with limit values should apply. (Achievement of ELV concentrations by the introduction of dilution air is not permitted.).

5.2.1 Air emissions

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The limit values for discharges to water are based on 24 hour flow proportional composite samples, unless otherwise specified.

5.3 Releases to Air

Emission Limit Values representing BATNEEC are given in Tables 5.1.-5.7 below. Where a substance appears in more than one table, the values in Tables 5.1 - 5.3 take precedence over the specific material values in Table 5.4. Table 5.5 applies only for substances not listed in the earlier table.

Table 5.1 - Emission Limit Values for Fertiliser Production

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Process Source Emission Limit Value

(mg/m3)Ammonium nitrate production

Prill towers - Particulate - Ammonia

1510

Ammonium nitrate production

Neutralisers/reactors/coolers/driers - Particulate - Ammonia

3050

Ammonium nitrate production

Evaporators - Particulate - Ammonia

1550

Ammonium phosphate production

- Particulate - Ammonia

1510

Other fertiliser production - Particulate - Sulphur oxides (as SO2) - Nitrogen oxides (as NO2) - Ammonia - Fluorides (as HF)

502002005010

Note : Achievement of ELV concentration by the introduction of dilution air is not permitted

Table 5.2 - Emission Limit Values for Sulphuric Acid Production

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Process Minimum Conversion Rate(SO2 to SO3)

New process Steady state: 99.7%Start up (hourly ave. for first 5 hours): 98%

Note : Achievement of ELV concentration by the introduction of dilution air is not

permitted

Table 5.3 - Emission Limit Values for Ammonia Production

Source Emission Emission Limit Value (mg/m3)

Steam Reforming Plants Nitrogen oxides (as NO2 at 3% O2) 450Sulphur dioxide( Natural Gas fuelled) 2Carbon monoxide 10Diffuse emissions 1 t/aNitrogen oxides (Non-continuous

emissionsas NO2 )

20 kg/h

Purge Gas Scrubber 40 g NH3/t NH3

producedPartial Oxidation Plants -auxiliary boiler flue gas

Sulphur dioxide 1700

Nitrogen oxides (as NO2) 700Carbon monoxide (Hourly maximum) (Daily average)

17510

Particulates (Hourly maximum)(active ingredient) (Daily average)

5010

Partial Oxidation Plants -steam superheater flue gas

Nitrogen oxides (as NO2) 450

Sulphur dioxide (Natural Gas fuelled) 2Carbon monoxide 30Hydrogen sulphide 0.3Methanol 100


Table 5.4 - Emission Limit Values for Specific Materials (Not already covered by Tables 5.1-5.3)

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PARAMETER mg/m3 Mass FlowThreshold for

ELVs(Note 1)

Cadmium 0.1 >1 g/hrChlorides (as HCl) 10 >0.3 kg/hrIodides (as HI) 5 >50 g/hrCarbon disulphide 5 >0.1 kg/hrHydrogen cyanide 2 >50 g/hrMercaptans 2 >0.1 kg/hrAmines (total) 10 >0.1 kg/hrTrimethylamine 2 >0.1 kg/hrPhenols & cresols & xylols 10 >0.1 kg/hr1,2 - Dichloroethane 5 >0.1 kg/hrDust - pesticide contaminated1 0.15 >1 g/hrDust - pharmaceutical1 0.15 >1 g/hrBromine 10 >50 g/hrChlorine 10 >50 g/hrIodine 10 >50 g/hrMercury 0.1 >1 g/hrTotal Heavy Metals 1.5 >5 g/hrNitrogen oxides (as NO2) 300 >3 kg/hrSulphur oxides (as SO2) 300 >3 kg/hrParticulates - general 20 >0.5 kg/hrEthylene dichloride (1,1,dichloroethylene)

5 >0.1 kg/hr

Acrylonitrile 20 >0.1 kg/hrToluene di-isocyanate 1 >0.1 kg/hrEthyl acrylate 1 Note 2Isobutyl acrylate 1 Note 2Methyl acrylate 5 Note 2n-Butyl acrylate 5 Note 2t-Butyl and higher acrylate esters 20 Note 2

1 Dust - as active ingredient.

Note 1: Achievement of ELV concentration by the introduction of dilution air is not permitted

Note 2: Only applicable to vents from bulk storage ( > 20 tonnes )

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Table 5.5- Emission Limit Values for General Emissions to Air (excluding incinerator

emissions) for materials not already covered by Tables 5.1-5.4

(Note: The emission limit values contained in Tables 5.1 - 5.4 take precedence over those below.)

Constituent Group *or Parameter Class

Mass FlowThreshold for ELV

(Note 1)

Emission LimitValue (mg/m3)

Carcinogenic Substances T.A. Luft IT.A. Luft IIT.A. Luft III

Substances (otherthan those above)

with R45 designation

> 0.5 g/hr>5.0 g/hr>25.0 g/hr>0.5 kg/hr

0.11.05.05.0

Inorganic Dust Particles T.A. Luft IT.A. Luft IIT.A. Luft III

>1 g/hr>5 g/hr>25 g/hr

0.21.05.0

Vaporous or GaseousInorganic Substances

T.A. Luft IT.A. Luft IIT.A. Luft IIIT.A. Luft IV

>10 g/hr>50 g/hr

>0.3 kg/hr>5.0 kg/hr

1530

500Organic Substances withPhotochemical OzonePotential - POCP

U.K. AEA 1U.K. AEA 2


2050

Organic Substances (Note 2)

T.A. Luft IT.A. Luft IIT.A. Luft III

>0.1 kg/hr>2.0 kg/hr>3.0 kg/hr

20100150

General Dusts <0.5 kg/hr>0.5 kg/hr

15020

Pharmaceutical and Pesticide Dust - as active ingredient

>1g/hr 0.15

Fugitive Emissions (Note 3)* Where a substance falls into more than one category in Table 5.5, the lower emission limit value applies.


Notes for Tables 5.4 and 5.5:

1. The Mass Flow is calculated in kg/hr for the raw gas and is determined at the point before any gas cleaning or abatement plant, but after any devices

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inherent in the process (e.g. after reactor overhead condensers; after product cyclones etc.). Mass Flow is the maximum emission which can occur over any one hour period of plant operation, from the entire site.

Where the Mass Flow exceeds the mass threshold given in the Guidance Note, then abatement will be required down to the appropriate emission limit value (ELV), unless the concentration of the raw gas is already below the ELV, in which case no further abatement is required. (In other words, if the raw gas concentration is below the ELV, the mass flow is not relevant)

2. Where organic substances of several classes are present, in addition to the above limit, the sum of Classes 1 & 2 shall not exceed the Class 2 limit and the sum of Classes 1, 2 & 3 shall not exceed the Class 3 limit etc.

3. Fugtive solvent emissions should comply with the requirements of proposed E.C. Solvent Directive or licence as appropriate.

4. It should be noted that emissions which fall below the Mass Emission threshold may still be considered at the time of licensing in order to minimise these as much as possible.

5.4 Releases to water

Effluent load should be minimised by recovery of materials wherever practicable. The use of lower quality water may be possible for some parts of the process rather than fresh water.

Excluding uncontaminated stormwaters, all releases to waters are subject to a licence from the Agency. However, any discharge to a sewer will require the consent of the local authority or sewerage undertaker. BATNEEC to minimise the release of substances will generally include minimisation at source and either specific treatment of contaminated waste streams to remove particular substances or co-treatment of combined effluent streams or both. The Emission Limit Values for effluent discharges to waters are set out in Table 5.6.

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Table 5.6 - Emission Limit Values for Discharges to Water*

All values shown apply prior to dilution of effluent by uncontaminated streams, e.g. stormwaters, cooling waters, etc.


Limit Value Notes

pH 6 - 9 5 Number of Toxicity Units 10 2,5 Total Nitrogen (mg/1 as N) See Table 5.7. 5 Total Phosphorus (mg/1 as P) See Table 5.7. 5 Total Ammonia (mg/1 as N) 10 5 Oils, Fats & Grease (mg/1) 10 5 Organohalogens (mg/l) 0.1 (monthly mean) 4,5 Phenols (mg/l) 1.0 5 Cyanide (mg/l as CN) 0.2 5 Mercury (mg/1)1 0.05 5 ,7 Tin (mg/l) 2.0 5 ,7Lead (mg/l)3 0.5 5 ,7Chromium (mg/l as Cr VI) 0.1 5 ,7Chromium (mg/l as total Cr)3 0.5 5 ,7Cadmium (mg/l)2 0.05 5 ,7

Zinc (mg/l)3 0.5 5 ,7Copper (mg/l)3 0.5 5 ,7Mineral Oil (mg/l) Interceptors 20 5 Mineral Oil (mg/l) Biological

treatment1.0 5

EC. List 1 As per 76/464/EC & amendments

Benzene & Toluene & Xylene(mg/l combined)

0.1(monthly mean)

Genetically Modified Organisms

As per 90/219/EEC and S.I. No. 345 of 1994

* All values refer to daily averages, except where otherwise stated to the contrary, and except for pH which refers to continuous values.

Parameter Minimum % Total Removal

Notes

BOD 91 1COD 75 1,6

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Parameter Limit value NotesFish Tainting No Tainting 3

1 Also compliance with Dir 82/176/EEC & 84/156/EEC ,amendments and S.I. No. 55 of 1986.2 Also compliance with Dir 83/513/EEC , amendments and S.I. No. 294 of 1985.3 Where the sum of the loads of these metals is <200 g/day prior to treatment, the

respective emissions limit value may be increased four fold - in justified cases.


1. The daily raw waste load for BOD/COD is defined as the average daily mass arising for treatment over any three month period.

Calculation of the removal rates for BOD/COD should be based on the differences between the waste loads arising for disposal and those discharges to the receiving waters. The amounts removed by treatment (physical, chemical, biological) may be included in the calculation.

Calculation of the raw waste loads of BOD/COD shall exclude any waste load associated with microbial cell biomass removal and solvent recovery. However, residual amounts remaining after these practices may be included in the raw waste load calculation.

For certain specific effluents where the % BOD/COD removal rates are unattainable, a concentration limit may be more appropriate. This will be a matter for inclusion in a licence.

2. Toxicity unit (TU) = 100/x hour E(L)C 50 in percentage vol/vol, where x is defined by the test procedure. The toxicity of the process effluent to at least two appropriate aquatic species shall be determined.

3. No substance shall be discharged in a manner, or at a concentration which, following initial dilution, causes tainting of fish or shellfish, interferes with normal patterns of fish migration or accumulates in sediments or biological tissues to the detriment of fish, wildlife or their predators.

4. Within 6 months of the commencement of production (or as may be relevent on a campaign basis), the effluent should be screened for a priority pollutant list (such as CLP 40, US EPA volatile and/or semi-volatile).

5. Consent conditions for these parameters for discharge to municipal treatment plants can be established with the Licencing Authority, and different values may apply.

6. This limit applies only to:

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5.1 The manufacture of chemicals in an integrated chemical installation .

5.2 The manufacture of olefins and their derivatives or of monomers and polymers, including styrene and vinyl chloride.

5.3 The manufacture, by way of chemical reaction processes, of organic or organo-metallic chemical products other than those specified at 5.2.

5.6 The manufacture of pesticides, pharmaceutical or veterinary products and their intermediates.

7. Where the metallic content of the effluent arises as an unavoidable contaminant of raw materials, then these limits may not apply.

Table 5.7. Discharges to waters subject to eutrophication

(One or both of the limits below may apply,depending on the sensitivity of the receiving waterbody.)

Parameter Limit value mg/lTotal Nitrogen1 >80% removal2, or 15 mg/l

Total Phosphorus >80% removal2, or 2 mg/l

1 Total nitrogen means the sum of Kjeldahl Nitrogen, Nitrate N and Nitrite N.2 Reduction in relation to influent load.

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Extract from EPA Batneec Guidance Note For Electroplating Operations


4.1 INTRODUCTION

As explained in Section 2, this Guidance Note identifies BATNEEC for a new activity, but obviously does so in the absence of site-specific information. Accordingly, it represents the minimum requirements expected of any new activity covered by the Note, but does not exclude additional requirements which may form part of the granting of a licence for a specific site.



Substitution of materials / solvents etc. by environmentally less harmful ones.


The existing or possible measures for preventing, reducing and controlling emissions are described in this section. These range from relatively simple containment measures to sophisticated recovery and end-of-pipe technologies and include:

(i) Load minimisation (ii) Containment (iii) Recovery/recycle(iv) Emission reduction (v) Waste treatment and disposal.

The technical feasibility of the measures listed below has been demonstrated by various sources. Used singly or in combination, these measures represent BATNEEC solutions when implemented in the appropriate circumstances. The circumstances depend on plant scale, chemicals used, type of plating, number of different products produced, etc. A summary of the treatments for various emissions is given at the end of the section.

Note that where hazardous (including asphyxiant) dusts or vapours occur, safety procedures (acceptable to HSA) should be adopted. In these and any other matters concerning safety, appropriate safe working practices should be adopted and nothing in this note should be construed as advice to the contrary.

Page 35 of 132

4.2 TECHNOLOGIES FOR LOAD MINIMISATION(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints).

Inventory control. Optimisation of water usage. Water based cleaning systems to be selected instead of solvent based

systems. Separation of cooling water, storm water and process effluents of different

origin in order to permit appropriate treatment options. Except where unavoidable, the following shall not be used:

(i) Halogenated substances.(ii) White spirits, aromatic solvents and solvent dying.(iii) Carcinogens (R45 risk phrase under EC Directive 67/548/EEC).(iv) Chlorine based oxidising substances e.g. hypochlorite.

Raw materials shall be investigated for their potential contribution of EC List 1 substances to aquatic discharges. Alternatives shall be sought for those with such potential.

In-plant measures to extend the service life of plating baths e.g. filtration, activated carbon treatment, crystallisation, selective electrolysis, ion-exchange etc.

Degreasing bath-life to be extended by e.g. mechanical filtration, oil-skimming devices and ultra-filtration.

Pickling bath maintenance to include e.g. liquid-liquid extraction, electrodialysis, ion exchange and retardation processes.

If technically possible, substitution of hazardous substances (e.g. cyanide, cadmium, ammonia, mercury, EDTA and similar sequestering and chelating agents, nonylphenolethoxylates, chlorinated organics) by substances which are readily biodegradable, non-bioaccumulating, non-mutagenic and have a low toxicity.

EDTA should be substituted in degreasing baths, stripping baths and chemical nickel-plating baths. Possible substitutes include e.g. citric acid, tartaric acid and gluconic acid; where substitution proves impracticable, recovery of EDTA should be carried out from chemical copper plating baths (e.g. by precipitation as H4EDTA) and their rinse baths (e.g. by precipitation after a concentration step, e.g. by anion exchange).

Substitution of processes generating hazardous substances wherever possible (e.g. cyanide oxidation with hypochlorite).

Multiple use of counter-current rinse waters, at least three rinsing steps should be applied. Suitable techniques to keep more than 90% of the drag-out in a small volume for recovery/recycling are e.g.(i) 3-stage cascade rinsing;(ii) 2-stage cascade rinsing plus closed cycle rinsing with ion exchange;(iii) Combined dip/spray/mist rinsing techniques.If possible these rinsing concentrates should be returned into the process baths, if necessary after specific treatment/concentration. By applying these rinsing techniques process baths can often be operated as closed water/low waste systems.

Drag-out minimisation by e.g.

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- adequate drip-off time.- air jetting and brushing.- suction (bulk articles).- shaking (rack articles).- Rack maintenance.- Correct design of parts and their suspension on the racks to ensure liquid

entrapment is minimised.- Use of splash guards.

Spray applications to be selected instead of bath immersion where appropriate.

Ultrasonic cleaning and electro-cleaning. Shot blasting is preferred to sand blasting. Iron phosphating is preferred to zinc phosphating.

4.3 PREVENTION OF EMISSIONS(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints).

Enclosure of all process materials, storage and handling within a suitable building.

Bunding of tanks. Single controlled emission point for all large dedicated plants. Overground pipelines and transfer lines. Check system to avoid mixing incompatible materials. Bunding of all stored materials with separate bunding for incompatibles. Overfilling protection on bulk storage tanks.

4.4 TECHNOLOGIES FOR RECOVERY AND RECYCLE(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints).

Recycle of process liquors e.g. separation of suitable non-ferrous metal waste water streams to carry out internal recycling (e.g. by electrolysis) or external recovery (e.g. by non-ferrous metal industry).

Reuse in another industry. Onsite materials recovery. Material recovery to be optimised by such means as ultrafiltration; reverse

osmosis; electrodialysis; electrolysis; ion-exchange; crystallisation and evaporation.

4.5 TECHNOLOGIES FOR TREATING EMISSIONS TO AIR(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints).

Cyclones (T1). Bag filters (T2). Vapour incineration (thermal, catalytic and regenerative) (T3). Wet chemical scrubbers (T4). Carbon adsorption (T5).

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4.6 TECHNOLOGIES FOR TREATING WATER EMISSIONS(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints).

4.6.1 Pre-Treatment

Precipitation (F1). Oxidation (F2). Reduction (F3). Reverse osmosis (F4). Electrodialysis (F5). Electrolysis (F6). Ion exchange (F7). Evaporation (F8). Ultrafiltration (F9).

4.6.2 Treatment

pH Correction/neutralisation (F10). Coagulation/flocculation/precipitation (F11). Sedimentation/filtration/flotation (F12).

4.6.3 Polishing

Resin beds (F13). Reverse osmosis (F14).

4.7 TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF WASTES(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints).


Gravity thickening Filtration

4.7.2 Disposal

Engineered landfill. Recovery and reuse in downstream processing or another industry. Waste encapsulation.

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Table 4.1 - Summary of Technologies for Treating Emissions to Air(Symbols refer to Section 4.5)


Particulates T1, T2Acids, Alkalis, Cyanides T4

VOCs T3, T5

Table 4.2 - Summary of Technologies for Treating Water Emissions(Symbols refer to Section 4.6)


Acids, Alkali F10Metals F1, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8, F9, F11, F12,

F13, F14Suspended Solids F11, F12

Cyanides F2Ammonia -Phosphates F11


5.1 REFERENCE CONDITIONS


For non-combustion gases:


These units and reference conditions may not be suitable for continuous monitoring methods and may, by agreement with the Agency, be converted, for day to day control purposes, into values more suitable for the available instrumentation.

5.2 INTERPRETATION OF COMPLIANCE


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(Achievement of ELV concentrations by the introduction of dilution air is not permitted.)









5.3 EMISSIONS TO AIR

Emission Limit Values representing BATNEEC are given in Table 5.1.

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Table 5.1 - Emission Limit Values for Emissions to Air Constituent Group

or Parameter*Class Mass Flow

Threshold for ELVEmission Limit

Value (mg/m3)**

Carcinogenic Substances T.A. Luft 1T.A. Luft 2T.A. Luft 3

Substances (otherthan those above)

with R45 designation)

> 0.5 g/hr>5.0 g/hr>25.0 g/hr>0.5 kg/hr

0.11.05.05.0

Inorganic Dust Particles T.A. Luft 1T.A. Luft 2T.A. Luft 3

>1 g/hr>5 g/hr>25 g/hr

0.21.05.0

Vaporous or GaseousInorganic Substances

T.A. Luft 1T.A. Luft 2T.A. Luft 3T.A. Luft 4

>10 g/hr>50 g/hr


1530500

Organic Substances withPhotochemical OzoneCreation Potential- POCP

U.K. AEA 1U.K. AEA 2


2050

Organic Substances (Note 2)

T.A. Luft 1T.A. Luft 2T.A. Luft 3

>0.1 kg/hr>2.0 kg/hr>3.0 kg/hr

20100150

General Dusts <0.5 kg/hr>0.5 kg/hr

15050

*Where a substance falls into more than one category in Table 5.1, the lower emission limit value applies.

**Achievement of ELV concentrations by the introduction of dilution air is not permitted.

Notes for Tables 5.1

1. The Mass Flow is calculated in kg/hr for the raw gas and is determined at the point before any gas cleaning or abatement plant, but after any devices inherent in the process (e.g. after reactor overhead condensers; after product cyclones etc.) . Mass Flow is the maximum emission which can occur over any one hour period of plant operation, from the entire site.

Where the mass flow exceeds the mass threshold given in the Guidance Note, then abatement will be required down to the appropriate emission limit value (ELV), unless the concentration of the raw gas is already below the ELV, in which case no further abatement is required.

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(In other words, if the raw gas concentration is below the ELV, the mass flow is not relevant)

Stack Height will be based on :

a) Mass Flows as emitted from the stack

in those cases where,

(i) Failure of the abatement system results in process shutdown.

or (ii) Failure of the abatement system will not result in significant risk to health or environmental damage.

or (iii) No abatement system exists.

b) Mass Flow of the Raw Gas prior to gas cleaning and abatement system in those cases where :

(i) Failure of the abatement systems results in continuing discharges,

and (ii) Such discharges pose significant risk to health or the environment.

2. Where substances of several classes are present, in addition to the above limit, the sum of Classes 1 & 2 shall not exceed the Class 2 limit and the sum of Classes 1, 2 & 3 shall not exceed the Class 3 limit etc.

3. Fugitive solvent emissions should comply with the requirements of proposed E.C. Solvent Directive or licence as appropriate.

4. It should be noted that, at the time of licensing, emissions which fall below the Mass Emission threshold may still be considered in order to minimise these as much as possible.



All releases to waters are subject to a licence from the Agency. However, any discharge to a sewer, will also require the consent of the sanitary authority. BATNEEC to minimise the release of substances will generally include minimisation at source and either specific treatment of contaminated waste streams to remove particular substances or co-treatment of combined effluent streams or both. The Emission Limit Values for effluent discharges to waters are set out in Table 5.2.

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Limit Value Notes

pH 6 - 9 2BOD(mg/l) 25 2

Number of Toxicity Units 5 1,2

Total Nitrogen (as N)** > 80% Removalor 15 mg/l

2,3

Total Phosphorus (as P)** > 80% Removalor 2 mg/l

2,3

Total Ammonia (mg/1 as N) 10 2Oils, Fats & Grease (mg/1) 10 2Organohalogens (mg/l as Cl) 0.1 2Phenols (mg/l) 1.0 2Mercury (mg/1) 0.05 2Nickel (mg/l)*** 0.5 2Silver (mg/l) 0.1 2Lead (mg/l)*** 0.5 2Chromium (mg/l as Cr VI)Chromium (mg/l as total Cr) ***

0.10.5

22

Cadmium (mg/l) 0.05 2

Tin 2 2Zinc (mg/l)*** 0.5 2Copper (mg/l)*** 0.5 2Mineral Oil (mg/l) (Interceptors) 20 2EC. List 1 As per 76/464/EC and

amendments-

Mineral oils (mg/l)(Effluent Treatment)

1.0 2

Cyanide 0.2 2

* All values refer to daily averages, except where otherwise stated to the contrary, and except for pH which refers to continuous values. Limits apply to effluent prior to dilution by any uncontaminated streams, e.g. storm-water, cooling water etc.

** Only applicable to waters subject to eutrophication. One or both limits may apply, depending on the sensitivity of the receiving water.

*** Where the sum of the metals combined is less than 200 g/d prior to treatment, the emission limit values above may be increased fourfold.


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1. The toxicity of the effluent shall be determined on an appropriate aquatic species. The number of Toxicity Units (TU) = 100/96 hr LC50 in percentage vol/vol. so that higher TU values reflect greater levels of toxicity.


3. Reduction in relation to influent load. Total nitrogen means the sum total of Kjeldahl-nitrogen plus nitrate-nitrogen plus nitrite-nitrogen.

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Extract from EPA Batneec Guidance Note For The Extraction Of Minerals


4.1 INTRODUCTION

As explained in Section 2, this Guidance Note identifies BATNEEC but obviously does so in the absence of site-specific information. Accordingly it represents the requirements expected of any new activity covered by the Note, but does not exclude additional requirements which may form part of the granting of a licence for a specific site.


Process design / redesign changes to eliminate emissions and wastes that might pose environmental problems (e.g. use of powder coating instead of solvent based).

Substitution of materials (e.g. water based coatings instead of solvent based) by environmentally less harmful ones.

Demonstration of waste minimisation, as appropriate, by means of process control, inventory control and end-of-pipe technologies, etc.

The existing or possible measures for preventing, reducing and controlling emissions are described in this section. These range from relatively simple containment measures to sophisticated recovery and "end-of-pipe" technologies and include:

(i) Load minimisation (ii) Containment (iii) Recovery/recycle(iv) Emission reduction (v) Waste treatment and disposal

The technical feasibility of the measures listed below has been demonstrated by various sources. Used singly or in combination, the measures represent BATNEEC solutions when implemented in the appropriate circumstances. The circumstances depend on plant scale, materials used, nature of the products made, number of different products produced, etc. A summary of the treatments for various emissions is given at the end of the section.

Note that where hazardous (including asphyxiant) dusts or vapours occur, safety procedures (acceptable to the Health and Safety Authority) should be adopted. In these and any other matters concerning safety, appropriate safe working practices

Page 45 of 132

should be adopted and nothing in this note should be construed as advice to the contrary.


Tailings system selection to minimise dust emissions (e.g. flooded tailings, crusting agents).

Minimisation of dust from stockpiles. e.g. enclosure, minimizing the size of stockpiles, wet suppression, temporary seeding, etc.

Consideration of acid generation potential from all sources. Wet dust suppression for haul roads, yard surfaces, borrow pits, etc. Optimisation of water usage. Separation of storm water and process effluents of different origin in order to

permit appropriate treatment options. Enclosed delivery and offloading points for dusty materials with extraction to bag

filter. Wheel and body washing for vehicles (both site and off-site vehicles). Modelling (validated) of ground water systems. Selection of frequency and size of blast-charges. Wet processing where appropriate (BPEO) to minimise dust emissions. Use of grouting to minimise infiltration. Appropriate backfill technology. Pyrite removal/isolation. Press rather than drier technology. Determination and provision of appropriate closure options at design stage. Consideration of underground siting of noise emitting plant. Engineered containment of waste storage areas. Optimised recovery of metals.


Enclosure of all handling, processing and product storage within a suitable building or underground.

Closed transfer systems for milled material, raw materials, etc. Bunding of tanks. Overground pipelines and transfer lines. Overfilling protection on bulk storage tanks. Local extract systems as appropriate. Minimisation of tank filling losses. Cemented backfill to be used as appropriate. Suitable locations for vent raise discharges. Covered transport where appropriate


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Reuse of production wastes in another facility e.g. as cover material. Reuse of collected dusts. Reuse of recovery filtrate. Reusable containers for process chemicals. Reuse of tailing return water and mine water in mill operations.

4.5 TECHNOLOGIES FOR TREATING EMISSIONS TO AIR(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints).(Symbols refer to Table 4.1)

Filtration (T1). Wet scrubbers (T2).

4.6 TECHNOLOGIES FOR TREATING WATER EMISSIONS(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints).(Symbols refer to Table 4.2)

4.6.1 Primary Treatment

pH Correction/neutralisation (F1). Coagulation/flocculation/precipitation/oxidation(F2). Sedimentation/filtration/flotation (F3). Centrifugation (F4).

4.6.2 Secondary Treatment

Biofilters/activated sludge (F5). Aeration lagoons (F6).

4.6.3 Tertiary Treatment

Post-lagooning (F7). Wet lands (F8). Sand-Filtration (F9). Ion exchange (F10)


4.7.1 Sludge Treatment Gravity thickening. Centrifugation. Belt-pressing.

4.7.2 Disposal

Site development.

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Engineered containment of waste with appropriate aftercare provisions. Reuse in downstream processing. Backfill (underground mines).

Table 4.1 - Summary of Technologies for Treating Air Emissions(Symbols refer to Section 4.5)

Technology Emission

T1 DustFumes

(Drill rigs, size reduction and classification,physio-chemical extraction dryers,)

conveyors, indoor stockpiles)T2 Dust (Dryers)


Technology Emissions

F1 Acids/Alkalis

F2 Organics/BODOils/Fats/GreasesSuspended Solids

F3 Suspended SolidsDissolved Inorganics

F4 Suspended Solids

F5,F6 BOD

F6 Oxygen and CO2 gas balancing

F7, F8, F9, F10 Final effluent - treatmentMetal removal/precipitation

Reduction in S.S.

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Temperature 273 oK; Pressure 101.3 kPa; no correction for water vapour content.


Temperature 273oK; Pressure 101.3 kPa; dry gas; oxygen content 3% for liquid and gaseous fuels and 6% for solid fuels.









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Particulates 1 mg/m3

Metals As per T.A. LuftHydrogen sulphide 0.01 mg/m3




All releases to waters are subject to a licence from the Agency. However any discharge to sewer will require the consent of the sanitary authority. BATNEEC to minimise the release of substances will generally include minimisation at source and either specific treatment of contaminated waste streams to remove particular substances or co-treatment of combined effluent streams or both. The Emission Limit Values for effluent discharges to waters are set out in Table 5.2.

Notwithstanding the Limit Values specified for particular parameters in the totality of the process and other effluents due regard shall be paid to the overriding principal of maintenance of the relevant environmental quality objectives in the receiving systems.

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Limit Value Notes

pH 6 - 9 4BOD 90% removal

or 25 mg/l1,4

Toxic Units 5 Tu 2,4Total Nitrogen (mg/l as N)** > 80% Removal

or 15 mg/l4,5

Total Phosphorus (mg/l as P)** >80% Removalor 2 mg/l

4

Total Ammonia (mg/l as N) 5 4Oils, Fats and Grease (mg/l) 25 4Fish Tainting No Tainting 3,4Mineral Oil (Interceptor) (mg/l) 100 4Mineral Oil (Effluent) mg/l 1 4Metals, Cyanides, etc. As appropriate 6

* All values refer to daily averages, except where otherwise stated to the contrary, and except for pH which refers to continuous values. Limits apply to effluent prior to dilution with uncontaminated streams, e.g. stormwaters, cooling waters, etc.


Notes for Table 5.2

1. The daily raw waste load for BOD and Suspended Solids is defined as the average daily mass arising for treatment over any three month period.

Calculations of the removal rates for BOD and Suspended Solids should be based on the differences between the waste loads arising for disposal and those discharges to the receiving waters. The amounts removed by treatment (physical, chemical, biological) may be included in the calculation.

2. The toxicity of the effluent shall be determined by testing an appropriate aquatic species. The number of toxic units (Tu) = 100/x hour EC/LC50 in percentage vol/vol so that higher Tu values reflect greater levels of toxicity. For test regimes where species death is not easily detected, immobilisation is considered equivalent to death.

3. No substances shall be discharged in a manner which, or at a concentration which, following initial dilution causes tainting of fish or shellfish, interferes with normal patterns of fish migration or which accumulates in

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sediments or biological tissues to the detriment of fish, wildlife or their predators.



6. Determination of limits at the time of licensing based on consideration of appropriate technologies and the requirement of the receiving environment. In this regard particular attention should be paid to the maximum acceptable concentration standards (wherever relevant and applicable) for the chemical parameters of;

(a) S.I. 293 of 1988 - European Communities (Quality of Salmonid Waters) Regulations, 1988.

(b) S.I. 294 of 1989 - European Communities (Quality of Surface Water intended for Abstraction of Drinking Water

intended for Human Consumption) Regulations, 1989.

(c) S.I. 200 of 1994 - European Communities (Quality of Shellfish Waters) Regulations, 1994.

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Extract from EPA Batneec Guidance Note For The Pig Production Sector


4.1 IntroductionAs explained in Section 2, this Guidance Note identifies BATNEEC, but obviously does so in the absence of site-specific information. Accordingly, it represents the requirements expected of any new activity covered by the Note, but does not exclude additional requirements which may form part of the granting of a licence for a specific site.The approach to be used in selecting BATNEEC is based on the following hierarchy:

Process design/redesign and selection changes to minimise the production of manure, wash-water, carcasses and packaging waste that might pose environmental problems.

Process design/redesign and selection changes to minimise emissions that might pose environmental problems.

Substitution of feed, materials, machinery etc., by environmentally less harmful ones.

Demonstration of waste minimisation by means of production process control, inventory control and recycling technologies etc.

The existing, or possible measures for reduction and control of emissions are described in this section. These range from relatively simple siting and containment measures to recovery/recycling and manure treatment technologies and include:

1. Siting pig units.2. Load minimisation.3. Containment.4. Manure spreading.5. Recovery/recycling.6. Treatment of manure.

The technical feasibility of the measures listed below has been demonstrated by various sources. Used singly or in combination, these measures represent BATNEEC solutions when implemented in the appropriate circumstances. The circumstances depend on farm scale, feed and materials used, type of pig housing, number and type of pigs produced, degree of integration of the plant, etc.Pig manure and wash water should be spread parallel to ground contours taking account of safety requirements. Note that where hazardous (including asphyxiant) dusts or vapours occur, safety procedures (acceptable to Health & Safety Authority) should be adopted. In these, and any other matters concerning safety, appropriate safe working practices should be adopted and nothing in this note should be construed as advice to the contrary.

4.2 Pig housing and manureThere are two main types of pig housing:

1. Non-bedded based housing producing pig slurry with a dry matter content ranging between 5 and 10%.

2. Bedded based housing, where suitable bedding, generally straw, is used producing pig dung with a dry matter content ranging between 15 and 20%.

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There are three main types of pig units: A breeding unit, producing and rearing pigs to c. 32kg liveweight. A finishing unit, in which pigs are reared from c. 32kg to c. 95kg liveweight. An integrated unit, producing and finishing pigs at c. 95kg liveweight.

The characteristics of pig manure are a function of: water:feed ratio feed quantity feed quality amount of bedding used, if any

Account should be taken of these variables when estimating the quantity and associated characteristics of the manure from a specific unit; account may also have to be taken, where appropriate of additions to the manure in storage from extraneous water including wash-water and contaminated surface water.

4.3 Siting pig unitsBATNEEC for the siting of pig units is based on the following hierarchy:

A mass balance of nutrients within a control area. Protection of both surface and groundwater resources in the vicinity of the site

and landspreading areas. Avoidance of nuisance due to malodours for dwellings in the vicinity of the

site. Protection of the environment in the event of the de-stocking of the unit due to

an emergency, e.g. an outbreak of a Class A disease as identified in accordance with the current list of scheduled and notifiable diseases compiled by the Department of Agriculture, Food and Forestry under the provisions of the ‘Diseases of Animals Act’, 1966.

The management of pig manure should be based on a mass balance of nutrients within a control area, whether the area be a farm, group of farms or a region. Thus, pig units should preferably be sited in close proximity to suitable landspreading areas such as land used for tillage crop production, where they can operate as ‘back to back’ enterprises to:

Facilitate the utilisation of manure for crop production. Avoid a surplus of manure prevailing within a region. Reduce manure transportation costs.

In order to protect both surface and groundwater resources in the vicinity of the site and landspreading areas a site investigation is essential and it is generally advisable that it be carried out by a qualified hydrogeologist. The site investigation should provide information on:

Depth to water table (if shallow). Depth to bedrock (if shallow) and details of bedrock outcrops. Subsoil and bedrock type and quantitative assessment of permeability. Presence or absence of karst features - caves, swallow holes etc. - if bedrock is

limestone. Aquifer classification and groundwater vulnerability in accordance with the

provisions of ‘Groundwater protection schemes in Ireland: A proposed approach’, (Daly, 1995).

Private wells within 200 metres and all public wells within 1 kilometre of site and 300 metres of the landspreading areas.

Direction of groundwater flow. Baseline information on surface and groundwater quality. Location of all watercourses adjacent to the site and landspreading areas.

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In addition the investigation should include information on soil types and nutrient status.Pig units should be sited a distance of preferably not less than 400 metres from the nearest neighbouring dwelling and all operations on site shall be carried out in a manner such that air emissions and/or odours do not result in significant impairment of or significant interference with amenities or the environment beyond the site boundary.Pig units should be sited such that in the event of an outbreak of disease requiring de-stocking there is an appropriate site available for the construction of a lined carcass disposal site for the disposal of all carcasses. The carcass disposal site shall be appropriately constructed in order to avoid any detrimental impacts on both surface and groundwater quality in accordance with the provisions contained in ‘Class A disease outbreak - a multi-disciplinary approach’, (Duggan, O’Laoide and Finn, 1995.)

4.4 Load minimisationAll feedingstuffs in the pig production sector shall comply with the provisions of current national legislation thereon.Load minimisation for the pig production sector is based on the following hierarchy although the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specific circumstances which apply to the individual site.Minimisation of pig manure and reduction of mineral excretion by:

1. Feeding to requirements.2. Maintaining feeding systems in a good working condition so that feed

wastage and spoilage are kept to a minimum.3. Increasing the digestibility of the phosphorus in feed.4. Using low phosphorus feed, where appropriate. 5. Maintaining all drinkers in a good working condition such that leaks are

prevented. 6. Separate collection of all uncontaminated surface water run-off from roofs

and clean paved areas within the proposed development and its direct disposal to field drains or soakpits according to S129: ‘Minimum specification for farmyard drainage, concrete yards and roads.’, (DAFF, 1993).

Minimisation of odour emissions by: Adequate cleaning of pig houses between batches. Using adequate bedding in litter based pig housing. Provision of adequate manure storage capacity. Stocking pig units at design level. Designing ventilation system to facilitate efficient operation including

maintenance. Filling and emptying liquid manure storage tanks from below the surface of

the stored manure, where feasible. Minimising the agitation of manure.

Minimisation of carcass waste by reducing mortality rates on the unit.Minimisation of wash-water is facilitated by the use of automatic cut-off trigger operated high pressure hoses for washing.

4.5 Containment of emissions

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Containment of emissions for the pig production sector is based on the following hierarchy although the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specific circumstances which apply to the individual site. Litter-free pig manure or pig slurry should be stored in one of the following:

In underground, partly underground or overground concrete structures constructed according to S123: ‘Minimum specification: Slatted livestock units; Reinforced concrete tanks’, (DAFF, 1994).

In an overground steel structure constructed on an impermeable concrete base. Steel structures must be certified by the manufacturer as being water-tight and they must be guaranteed for a 10 year period. The design specification and subsequent construction for the concrete base must be certified by a chartered engineer.

Overground manure storage structures shall be provided with two valves in line and an external safety ladder and railed platform to facilitate inspection.

Pig dung should be stored: In a manure pit structure constructed according to S108: ‘Minimum

specification for manure pit’, (DAFF, 1987) and sited where the risk of both water pollution and spread of disease to other pig houses is minimal. The manure pit should be suitably roofed to exclude rainwater, preferably with a permanent structure. The manure pit should be provided with a roof and walls as necessary to protect the manure from the elements.

The following applies to all pig manure and wash-water storage structures whether or not on the site of the unit:

A minimum of six months storage capacity dedicated to the unit is required. All construction work should be certified by a chartered engineer as having

been constructed according to either S108 or S123 as appropriate, (DAFF, 1987 and 1994).

Where the pig manure storage structures are constructed to another design specification, then both the design specification and the subsequent construction work should be certified by a chartered engineer as being suitable for the task and comparable to the Department of Agriculture, Food and Forestry specifications.

All storage tanks should be inspected by a chartered engineer and certified as structurally sound for the purpose they were intended subsequent to construction and at appropriate intervals thereafter.

Leak detection facilities based on inspection chambers and perimeter wall and under floor drains should be provided as appropriate.

Spreading or applying manure to landspreading areas should be carried out according to Section .Transport of pig manure should be in suitably contained, leakproof vehicles.The septic tank drainage system should be constructed in accordance with SR6 ‘Septic tank systems: Recommendations for domestic effluent treatment and disposal from a single domestic dwelling’, (NSAI, 1991). Oil storage tanks on site should be placed on impervious bases and shall be located within oil tight bunds, capable of holding 110% of the volume of the largest tank within the bund. The fill and draw pipes shall be enclosed within the bund.Odour emissions should be contained by:

Reducing uncontrolled air movement. Filling and emptying liquid manure storage tanks from below the surface of

the stored manure, where feasible.

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Transporting manure in suitably contained, leakproof vehicles. Minimising the agitation of manure. Minimising the generation of odours during meteorological conditions which

favour the spread of odours. Landscaping pig houses using shelter-belts.

Carcasses should be stored on site in covered containers and transported to a rendering facility in covered, leakproof containers as soon as practical and at least once per week.Wash-water from pig houses should be stored:


In an overground steel structure constructed on an impermeable concrete base. Steel structures must be certified by the manufacturer as being leak-proof and they must be guaranteed for a 10 year period. The design specification and subsequent construction for the concrete base must be certified by a chartered engineer.


Packaging waste, contaminated drums, equipment and protective clothing should be collected and stored in suitably sealed leakproof containers, where practicable.

4.6 Spreading pig manureThe owner of the pig unit where the manure and wash-water is produced shall be responsible for its proper management.BATNEEC for spreading pig manure is based on the following hierarchy:

Suitable landspreading areas. Buffer-zones required. Time of application. Manner of application. Spreading rate.

Units where landspreading areas are obtained by agreement with other landowners, should have a reserve landspreading area available to them of at least 50% of the landspreading area obtained by agreement. (e.g.: Where a pig farmer owns 80ha and requires 100ha of landspreading areas, then he/she should obtain 30ha by agreement.)Pig manure and wash-water should be landspread or applied to the following landspreading areas based on the following preferred hierarchy:

Tillage crop production. Conserved grassland. Grazed grassland.

Pig manure and wash-water should be spread parallel to ground contours.Pig manure and wash-water should not be landspread or applied to the following landspreading areas:

On land where the existing phosphorus (P) content is above 15 mg/l soil, or such figure as may be determined by the Agency; soil phosphorus levels to be determined by Morgan’s P-Test in accordance with ‘A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters’, (Murphy and Riley, 1962) and (Peach and English, 1944).

On waterlogged land. On frozen or snow covered land.

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On exposed bedrock. Fields that are pipe or mole drained and the soil is cracked down to the drains

or backfill. Fields that have been pipe or mole drained in the last 12 months. Fields that have been subsoiled over a pipe or mole drainage system in the last

12 months. Within 15 metres of exposed cavernous (karstified) limestone or karst

limestone features such as swallow holes and collapse features. Where permeable bedrock is overlain by shallow (i.e. less than 1 metre from

the surface) free draining subsoils, such as sands, gravels and sandy tills. Where the bedrock is highly permeable limestone or dolomite (these are usually classed as regionally important or major aquifers) a greater depth of subsoil (i.e. 2 metres) is desirable.

Where the water table is within 1 metre of the surface in free draining areas, at the time of application.

Where surface gradients are excessive; gradients should preferably be less than 20%.

Pig manure and wash-water should be landspread or applied to land observing the following ‘buffer zones’:

Table 1: Buffer zones for landspreading pig manure.

1Note: The above distances to be increased if the gradient is greater than 6%.2Note: The appropriate distance depends on vulnerability and groundwater flow direction.Unless good management practice otherwise dictates, the factors listed below must be taken into account and pig manure and wash-water generally should not be landspread or applied to landspreading areas at the following times, to take account of nutrient uptake, slurry runoff and the generation of odour nuisance:

During the period November to February inclusive.(However in certain locations in particular years it may not be appropriate to adhere rigidly to these dates; depending on the weather Spring landspreading operations may well commence before the end of February but may also have to be deferred to a later date.)

Manure should not be spread late in the year on land which will be barren over the winter.

Manure should be spread earlier rather than later in the growing season. When heavy rain is forecast within 48 hours. Manure should only be spread during daylight hours. When the wind direction is towards population centres or neighbours houses.

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Area Buffer zone (m)

Sensitive buildings (hospitals, schools and churches) 200

Dwelling houses 100

Lakes and main river channels1 20

Small watercourses1 10

Public roads1 10

Domestic wells1 50

Public water supplies1,2 50 to 300

When the risk of causing odour nuisance to the public is greatest e.g. Sundays or public holidays.

Meteorological conditions which give rise to odour nuisance.Pig manure and wash-water should be landspread or applied in the following manner:

Manure/wash-water should be spread by an appropriate band-spreader, shallow injector or muck-spreader (for pig dung only).

The rate of landspreading or application of pig manure or wash-water should take account of:

The nutrient content of the manure. The nutrient requirements of the crop. The nutrient status of the soil. Other organic manures and chemical fertilisers being spread.

The rate of landspreading or application of pig manure or wash-water should be in accordance with the provisions contained in either of the following sources:

‘Rural Environment Protection Scheme, Farm Development Service: Agri-environmental specifications’, (Current edition of DAFF Guidelines).

or, ‘Soil analysis and fertiliser, lime, animal manure and trace element

recommendations’, (Current edition of Teagasc Guidelines).Regardless of the dilution factor, the maximum hydraulic loading per single application should not exceed 25m3 per hectare on shallow limestone soils and in no case should exceed 50m3 per hectare.

4.7 Technologies for recovery and recyclingLoad minimisation for the pig production sector is based on the following hierarchy although the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics.A Nutrient Management Plan (NMP) should be established to optimise the re-use and recycling of available nutrients in the pig manure - in particular nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium - and should also take account of the hydraulic load. (See also section 5.4).Carcasses should be stored on site in covered containers and transported to a rendering facility in covered, leakproof containers as soon as practical and at least once per week.The Nutrient Management Plan should incorporate the quantity of wash-water. Waste packaging materials should be recovered and recycled, where practicable.

4.8 Treatment of manureConsiderable research has been carried out in recent years in manure treatment. The objectives of manure treatment may include:

Reduction of odour. Production of biogas. Improvement in ease of handling. Reduction of pathogens.

Treatment of manure may include the following: Mechanical separation. Aeration. Composting. Anaerobic digestion. Drying. Pelletising. Incineration.

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There are several large scale plants in Europe providing centralised manure treatment. To date, such facilities are rarely provided on individual farms. However, it may in certain circumstances be appropriate to provide treatment facilities on an individual farm. The type of treatment required and the technology employed will depend on the specific circumstances applying to the individual site.

4.9 Technologies for the treatment and disposal of wastesIn the event of the unit being de-stocked, due to an emergency, e.g. an outbreak of a Class A disease as identified in accordance with the current list of scheduled and notifiable diseases compiled by the Department of Agriculture, Food and Forestry under the provisions of the ‘Diseases of animals act’, 1966 - the Department of Agriculture’s Veterinary Inspectors should be contacted immediately.Packaging waste, contaminated drums, equipment and protective clothing which are not reused or recycled, should be disposed of at an authorised facility.

5. COMPLIANCE MONITORINGThe methods proposed for monitoring the emissions from this sector are set out below.

5.1 Air emissionsPeriodic monitoring of air quality with regard to odour nuisance at the boundary of the site and spreading areas as per licence.

5.2 Surface water quality monitoring schemePeriodic water quality monitoring of relevant parameters as per licence.

5.3 Groundwater quality monitoring schemeEstablish the baseline conditions of groundwater quality in the neighbourhood of the site and all of its landspreading areas prior to start-up. Periodic water quality monitoring of relevant parameters as per licence. Where appropriate, test wells should be provided at the site of the pig unit and on the landspreading areas used for spreading manure.

5.4 Nutrient Management Plan A Nutrient Management Plan (NMP) should be maintained on site for the management of pig manure and wash-water arising at the unit and should include:

Calculation of the quantity of manure and the amount of nutrients available from manure including any manure or other wastes imported.

The results of soil fertility and drainage tests on existing or proposed landspreading areas.

A representative soil sample, to a depth of 10 cm should normally be taken biennially from every 2 to 4 hectares and at least one per farm. However, where soil types are similar and cropping and treatment of the lands were the same during the previous 5 years or more, a composite sample from an area of up to 12 hectares is acceptable.

An assessment of the relationships between manure application rates, cropping routine, crop nutrient requirements and existing soil nutrient status on all landspreading areas.

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Ordinance Survey Maps to a scale of 1:10,560 showing the location of the said landspreading areas and all environmentally sensitive features on the lands or in their vicinity; including interalia dwellings houses and sensitive buildings, drains, streams, watercourses and other sources of water supply.

Agreements between ‘importers’ and ‘exporters’ of all animal manures or other wastes are required.

The Nutrient Management Plan should be up-dated and issued to the Agency for approval on an annual basis.

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Extract from EPA Batneec Guidance Note For The Rendering of Animal By-products4. CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES

4.1 Introduction

As explained in Section 2, this Guidance Note identifies BATNEEC for a new activity, but obviously does so in the absence of site-specific information. Accordingly it represents the minimum requirements expected of any new activity covered by the Note, but does not exclude additional requirements which may form part of the granting of a licence for a specific site.






(i) Load minimisation (ii) Containment (iii) Recovery/recycle(iv) Emission reduction (v) Waste treatment and disposal.

The technical feasibility of the measures listed below has been demonstrated by various sources. Used singly or in combination, the measures represent BATNEEC solutions when implemented in the appropriate circumstances. The circumstances depend on plant scale, chemicals used, nature of the products made, number of different products produced, etc. A summary of the treatments for various emissions is given at the end of the section.

4.2 Technologies for load minimisation(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints).

Inventory control. Optimisation of water recirculation and reuse.

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Dry equipment cleaning and dry vacuum systems, where feasible. Separation of cooling water, storm water and process effluents of different

origin in order to permit appropriate treatment options. Introduction of non-condensable oven off-gases into boiler. Appropriate storage facilities.

4.3 Prevention of emissions(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints).

Transport of materials to the site should be in suitably contained vehicles. Enclosure of all materials, storage, handling, processing and transfer within a

suitable building. Secondary containment of building releases by maintenance of negative

pressure within the building. Closed transfer systems for milled material, raw materials etc. Bunding of tanks. Overground pipelines and transfer lines. Only totally enclosed conveyors to be used. Check system to ensure “first-in-first processed”. Overfilling protection on bulk storage tanks. Prevention of rain ingress, wind entrainment etc. for stored materials. Heat recovery to be used where practicable. Local extract systems as appropriate e.g. drier unloading, mill, coolers,

separators etc. Condensers on all appropriate process equipment e.g. coolers, evaporators etc. Sealed manhole covers where appropriate.

4.4 Technologies for recovery and recycle

(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints).

Recovery of materials from separator/centrifuge liquors. Interceptor tanks at each process building. Reuse internally or alternatively in another rendering facility. Recycle of interceptor and WWTP sludges to process plant where such does

not contravene S.I. No. 257 of 1994 .

4.5 Specific technologies for treating air emissions(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints).

Condensation (T1). Biofilters as final air treatment (T2). Selective chemical reaction scrubbers, e.g. acid scrubber for ammonia removal

prior to biofilter (T3). Cyclones (T4). Filtration (fabric filters normally adequate) (T4).

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Thermal oxidation (T5). Carbon filtration (T6).

4.6 Specific technologies for treating water emissions(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints).S.I. No. 257 of 1994 requires specific treatment of certain waste streams and nothing in this note should be construed as advice to the contrary.


pH Correction/neutralisation (F1). Coagulation/flocculation/precipitation (F2). Sedimentation/filtration/floatation (F2). Centrifugation (F2).


Biofilters (F3). Anaerobic treatment (F3). Activated sludge/aeration lagoons (F3). Extended aeration (F3). Nitrification/denitrification (F3).


Filtration/coagulation/precipitation (F4). Ozonation/Oxidation (F5, F6). Activated Carbon polishing (F5).


Gravity thickening. Dissolved air floatation. Filtration. Centrifugation. Sludge digestion.

4.7 Specific technologies for the treatment and disposal of wastes(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints).

Engineered landfill of wastes. Landspreading of wastes (as fertiliser). Recycle of interceptor and WWTP sludges to process plant where such does

not contravene S.I. No. 257 of 1994 .


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T1 Condensable Organics, Partial Odour Removal

T2, T5, T6 Organics/Odours

T3 Ammonia

T4 Particulates



F1 AmmoniaF2 Organics/BOD

Oils/Fats/GreasesSuspended Solids

F3 OrganicsAmmoniaNitrates

PhosphorusF4 Suspended Solids

Phosphorus RemovalF5 Trace OrganicsF6 Disinfection

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For non-combustion gases


For combustion gases

Temperature 273 K; Pressure 101.3 kPa; dry gas; oxygen content 3% for liquid and gaseous fuels and 6% for solid fuels.

These units and reference conditions may not be suitable for continuous monitoring methods and may, by agreement with the Agency, be converted for day to day control purposes into values more suitable for the available instrumentation.


Unless otherwise detailed in the licence, the following interpretation of compliance with limit values should apply.

5.2.1 Emissions to AirAchievement of ELV concentration by the introduction of dilution air is not permitted.





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5.2.2 Emissions to Waters


5.3 Emissions to Air




Total Particulate Matter(including emissions from material handling)

50 mg/m3

Ammonia 50 ppm v/vAmines 5 ppm v/vHydrogen sulphide, and mercaptans 5 ppm v/vSmoke <1 (Ringlemann Shade)Note 1: Achievement of ELV concentration by the introduction of dilution air is not permitted.


Effluent should be minimised by recovery of materials wherever practicable. The use of water other than fresh water may be possible for some parts of the process e.g. the use of condensate for yard washing.


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Table 5.2 - Emission Limit Values for Emissions to Water*


Limit Value Notes

pH 6 - 9 4BOD >90% removal

or 40 mg/l1,4

Toxic Units 5 2,4Total Nitrogen(as N)** >80% Removal

or 15 mg/l4,5


4,5

Total Ammonia (mg/l as N) 25 4Oils, Fats and Grease (mg/l) 15 4Fish Tainting No Tainting 3,4Mineral Oil (Interceptor) (mg/l) 20 4* All values refer to daily averages, except where otherwise stated to the contrary, and except for pH which refers

to continuous values. Limits apply to effluent prior to dilution by uncontaminated streams, e.g. stormwater, cooling water, etc.

** Only applicable to waters subject to eutrophication. One or both limits may apply, depending on the sensitivity of the receiving waters



2. Calculations of the removal rates for BOD should be based on the differences between the waste loads arising for disposal and those discharges to the receiving waters. The amounts removed by treatment (chemical, physical, biological) may be included in the calculation.


4. No substances shall be discharged in a manner which, or at a concentration which, following initial dilution causes tainting of fish or shellfish, interferes with normal patterns of fish migration or which accumulates in sediments or biological tissues to the detriment of fish, wildlife or their predators.



Page 68 of 132

Extract from EPA Batneec Guidance Note For The Slaughter of Animals


4.1 INTRODUCTION






The existing or possible measures for preventing, reducing and controlling emissions are described in this section. These range from relatively simple containment measures to sophisticated recovery and end-of-pipe technologies and include:


The technical feasibility of the measures listed below has been demonstrated by various sources. Used singly or in combination, the measures represent BATNEEC solutions when implemented in the appropriate circumstances.

Note that where hazardous (including asphyxiant) dusts or vapours occur, safety procedures (acceptable to HSA) should be adopted. In these, and any other matters concerning safety, appropriate safe working practices should be adopted and nothing in this note should be construed as advice to the contrary.


Page 69 of 132

Optimisation of water usage (e.g. use of pressure cleaning throughout). Fit all cleaning hose ends with trigger hand operated spray nozzles. Optimisation of blood collection. Selection of equipment for secondary processing to minimise effluent and waste

arising.



Bunding of tanks. Overground pipelines and transfer lines. Overfilling protection on bulk storage tanks. Prevention of rain ingress, wind entrainment etc. for stored materials.


Reuse in a rendering or pet food facility. Blood and bone collection for use in edible products for human consumption. Fresh fat rendering. Optimisation of offal recovery and reuse for downstream processing.

4.5 TECHNOLOGIES FOR TREATING EMISSIONS TO AIR

Note: No treatment is normally required for fresh fat rendering or dehairing, other than adequate stack discharge in the case of non wet rendering. For technologies suitable for rendering other materials the Guidance Note on Rendering should be referred to.



Coagulation/flocculation/precipitation (F1). Sedimentation/filtration/floatation (F2).


Biofilters (F3). Anaerobic treatment (F4). Activated sludge/aeration lagoons (F5). Extended aeration (F6).

Page 70 of 132


Nitrification/denitrification (F7). Filtration/coagulation/precipitation (F8).




4.7.2 Disposal

Rendering. Reuse in downstream processing. Engineered landfill of wastes. Landspreading of wastes (as fertiliser).

Table 4.1 - Summary of Technologies for Treating Water Emissions(Symbols refer to section 4.6)


Organics F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, F6Oils/Fats/Grease F1, F2

Nitrates/Ammonia F4, F5, F6,F7Phosphorus F8

Page 71 of 132





The limit values for discharges to water are based on 24 hour flow proportional

composite samples unless otherwise specified.



All releases to waters are subject to a licence from the Agency. However, any discharge to a sewer, will also require the consent of the sanitary authority. BATNEEC to minimise the release of substances will generally include minimisation at source and either specific treatment of contaminated waste streams to remove particular substances or co-treatment of combined effluent streams or both. The Emission Limit Values for effluent discharges to waters are set out in Table 5.1 overleaf.



Limit Value Notes


or 40 mg/l1,4

Toxic Units 5 2,4Total Nitrogen (as N)** >80% Removal

or 15 mg/l4,5


4,5

Total Ammonia (mg/l as N) 10 4Oils, Fats and Grease (mg/l) 15 4Fish Tainting No Tainting 3,4Mineral Oil (Interceptor) (mg/l) 20 4

Page 72 of 132

* All values refer to daily averages, except where otherwise stated to the contrary, and except for pH which refers to continuous values. Limits apply to effluents prior to dilution by any uncontaminated streams, e.g. cooling water, stormwater, etc.

** Only applicable to waters subject to eutrophication. One or both limits may apply, depending on the sensitivity of the receiving waters.

Notes for Table 5.1:1. The daily raw waste load for BOD is defined as the average daily mass arising

for treatment over any three month period.Calculations of the removal rates for BOD should be based on the differences between the waste loads arising for disposal and those discharged to the receiving waters. The amounts removed by treatment (chemical, physical, biological) may be included in the calculation.





Page 73 of 132

Extract from EPA Batneec Guidance Note For The Manufacture of Sugar


4.1 INTRODUCTION








The technical feasibility of the measures listed below has been demonstrated by various sources. Used singly or in combination, the measures represent BATNEEC solutions when implemented in the appropriate circumstances. The circumstances depend on plant scale, number of different products produced, etc. A summary of the treatments for various emissions is given at the end of the section.

Note that where hazardous (including asphyxiant) dusts or vapours occur, safety procedures (acceptable to HSA) should be adopted. In these, and any other matters

Page 74 of 132

concerning safety, appropriate safe working practices should be adopted and nothing in this note should be construed as advice to the contrary.


Sulphur reduction by using boiler gases for direct drying. Inventory control. Optimisation of water usage. Dry equipment cleaning and dry vacuum systems, where feasible. Separation of cooling water, storm water and process effluents of different origin

in order to permit appropriate treatment options.

4.3 PREVENTION OF EMISSIONS (No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will

depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints).

Enclosure of materials (excluding beet and bulk liquids), storage, handling, processing and transfer within a suitable building.

Closed storage and transfer systems for milled material, raw material, etc. Bunding of tanks. Overground pipelines and transfer lines. Only totally enclosed conveyors to be used for dusty materials. Check system to avoid acceptance of improper materials and to ensure "first-in-

first processed". Overfilling protection on bulk storage tanks. Heat recovery to be used where practicable e.g. boiler gases for drying. Local extract systems as appropriate e.g. drier, mill, cookers, diffusers, etc. Condensers on all appropriate process equipment e.g. evaporators, vacuum pans,

etc. Lime handling to be carried out in a suitably controlled manner to contain dust

emissions.

4.4 TECHNOLOGIES FOR RECOVERY AND RECYCLE (No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case

will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints).

Reuse of process wastes and sludges (e.g. lime, pulp, molasses, sand, vegetable fines, etc.)

Recovery of water vapour for reuse.

4.5 TECHNOLOGIES FOR TREATING EMISSIONS TO AIR(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints).(Symbols refer to table 4.1).

Condensation (T1). Filtration (fabric filters normally adequate) (T2).

Page 75 of 132

Cyclones (T3). Scrubbers (T4).

4.6 TECHNOLOGIES FOR TREATING WATER EMISSIONS(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints).(Symbols refer to table 4.2).


pH Correction/neutralisation (F1). Coagulation/flocculation/precipitation (F2). Sedimentation/filtration/floatation (F3).


Biofilters (F4). Anaerobic treatment (F5). Activated sludge/aeration lagoons (F6). Extended aeration (F7). Nitrification/denitrification (F8).


Filtration/coagulation/precipitation (F9).

4.7 TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF WASTES(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular casewill depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints).



4.7.2 Disposal

Reuse of process waste for animal feed and downstream processing. Engineered landfill of wastes. Landspreading of wastes (as fertiliser). Land reclamation/soil conditioning (e.g. sand, soil, etc.)

Page 76 of 132

Table 4.1 - Summary of Technologies for Treating Emissions to Air (Symbols refer to section 4.5)


Steam T1

Particulates T2, T3, T4



Organics F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7


Nitrates/Ammonia F8, F7, F6, F5, F4

Alkali (e.g. lime) F1






Page 77 of 132


Temperature 273 K; Pressure 101.3 kPa; dry gas; oxygen content 11%.










5.2.2 Emissions to Water






Page 78 of 132

Total Particulate Matter 50 mg/m3

5.4 RELEASES TO WATER

Effluent should be minimised by recovery of materials wherever practicable. The use of lower quality water may be possible for some parts of the process rather than fresh water (e.g. condensate for washing raw materials).




Limit Value Notes


or 40 mg/l1,4

Toxic Units 5 2,4Total Nitrogen(as N)** >80% Removal

or 15 mg/l4,5


4,5

Ammonia (mg/l as N) 10 4Oils, Fats and Grease (mg/l) 15 4Fish Tainting No Tainting 3,4Mineral Oil (Interceptor) (mg/l) 20 4

* All values refer to daily averages, except where otherwise stated to the contrary, and except for pH which refers to continuous values. Limits apply to effluent prior to dilution by any uncontaminated streams, e.g. stormwater, cooling water, etc.

**Only applicable to waters subject to eutrophication. One or both limits may apply depending on the sensitivity of the receiving waters.


Page 79 of 132


Calculations of the removal rates for BOD should be based on the differences between the waste loads arising for disposal and those discharged to the receiving waters. The amounts removed by treatment (chemical, physical, biological) may be included in the calculation.





Page 80 of 132

Extract from EPA Batneec Guidance Note For The Manufacture Or Use Of Coating Materials


4.1 INTRODUCTION





Demonstration of waste minimisation by means of process control, inventory control and end-of-pipe technologies, etc.





Page 81 of 132



Inventory control. Optimisation of water usage. Dry equipment cleaning and dry vacuum systems, where feasible (dry sweeping

to be avoided). Separation of cooling water, storm water and process effluents of different origin

in order to permit appropriate treatment options. Water based cleaning systems to be selected instead of solvent based systems. Where practicable, use of non-nitrogenated pre-treatment chemicals. Except where unavoidable, the following shall not be used:

(i) Halogenated substances.(ii) Aromatic solvents.(iii) Organic solvents containing compounds classified as Carcinogens,

Mutagens, or Toxic to Reproduction under Directive 67/548/EEC (with labels containing the R phrases R45, R46, R49, R60, R61).

(iv) Chlorine based oxidising substances.(v) Solvents containing formaldehyde or n-hexane.

Inplant measures to extend the service life of pre-treatment baths e.g. filtration, oil skimming, etc.

Use of countercurrent rinsing and suitable techniques to minimise drag-out. Spray application to be selected instead of bath immersion where appropriate. Shot blasting is preferred to sand blasting. Ultrasonic cleaning. Substitution of solvent based coatings with powder coatings or, where this is not

practicable, with water based coatings. Use of organic pigments rather than metal based pigments. Use of Chrome III rather than Chrome VI in chromating. Use of high solid content coating materials. Use of hot melt adhesives. Radiation cure (e.g. UV, electron beam) rather than oven cure. Optimisation of mixing procedure to minimise VOC emissions (e.g. reduced

mixing times, cooling of mixer etc.) Oven temperature to be controlled to minimise the emission of organic coating

breakdown products. Where practicable, spray coatings to be applied using one of the following

systems to achieve a transfer efficiency of > 65%.(i) High volume low pressure (HVLP).(ii) Electrostatic application techniques.



Page 82 of 132


Bunding of tanks. Overground pipelines and transfer lines. Overfilling protection on bulk storage tanks.. Heat recovery to be used where practicable. Local extract and abatement systems as appropriate e.g. dryers, coating and pre-

treatment areas etc. Minimisation of tank filling losses by e.g. vapour return systems. Single controlled emission point for all large dedicated plants. Check system to avoid mixing incompatible materials. Use of closed transfer systems and lidded holding vessels. Solvent vapour emissions to be contained by e.g. refrigerated freeboards, covered

baths etc. The cleaning of plant and equipment to be carried out in a dedicated system with

VOC capture and recovery. Curing ovens emissions to be suitably contained by e.g. end zone exhaust

ventilation or air curtains. Flash-off zones and coating application areas to be extracted by local exhaust

ventilation. Ovens and ductwork should be maintained gas tight if under positive pressure and leakproof if under negative pressure.

4.4 TECHNOLOGIES FOR RECOVERY AND RECYCLING(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints).

Solvent recovery plant. VOC abatement with solvent recovery (e.g. carbon adsorption and regeneration).


Condensation (T1). Filtration (fabric or paper filters normally adequate) (T2). Vapour incineration (Thermal, catalytic and regenerative) (T3). Wet scrubbers (T4). Carbon adsorption (T5). Cyclones (T6). Biofilters (T7).

4.6 TECHNOLOGIES FOR TREATING WATER EMISSIONS(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints).(Symbols refer to Table 4.2).

Page 83 of 132

4.6.1 Pre-treatment

Reduction (F1).

4.6.2 Treatment

pH Correction/neutralisation (F2). Coagulation/flocculation/precipitation (F3). Sedimentation/filtration/flotation (F4). Centrifugation (F5).

4.6.3 Polishing

Resin beds (F6). Reverse osmosis (F7).



Gravity thickening. Filtration. Centrifugation.

4.7.2 Disposal

Engineered landfill of wastes. Incineration. (Incinerator emissions are subject to a separate note). Waste encapsulation. Reuse in another industry (e.g. as fuel).

Table 4.1 - Summary of Technologies for Treating Emissions to Air(Symbols refer to section 4.5)


Particulates T2, T4, T6

Odours T1, T3, T4, T5, T7

Acids/Alkalis T4

VOC's T1, T3, T5, (T7)

Page 84 of 132

Table 4.2 - Summary of Technologies for Treating Water Emissions(Symbols refer to section 4.6)


Acids/Alkalis F2

Phosphates F3

Ammonia/Nitrates -


Metals F1, F3, F6, F7

Oils F4




Temperature 273K; Pressure 101.3 kPa; no correction for water vapour content.




Page 85 of 132



(i) No 60 minute mean measurement shall exceed 1.5 times the emission limit.

(ii) All 8 hour moving average values shall be less than the emission limit.

Only the periods in which the installations or processes are actually in operation are to be taken into account.


The mass emission of solvents should be determined by a mass balance to derive total solvent loss using throughput data and solvent purchase and recovery records. A detailed inventory of solvent purchase should be kept.

Where odourous materials are released, lower ELV values may be required in specific cases to prevent odour nuisance.




Emission Limit Values representing BATNEEC are given in Tables 5.1 - 5.4 .

Page 86 of 132

Table 5.1 - Emission Limit Values for Emissions to Air for All Sources(Tables 5.2 - 5.4 also apply as appropriate)

Emission Source

Total SolventUse or Consumption

Limit Values for Waste Gas Discharges(mg/m3)

All Above the threshold

(tonnes/annum) given in

Tables 5.2 - 5.4

1Class A (total): 2 (for mass emissions > 10 g/h of Class A compounds)

2Class B (total): 20(for mass emissions > 100 g/h of Class B compounds)

Particulates (spray painting operations): 3

Other Emissions: See tables 5.2 - 5.4

All Below the threshold

(tonnes/annum)

given in Tables 5.2 - 5.4

1Class A (total): 2 (for mass emissions > 10 g/h of Class A compounds)

2Class B: As per T.A. Luft 1986 for Organic compounds

of Classes I and II. Otherwise include in other emissions.

Other Emissions plus Class B compounds: 150 (as C)

(for mass emissions > 3 kg/h total)

Particulates (spray painting operations): 3

(Achievement of ELV concentrations by the introduction of dilution air is not permitted).

1 Class A compounds are substances with labels containing the R phrases R45, R46, R49, R60 or R61 as classified under Directive 67/548/EEC ( as modified by Directive 93/21/EEC). Examples of these are:

R45 benzene; 1,2-dichloroethane; 2-nitropropane; 1,2-dibromoethane; 1,3-dichloro-2-propanolR60-61 2-methoxyethanol; 2-ethoxyethanol;

2-methoxyethylacetate; 2-ethoxyethylacetate.

2 Class B compounds are chlorinated organic solvents with labels containing the risk phrase R40 as classified under Directive 67/548/EEC (as modified by Directive 93/21/EEC). Examples of these are 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, dichloromethane, tetrachloromethane and tetrachloroethylene.

Page 87 of 132

Table 5.2 - Emission Limit Values for Emissions to Air from Printing Processes(These values apply in addition to those in Table 5.1 as appropriate)

Emission Source SolventUse or

Consumption


Heatset web offset

15 - 25 tonnes/annum

>25 tonnes/annum

Total organics (as C):150

Total organics (as C): 20

Publicationrotogravure

>25 tonnes/annum


Other rotogravure, flexography, rotary screen, laminating, varnishing

>15 tonnes/annum



Page 88 of 132

Table 5.3 - Emission Limit Values for Emissions to Air from Vehicle Coating(These values apply in addition to those in Table 5.1 as appropriate)


Consumption

Limit Values for Waste Gas Discharges

(mg/m3)

Number of vehicles

Total Emission Limit

New cars >15 tonnes/annum

Total organics (as C): 50 >5000 cars /annum

<5000 cars /annum

<70 g/m2 (cars above 6 seats) <45 g/m2

(cars up to 6 seats)

<90 g/m2

New truck cabins

>15 tonnes/annum

Total organics (as C): 50 >5000 cabins/annum

<5000 cabins/annum

<55 g/m2

<65 g/m2

New vans trucksand trailers

>15 tonnes/annum

Total organics (as C): 50 >2500 units/annum

<2500 units/annum

<70 g/m2

<90 g/m2

New buses >15 tonnes/annum

Total organics (as C): 50 >500 buses/annum

<500 buses/annum

<150 g/m2

210 g/m2

Vehicle coatingand refinishing

>10 tonnes/annum

Total organics (as C): 50 - 25%(of solvent

input)


Page 89 of 132

Table 5.4 - Emission Limit Values for Emissions to Air from Other Coating Processes(These values apply in addition to those in Table 5.1 as appropriate)

Emission Source

SolventUse or

Consumption

Limit Values for Waste Gas Discharges

(mg/m3)

TotalEmission Limit

(as solventusage)

Coilcoating

>25 tonnes/annum

Coating and dryingTotal organics (as C): 50 -

Leather coating

10-25 tonnes/annum

>25 tonnes/annum

-

-

<85g/m2 of total coated surface

<75g/m2 of total coated surface

Adhesivescoating

>10tonnes/annum

Coating and dryingTotal organics (as C):

150 (absorption and reuse) 50 (incineration)

-

Other coating(e.g. textiles,

fabric, film & paper)

10 - 15 tonnes/annum

>15 tonnes/annum

Coating and dryingTotal organics (as C):150

CoatingTotal organics (as C):100

DryingTotal organics (as C):50

-

-


Page 90 of 132

Table 5.4 - Continued(These values apply in addition to those in Table 5.1 as appropriate)


Consumption


Pharmaceuticalfinishing

>50 tonnes/annum

Total organics (as C): 150 (reuse)Total organics (as C): 20 (no reuse)

Woodcoating 15-25

tonnes/annum

>25 tonnes/annum

Coating and dryingTotal organics (as C): 150

CoatingTotal organics (as C): 100

DryingTotal organics (as C): 50

Manufacture of coatings,

varnishes, inks and adhesives

>100tonnes/annum



5.4 Emissions to WaterEffluent should be minimised by recycling and re-use of materials wherever practicable. The use of lower quality water may be possible for some parts of the process rather than fresh water.

All releases to waters are subject to a licence from the Agency. However any discharges to sewer will require the consent of the sanitary authority. BATNEEC to minimise the release of substances will generally include minimisation at source and either specific treatment of contaminated waste streams to remove particular substances or co-treatment of combined effluent streams or both. The Emission Limit Values for effluent discharges to waters are set out in Table 5.5.

Page 91 of 132



Limit Value Notes

pH 6 - 9 3

BOD 25 mg/l 3

Toxic Units 5 1,3

Total Nitrogen (as N)** >80% Removalor 15 mg/l

3,4

Total Phosphorus (as P)** >80% Removalor 2 mg/l

3,4

Ammonia (mg/l as N) 10 3Fish Tainting No Tainting 2,3Oil (mg/l) 20 3Organohalogens (mg/l as Cl) 0.1 (monthly ave.) 3Zinc (mg/l) 0.5 3Chromium VI (mg/l) 0.1 3Chromium (Total) (mg/l) 0.5 3E.C. List 1 As per 76/464/EEC

and amendments-

* All values refer to daily averages, except where otherwise stated to the contrary, and except for pH which refers to continuous values. Limits apply to effluent prior to dilution by any uncontaminated streams, e.g. storm water, cooling water, etc.

** Only applicable to waters subject to eutrophication. One or both parameters may be applied depending on the local situation.

Notes for Table 5.5

1. The toxicity of the effluent shall be determined by testing an appropriate aquatic species. The number of Toxicity Units (TU) = 100/96 hr LC50 in percentage vol/vol. so that higher TU values reflect greater levels of toxicity.


3. Consent conditions for discharge to sewer must be established with the sanitary authority, and different values may apply.

Page 92 of 132


Page 93 of 132

Extract from EPA Batneec Guidance Note For Textile Finishing


4.1 INTRODUCTION





Demonstration of waste minimisation by means of process control, inventory control and end-of-pipe technologies, etc.





Page 94 of 132



Inventory control. Optimisation of water usage. Countercurrent rinsing. Chlorine-free bleaching. Dry equipment cleaning and dry vacuum systems, where feasible. Separation of cooling water, storm water and process effluents of different origin

in order to permit appropriate treatment options. Except where unavoidable, the following shall not be used:

(i) Halogenated substances.(ii) Phosphates.(iii) Sodium perborate.(iv) Substances containing PCP (pentachlorophenol) or its precursors,

polybrominated diphenylethers, and biphenyls. (v) Heavy metal based dyestuffs (where unavoidable, low metal based dyes

must be selected).(vi) Reductive sulphur containing bleaches (peroxide bleaches are an

alternative).(vii) Sodium hydrosulphite.(viii) Urea.(ix) "Chrome" oxidation (alternatives are alkaline and acid hydrogen peroxide).(x) White spirits and aromatic solvents.

Raw materials shall be investigated for their potential contribution of EC List 1 substances to aquatic discharges. Alternatives shall be sought for those with such potential.

Except where unavoidable, only biodegradable chemicals shall be used. (wetting agents, emulsifiers, surfactants, sizing agents, etc).

Dyestuffs containing any of the following substances shall not be used:(i) PCB's (Polychlorinated biphenyls).(ii) Cadmium.(ii) Benzidine bases.(iv) Carriers containing chlorine.(v) Carcinogens (R45 risk phase under EC Dir. 67/548/EEC).(vi) Formaldehyde.

Chlorine free shrinkproofing is preferred. High temperature dyeing (redundancy of carried use). Use of reactive dyes (to eliminate chromate for fixation).



Page 95 of 132

Enclosure of materials (excluding bulk liquids), storage and handling within a suitable building.

Bunding of tanks. Single controlled emission point for all large dedicated plants. Overground pipelines and transfer lines. Check system to avoid mixing incompatible materials. Bunding of all stored materials with separate bunding for incompatibles. Overfilling protection on bulk storage tanks.

4.4 TECHNOLOGIES FOR RECOVERY AND RECYCLE(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case

will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints).

Heat Recovery. Recycle of process liquors. Cryogenic condensation on reactor overheads. Carbon adsorption/desorption on vapour streams containing organics. Reuse in another industry. Onsite solvent recovery.


Bag filters (T1). Wet electrostatic precipitators (T2). Vapour incineration (thermal, catalytic and regenerative) (T3).


4.6.1 Pre-Treatment

Precipitation (F1). Oxidation (F2). Adsorption (F3). Membrane filtration (F4).


pH Correction/neutralisation (F5). Coagulation/flocculation/precipitation (F6). Sedimentation/filtration/floatation (F7).


Biofilters (F8).

Page 96 of 132

Anaerobic treatment (F9). Wet air oxidation (F10). Activated sludge/aeration lagoons (F11). Extended aeration (F12). Nitrification/denitrification (F13). Ozonation/oxidation (F14).


Filtration/coagulation/precipitation (F15). Activated Carbon polishing (F16). Resin beds (F17).



Gravity thickening Dissolved air floatation Filtration Centrifugation Sludge digestion Drying

4.7.2 Disposal

Incineration (Incinerator emissions are the subject of a separate note). Engineered landfill of wastes. Landspreading of wastes.

Table 4.1 - Technologies for Treating Emissions to Air(Symbols refer to section 4.5)


Dust and lint, fabric fibres T1, T2

VOC's T3

Oils, greases, waxes T2

Page 97 of 132

Table 4.2 - Technologies for Treating Effluent(Symbols refer to section 4.6)


Heavy Metals F1, F16, F17Sulphides F2, F10, F11, F12, F14Biocides F3, F6, F10

AOX F3, F16, F10Mineral Oils F4Acids/Alkalis F5

Phenols F3, F10, F11, F12, F14, F16Organics F6, F7, F8, F9, F10, F11, F12, F14, F16,

F17Sizing Agents F4, F9, F10

Polyester latex, Polyacrylates F6, F7, F10Oils/Fats/Grease F6, F7, F10

Dyes F4, F6, F10, F14, F15, F16Ammonia/Nitrate F13, F9, F10, F11, F12, F14





Temperature 273 oK; Pressure 101.3 kPa; no correction for water vapour content.



Page 98 of 132











Emission Limit Values representing BATNEEC are given in Table 5.1.


Substance Emission Limit mg/m3

VOC's (as C) >1kg/h(excluding Formaldehyde)

50 (no reuse)1

Particulates 50Isocyanates (as NCO) 0.1

Formaldehyde 20(Achievement of ELV concentrations by the introduction of dilution air is not

permitted).

Note 1. Where reuse occurs the ELV’s shall be as for T.A. Luft Organics. Re-use means use of recovered solvents for any technical or commercial purpose,

Page 99 of 132

including use as a fuel when this is demonstrated to the satisfaction of the Agency, but excluding the final disposal of such recovered solvent as waste.




Page 100 of 132

Table 5.2 - Emission Limit Values for Discharges to Water1


Limit Value Notes


or 50 mg/l1,4


Total Nitrogen (as N)2 >80% Removalor 15 mg/l

4,5

COD (mg O2 /l) >80% Removalor 160 mg/l

4,5

Total Phosphorus (as P)2 >80% Removalor 2 mg/l

4,5

Total Ammonia (mg/1 as N) 10 4Oils, Fats & Grease (mg/1) 10 4Phenols (mg/l) 1.0 4Mercury (mg/1) 0.001 4Nickel (mg/l) 0.5 4Cobalt (mg/l) 0.5 4Lead (mg/l) 0.1 4Antimony (mg/l) 1.0 4Tin (mg/l) 1.0 4Chromium (mg/l as Cr VI)Chromium (mg/l as total Cr)

0.10.5

44

Arsenic (mg/l) 0.2 4Cadmium (mg/l) 0.01 4Zinc (mg/l) 2.0 4Copper (mg/l) 0.5 4Mineral Oil (mg/l) (Interceptors) 20 4EC. List 1 As per 76/464/EC and

amendments-

Benzene & Toluene & Xylene (mg/l combined)

0.1(monthly mean)

4

Mineral oils (mg/l)(Biological Treatment) 1.0 4Organochlorine pesticides (mg/l as Cl) 0.003 4Mothproofing agents (mg/l as Cl) 0.0003 4Organophosphorus pesticides (mg/l as P) 0.0003 4Adsorbable organic halogen compounds (mg AOX/l)3

1.0 4

Sulphide (mg/l as S) 0.5 4Fish Tainting No Tainting 3,41 All values refer to daily averages, except where otherwise stated to the contrary, and except for pH which refers to continuous values. Limits apply to effluent prior to dilution by any uncontaminated streams. e.g. stormwater, cooling water, etc. For activities using well developed water conservation techniques alternative ELV’s may be calculated based on the loads arising from these limits.

2 Only applicable to waters subject to eutrophication. One or both limits may apply, depending on the sensitivity of the receiving waters.

Page 101 of 132

3Absorbable organic halogen compounds.

Notes for Table 5.2


Calculations of the removal rates for BOD should be based on the differences between the waste loads arising for disposal and those discharges to the receiving waters. The amounts removed by treatment (chemical, physical, biological) may be included in the calculation.

2. The toxicity of the effluent shall be determined by testing an appropriate aquatic species. The number of toxic units (Tu) = 100/x hour EC/LC50 in percentage vol/vol so that higher Tu values reflect greater levels of toxicity. For test regimes where species death is not easily detected, immobilisation is considered equivalent to death.


4. Consent conditions for discharge to sewer must be established with the sanitary authority, and different values may apply.


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Extract from EPA Batneec Guidance Note For Waste


4.1 Introduction

As explained in Section 2, this Guidance Note identifies BATNEEC, but obviously does so in the absence of site-specific information. Accordingly, it represents the requirements expected of any new activity covered by the Note, but does not exclude additional requirements which may form part of the granting of a licence for a specific site.


Incineration/Waste Fuel process design and selection to eliminate emissions that pose environmental problems.

Substitution e.g. of fuels by environmentally less harmful ones.


The existing, or possible, measures for reduction and control of emissions are described in this section. These range from relatively simple containment measures to sophisticated recovery and end-of-pipe technologies and include:

(i) Load Minimisation

(ii) Containment (iii) Recovery/recycle (iv) Emission reduction (v) Waste treatment & disposal.

The technical feasibility of the measures listed below has been demonstrated by various sources. Used singly or in combination, these measures represent BATNEEC solutions when implemented in the appropriate circumstances. The circumstances depend on plant scale, chemicals used, nature of the products made, number of different products produced, degree of plant integration etc. A summary of the treatments for various emissions is given at the end of this section. Note that where flammable / explosive dusts or vapours are handled, safety procedures (acceptable to the Health and Safety Authority ) should be adopted and nothing in this note should be construed as advice to the contrary.

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4.2 Load Minimisation:

Incineration:

Screening/filtering of liquid wastes where appropriate. Uncontaminated fuel supply for support burners. Wastes should not be introduced to the incinerator before the optimum

temperature is reached in the final combustion chamber. The waste charging system should be interlocked with the temperature

monitoring and control system to prevent waste additions, should the operating temperature fall below the required limits.

Rapid quenching of waste gases should be incorporated into incinerator design, where appropriate.

Minimum operating temperature (as measured at inner wall of combusion chamber) of 850oC.

Minimum residence time of two seconds at the operating temperature. Minimum oxygen content of 6% v/v (except when the furnace is fuelled with

liquid hazardous waste only or with a mixture of gaseous substances and powdered solids from a thermal pretreatment of hazardous waste under oxygen deficiency, and when the gaseous part provides more than 50% of the entire heat released, the oxygen content after the last injection of combustion air shall amount to at least 3% v/v).

Minimum operating temperature for hospital waste is 1100oC. Minimum operating temperature for waste with >1% organochlorine

substances is 1100oC. Gas cooling, quenching (possible heat recovery). Dry equipment cleaning and dry vacuum systems, where feasible.

Waste Derived Fuel:

Screening to remove grit, dust and putrescible material. Inventory control. Avoid undue delays in processing material. Segregation and prescreening of material into similar streams prior to arrival

on-site. Dry equipment cleaning and dry vacuum systems, where feasible.

4.3 Containment of Emissions: (No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular

case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints.)

Incineration:


Minimisation of tank filling losses by, e.g., vapour return systems. Vent collection and ducting from tank farms to central abatement systems. Mimimisation of tank breathing losses by pressure vacuum valves, isolation

and/or tanks painted white.

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Overground pipelines and transfer lines. Floating roofs on bulk storage tanks. Incinerator chamber design to withstand pressure surges. Storage of delivered materials pending detailed analysis. Check system to avoid mixing incompatible materials, where required. Bunding of all stored materials with separate bunding for incompatibles. Overfilling protection on bulk storage tanks. Prevention of rain ingress, wind entrainment etc. for stored materials. Inventory control.

Waste Derived Fuel:


Bunding of tanks. All material handling under cover. Check system to avoid blending inappropriate wastes. Prevention of rain ingress, wind entrainment etc. for stored materials. Separation of cooling waters, storm waters and process effluent of different

origins in order to permit appropraite treatment options.

4.4 Technologies for recovery and recycling:(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints.)

Interceptor tanks at each process building. Separation and reuse in another industry. Gas cooling, quenching (possibly heat recovery).

4.5 Technologies for treating air emissions:(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints.)

(Symbols in brackets explained in Table 4.1 below)

Incineration:

Scrubbers (T1). Filters (T2). Biofilters (T3). Cyclones(T4). Wet electrostatic precipitators (T5). Thermal conditioning of plume (T6). Combined bag filters, lime and activated carbon injection (T7).

Waste Derived Fuel:

Wet scrubbing (T1).

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Filters (T2). Odour control by frequent cleaning and disinfection (e.g. 1-2 times/day) (T8). Biofiltration (specialised plant) (T3). Afterburners (minimum 850oC, 6% O2 v/v) (T9).

Table 4.1 Technologies to treat Air Emissions.

Emission Technologies

Particulates T2, T4, T5, T7, T9Sulphur and compounds T1, T3, T7Nitrogen and compounds T3Halogens and compounds T1, T7Metals, metalloids and compounds T2, T4, T5, T7Organic compounds T1, T3, T7, T9Phosphorus and compounds T1, T7Odours T1, T3, T8, T9Water vapour T6

4.6 Technologies for treating water emissions:(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints.)

Incineration:

Filtration /Coagulation/Precipitation (Heavy metals). pH Correction / neutralisation (Acids & alkalis).

Waste Derived Fuel:

Precipitation (Heavy metals). pH Correction / neutralisation (Acids & alkalis). Coagulation / flocculation / precipitation (Dissolved & colloidal solids and

heavy metals). Settlement / filtration / floatation (Solids removal). Activated sludge (Organic treatment for BOD removal). Extended aeration (Organic treatment for BOD removal). Activated Carbon polishing (Trace organic removal). Resin beds (Dissolved solids). Phosphate removal.

4.7 Technologies for the treatment and disposal of wastes:

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(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints.)

Incineration:

Waste encapsulation. Reuse in downstream processing. Vitrification of waste. Engineered landfill of wastes.

Waste Derived Fuel:

Engineered landfill of wastes.



5.1.1 Incineration Processes


Temperature 273 K (00C),Pressure 101.3 kPa (1 atmosphere), Oxygen 11% v/v, (except for waste oil incineration, 3% v/v), Dry Gas.

These units and reference conditions may not be suitable for continuous monitoring methods and may, subject to licence, be converted for day-to-day control purposes, into values more suitable for the available instrumentation.

5.1.2 Waste Derived Fuel


Temperature 273 K (00C), Pressure 101.3 kPa (1 atmosphere), no correction for oxygen or water content.

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These units and reference conditions may not be suitable for continuous monitoring methods and may, subject to licence, be converted for day-to-day control purposes, into values more suitable for the available instrumentation.


5.2.1 Air emissions

5.2.1.1 Hazardous and Clinical Waste Incineration


(i) No 30 minute mean measurements shall exceed the 30 minute emission limit values in Table 5.1.

(ii) All daily mean values shall be less than the daily emission concentration limits in Table 5.1

.Where periodic monitoring is used to check compliance, all samples should meet the consent conditions.

5.2.1.2 Animal Carcass and Other Incineration

For continuous monitoring, 95% of the 24-hour rolling average values shall comply with the Emission Limit Values, and no hourly result shall exceed 1.5 times the Emission Limit Value.


The limit values for discharges to water are based on 24 hour flow proportional composite samples taken over a representative production period.

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5.3 Releases to Air

5.3.1 Incineration processes

Carbon Monoxide

The concentration of carbon monoxide after the last injection of combustion air should not exceed the following levels:

(a) 50 mg/m3 of combustion gas determined as a daily average value;

(b) 100 mg/m3 of combustion gas determined as an hourly average value;

(c) 150 mg/m3 of combustion gas of at least 95% of all measurements determined as 10 minute average values taken in any 24 hour

period.

Other Emission Limits

For all new plant the following concentration limits apply to release from contained sources:

Table 5.1. Emission limit values for releases to air

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Hazardous & ClinicalWaste Incineration

Animal

Incineration

Other Incineration

Averaging Period 30 min. Daily Hourly HourlyVolatile organic compounds (excluding particulate matter)expressed as total organic

carbon

20 mg/m3 10 mg/m3 - 20mg/m3

Total particulate matter 30 mg/m3 10 mg/m3 100 mg/m3 30 mg/m3

Hydrogen chloride 60 mg/m3 10 mg/m3 30 mg/m3 30 mg/m3

Hydrogen fluoride 4 mg/m3 1 mg/m3 - 2 mg/m3

Sulphur dioxide 200 mg/m 50 mg/m3 300 mg/m3 300 mg/m3

Dioxins* ( 6-8 hours samples)

- 0.1 ng/m3 0.1 ng/m3 0.1 ng/m3

Note: Achievement of ELV concentration by the introduction of dilution air is not permitted

For the following metals and their compounds, including the gaseous and vapour forms of the metal, expressed as the metal, the following limits apply to all Incineration Processes (sampling period between 0.5 and 8 hours)

mg/m3

Cadmium, thallium taken together 0.05Mercury 0.05Antimony, arsenic, chromium, cobalt, copper,lead, manganese, nickel, tin and vanadium,taken together 0.5

Dioxins The emission of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) should be reduced as far as possible. The aim should be to achieve a guide TEQ value of 0.1 ng/ m3.

For hazardous waste incineration, subject to the EC establishing harmonised measurement methods by the 01/07/96, this guide value becomes an emission limit value from the 01/01/97.

* Toxic Equivalent (TEQ) - see Appendix 2.

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Odours Emissions from the process should not give rise to any nuisance odour detectable outside the boundary where the process is carried on.

Smoke For all plant, emissions during normal operation, including start-up and shut-down and within 5 minutes of start-up from cold, should be free from visible smoke.

5.3.2 Waste Derived Fuel Processes

For all new plant the following concentration limits apply to releases from contained sources:

Total particulate matter 50 mg/m3

For the following metals and their compounds, including the gaseous and vapour forms of the metal, expressed as the metal, the following limits apply:

mg/m3Arsenic, chromium, copper, lead, manganese, nickel and tin, taken together 1.0

Cadmium 0.1

Mercury 0.1

Odour Emissions from the process should not give rise to any nuisance odour detectable outside the boundary where the process is carried on.

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Effluent load should be minimised by recovery of materials wherever practicable. The use of lower quality water may be possible for some parts of the process rather than fresh water.

Excluding uncontaminated stormwaters, all releases to waters are subject to a licence from the Agency. However, any discharge to sewer, will also require the consent of the local authority or sewerage undertaker. BATNEEC to minimise the release of substances will generally include minimisation at source and either specific treatment of contaminated waste streams to remove particular substances or co-treatment of the mixed effluent or both.

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Tables 5.2 and 5.3 contain the identified emission limit values.

Table 5.2 - Emission Limit Values for all Sectors*


Limit Value Notes

pH 6 - 9 2 BOD (mg/1) 25 2

Number of Toxicity Units 5 1 Total Nitrogen (as N) ** >80% removal or 15 mg/l 2 ,3Total Phosphorus (as P)** >80% removal or 2 mg/l 2,3Total Ammonia (mg/1 as N) 10 2 Oils, Fats & Grease (mg/1) 10 2 Phenols (mg/l) 1.0 2 Cyanide (mg/l as CN) 0.2 2 Mercury (mg/1) 0.05 2 Tin (mg/l) 2.0 2 Lead (mg/l)*** 0.5 2 Chromium (mg/l as Cr VI) 0.1 2 Chromium (mg/l as total Cr)*** 0.5 2Cadmium (mg/l) 0.05 2 Zinc (mg/l)*** 0.5 2 Copper (mg/l)*** 0.5 2 Fish Tainting No TaintingMineral Oil (mg/l) Interceptors 20.0 2 MineralOil (mg/l)Biological Treatment 1.0 2

* All values refer to daily averages, except where otherwise stated to the contrary, and except for pH which refers to continuous values. Limits apply to effluent prior to dilution by uncontaminated streams, e.g. stormwater, cooling water, etc.


*** Where the sum of the loads of these metals is <200 g/day prior to treatment, the respective emission limit value may be increased by a factor of four - in justified cases.

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Table 5.3 - Additional Emmision Limit Values for Incineration Processes

Substance SpotSample

Monthly*Sample

Notes

Organic solvents other thanalcohols mg/l -

0.1(monthly mean)

2

Organohalogens (as Cl) mg/l-

0.1 (monthly mean)

2

Dieldrin ng/l 100 50 2Gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane ng/l 100 100 2Polychlorinated biphenyls ng/l 100 50 2Trifuralin ng/l 50 50 2Hexachlorobenzene ng/l 400 300 2Hexachlorobutadiene ng/l 50 50 2Trichlorobenzene ng/l 50 50 2Dichlorvos ng/l 50 50 2Fenitrothion ng/l 100 50 2Simazine ng/l 400 300 2Atrazine ng/l 400 300 2Pentachlorophenol and itscompounds ng/l

500 300 2

Tributyltin compounds ng/l 200 100 2Triphenyltin compounds ng/l 200 100 2

* Flow weighted automatic seven day sample

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Notes for Tables 5.2 and 5.3:

1. Toxicity unit (TU) = 100/x hour E(L)C 50 in percentage vol/vol, where x is defined by the test procedure. The toxicity of the process effluent to at least two appropriate aquatic species shall be determined.


3. Removal means reduction in relation to influent load. Total Nitrogen means the sum of Kjeldahl Nitrogen, Nitrate N and Nitrite N.

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Extract from EPA Batneec Guidance Note For The Production of Cement


4.1 Introduction



Process design / redesign changes to eliminate emissions and wastes that might pose environmental problems. (This includes fuel efficiency).

Substitution of fuels etc. by environmentally less harmful ones.

Demonstration of waste minimisation and reduction by means of process control, inventory control and end-of-pipe technologies etc.


(i) Load minimisation (ii) Containment(iii) Recovery/Recycle (iv) Emission reduction (v) Waste treatment and disposal.

The technical feasibility of the measures listed below has been demonstrated by various sources. Used singly, or in combination, the measures represent BATNEEC solutions when implemented in the appropriate circumstances. These circumstances depend on plant scale, fuels used, nature of abatement technology etc. A summary of the treatments for various emissions is given at the end of this section.

Note that where flammable/explosive vapours or dusts are handled, safety procedures (acceptable to HSA) should be adopted and nothing in this note should be construed as advice to the contrary.

4.2 Technologies for load minimisation:(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints).

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Control of peak flame temperatures in the kiln (for NOx and CO minimisation). Selection of raw materials and fuels (to minimise production of H2S, mercaptans,

odours, metals, halogens, sulphur etc.). Prevention of rain ingress, wind entrainment for stored materials. Inventory control. Optimisation of water usage. Separation of cooling water, storm water, bund and effluents of different origin in

order to permit appropriate treatment options. Dry equipment cleaning and dry vacuum systems, where feasible.

4.3 Containment of emissions:(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints).

Except for storage of coarse raw materials, storage, handling and transfer should be enclosed.

Bunding of materials, tanks etc. Totally enclosed belt conveyors to be used for dusty materials, vented to suitable

arrestment plant. Conveyors should be fitted with wind boards or equivalent protection. Overground pipelines and transfer lines. Good housekeeping practise. Conveyor transfer points should be reduced to the minimum number practicable

and should be designed for minimum free fall, fully enclosed and vented to suitable arrestment plants.

Conveyors fitted with effective means for keeping the return belt clean, and for collection of material removed by this cleaning operation.

Clinker cooler-to-store conveyors totally enclosed, and extracted. Covered storage for dusty material stockpiles (to contain fugitive emissions). Dust from bulk and bag filling of product to be contained by use of local

extraction systems. (Wet suppression to be considered as an alternative where dry extraction is not practicable).

Fugitive emissions for stockpile and yard areas to be minimised by means of wet suppression techniques.

Clinker storage indoors. Overfilling protection on bulk storage tanks.

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4.4 Technologies for recovery and recycle:(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints).

Fines collected in dust abatement systems should where practicable be recycled in enclosed systems to the process.

4.5 Technologies for treating air emissions:(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints). (Symbols refer to Table 4.1).

Electrostatic precipitators (T1). Fabric filters (> 99.5% removals) (T2). Gravel bed filters (T3). Cyclones (for precleaning) (T4). Wet suppression (T5). Ceramic filters (T6).

4.6 Technologies for treating water emissions:(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints).(Symbols refer to Table 4.2).

pH Correction / neutralisation (F1). Coagulation / flocculation / precipitation (F2). Sedimentation / filtration / flotation (F3). Oil/water separation system (F4).

4.7 Specific technologies for the treatment and disposal of wastes:(No priority ranking is intended, and the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics of the process concerned and on site constraints).

Sludge dewatering. Engineered landfill of wastes. Outlets should be sought for the reuse of wastes arising from plant cleaning,

baghouses etc.

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Table 4.1 Summary of Technologies for Treating Air Emissions(Symbols refer to section 4.5)


Particulates T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6

Other emissions (e.g. sulphur, halogens, odours etc.)

Controlled under load minimisation

Table 4.2 Summary of Technologies for Treating Water Emissions(Symbols refer to section 4.6)


Particulates F2, F3 Metals F1, F2, F3

Oils etc. F4







Temperature 273 K; Pressure 101.3 kPa; dry gas.Oxygen content 10%.

These units and reference conditions may not be suitable for continuous monitoring methods and may, by agreement with the Agency, be converted, for day-to-day control purposes, into values more suitable for the available instrumentation.

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All period averages should cover operating hours only, but excluding start-up and shutdown. In the case of dust emissions, Trip-outs of the ESPs for safety reasons are also excluded from period averages.


5.2.1 Air Emissions95 % of the daily means of continuous monitoring during steady plant operation ( excluding start-up and shut-down and, in the case of dust, safety trip-outs) shall comply with the limit value over a calendar year. 100% of the half hourly means, similarly obtained shall be less than twice the limit value. For periodic monitoring, all results shall be below 1.5 times the limit value.

5.2.2 Emissions to WatersThe limit values for discharges to water are based on 24 hour flow proportioned composite samples taken over a representative production period.

5.3 Releases to Air

Table 5.1 Emission Limit Values for Air

Emission Source ConcentrationLimit (mg/Nm3)

Note 1

Mass EmissionLimit (kg/t

kiln dry feed.)Dust Kiln/milling/drying

>500,000 t/a clinker capacity of plant<500,000 t/a clinker capacityof plantClinker coolingClinker grindingOther sources

50

100

1007550

0.15

-

0.05--

SO2 Kiln 400-750* -

NOx Kiln 1300-1800 -

Note 1: Achievement of ELV concentration by the introduction of dilution air is not permitted.

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* The SO2 emission is dependent upon the sulphur content of the fuel and raw material.

5.4 Releases to water

Effluent should be minimised by recycling and re-use wherever practicable. The use of lower quality water may be possible for some parts of the process rather than fresh water.

All releases to waters are subject to a licence from the Agency. However, any discharge to a sewer, will require the consent of the sanitary authority. BATNEEC to minimise the release of substances will generally include minimisation at source and either specific treatment of contaminated waste streams to remove particular substances or co-treatment of combined effluent streams or both. The Emission Limit Values for effluent discharges to waters are set out in Table 5.2.

Table 5. 2 - Emission Limit Values for Discharges to Water*


Limit Value Notes

pH 6 - 9 2

BOD (mg/l) 25 2

Suspended Solids (mg/l) 35 2


Mineral Oil (Interceptors) (mg/l) 20 2

* All values refer to daily averages, except where otherwise stated to the contrary, and except for pH which refers to continuous values. Limits apply to effluent prior to dilution by uncontaminated streams, e.g. stormwater, cooling water, etc. Metals will be a matter for licensing.

Notes for Table 5.2


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Extract from EPA Batneec Guidance Note For The Poultry Production Sector4 CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES

4.1 IntroductionAs explained in Section 2, this Guidance Note identifies BATNEEC, but obviously does so in the absence of site-specific information. Accordingly, it represents the requirements expected of any new activity covered by the Note, but does not exclude additional requirements which may form part of the granting of a licence for a specific site.The approach to be used in selecting BATNEEC is based on the following hierarchy:

Process design/redesign and selection changes to minimise the production of manure, wash-water, carcasses and packaging waste that might pose environmental problems.

Process design/redesign and selection changes to minimise emissions that might pose environmental problems.

Substitution of feed, materials, machinery etc., by environmentally less harmful ones.

Demonstration of waste minimisation by means of production process control, inventory control and recycling technologies etc.

The existing, or possible measures for reduction and control of emissions are described in this section. These range from relatively simple siting and containment measures to recovery/recycling and manure treatment technologies and include:

1. Siting poultry units.2. Load minimisation.3. Containment.4. Manure spreading.5. Recovery/recycling.6. Treatment of manure.

The technical feasibility of the measures listed below has been demonstrated by various sources. Used singly or in combination, these measures represent BATNEEC solutions when implemented in the appropriate circumstances. The circumstances depend on farm scale, feed and materials used, type of poultry housing, number and type of different birds/eggs produced, degree of integration of the plant, etc.Poultry manure and wash water should be spread parallel to ground contours taking account of safety requirements. Note that where hazardous (including asphyxiant) dusts or vapours occur, safety procedures (acceptable to Health & Safety Authority) should be adopted. In these, and any other matters concerning safety, appropriate safe working practices should be adopted and nothing in this note should be construed as advice to the contrary.

4.2 Poultry housing and manureThere are three main types of poultry housing:

1. Litter based housing.2. Non-litter based housing with air drying of the manure.3. Non-litter based housing without air drying of the manure.

Litter based housing is commonly used in pullet, broiler and turkey houses. It is also used in aviary laying houses. Suitable bedding, comprising of wood shavings,

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chopped straw, shredded paper or moss peat is used to cover the floor. The manure produced combined with the litter can have a dry matter content of c. 70%, particularly when good insulation and ventilation are provided and water spillages are minimised.

4.2.1 Non-litter based housing with air drying of the manureNon-litter based housing is commonly used in laying hen houses. The birds are housed in cages and the manure is dried to c. 55% dry matter content by two main methods:

1. The manure drops through the floor of the cages onto ‘manure drying conveyor belts’ beneath the cages. Dry air is blown over the surface of this manure on the ‘manure drying conveyor belt’ thus drying the manure.

2. The manure drops through the floor of the cages into a ‘deep pit’ concrete structure beneath the house where the ventilation air dries the manure. Preliminary drying may occur on cleaning plates fixed underneath the cages before the manure is scrapped off the plates into the ‘deep pit’ below.

4.2.2 Non-litter based housing without air drying of the manureNon-litter based housing without air drying should normally be used only in the housing of ducks. The birds are housed on a wire mesh floor, with the manure stored in a concrete structure underneath. Water is added to the manure and mechanical agitation of the manure/water slurry takes place prior to spreading.

4.2.3 Poultry manureThe characteristics of poultry manure are a function of:

water:feed ratio feed quantity feed quality amount of bedding used, if any

Account should be taken of these variables when estimating the quantity and associated characteristics of the manure from a specific unit; account may also have to be taken, where appropriate of additions to the manure in storage from extraneous water including wash-water and contaminated surface water.

The approximate characteristics of manure produced by the four main types of poultry are given in Table 2.

Table 2: Approximate characteristics of poultry excreta

1Note: This amount includes bedding.

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Type of Poultry place

Approx. Bodyweight

(kg)

Excreta (l/week)

% Dry Matter of Excreta

Nitrogen (kg/place/ annum)

Phosphorus (kg/place/ annum)

Laying Hen 2.0 1.1 25 0.84 0.2

Broiler 2.0 0.2 601 0.34 0.08

Turkey 7.0 2.0 23 1.29 0.53

Ducks (Duckling) 2.0 1.4 12 1.00 0.27

4.3 Siting poultry unitsBATNEEC for the siting of poultry units is based on the following hierarchy:

A mass balance of nutrients within a control area. Protection of both surface and groundwater resources in the vicinity of the

site and landspreading areas. Avoidance of nuisance due to malodours for dwellings in the vicinity of the

site. Protection of the environment in the event of the de-stocking of the unit due

to an emergency, e.g. an outbreak of a Class A disease as identified in accordance with the current list of scheduled and notifiable diseases compiled by the Department of Agriculture, Food and Forestry under the provisions of the ‘Diseases of Animals Act’, 1966.

The management of poultry manure should be based on a mass balance of nutrients within a control area, whether the area be a farm, group of farms or a region. Thus, poultry units should preferably be sited in close proximity to either mushroom compost production areas or suitable landspreading areas such as land used for tillage crop production in which they can operate as ‘back to back’ enterprises to:

Facilitate the utilisation of manure for mushroom compost or crop production.

Avoid a surplus of manure prevailing within a region. Reduce manure transportation costs.

In order to protect both surface and groundwater resources in the vicinity of the site and landspreading areas a site investigation is essential and it is generally advisable that it be carried out by a qualified hydrogeologist. The site investigation should provide information on:

Depth to water table (if shallow). Depth to bedrock (if shallow) and details of bedrock outcrops. Subsoil and bedrock type and quantitative assessment of permeability. Presence or absence of karst features - caves, swallow holes etc. - if bedrock

is limestone. Aquifer classification and groundwater vulnerability in accordance with the

provisions of ‘Groundwater protection schemes in Ireland: A proposed approach’, (Daly, 1995).

Private wells within 200 metres and all public wells within 1 kilometre of site and 300 metres of the landspreading areas.

Direction of groundwater flow. Baseline information on surface and groundwater quality. Location of all watercourses adjacent to the site and landspreading areas.

In addition the investigation should include information on soil types and nutrient status.Poultry units should be sited a distance of preferably not less than 400 metres from the nearest neighbouring dwelling and all operations on site shall be carried out in a manner such that air emissions and/or odours do not result in significant impairment of or significant interference with amenities or the environment beyond the site boundary.Poultry units should be sited such that in the event of an outbreak of disease requiring de-stocking there is an appropriate site available for the construction of a lined carcass disposal site for the disposal of all carcasses. The carcass disposal site shall be appropriately constructed in order to avoid any detrimental impacts on both surface and groundwater quality in accordance with the provisions contained in ‘Class A

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disease outbreak - a multi-disciplinary approach’, (Duggan, O’Laoide and Finn, 1995.)

4.4 Load minimisationAll feedingstuffs in the poultry production sector shall comply with the provisions of current national legislation thereon.Load minimisation for the poultry production sector is based on the following hierarchy although the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specific circumstances which apply to the individual site.Minimisation of poultry manure and reduction of mineral excretion by:

1. Feeding to requirements.2. Maintaining feeding systems in a good working condition so that feed

wastage and spoilage are kept to a minimum.3. Increasing the digestibility of the phosphorus in feed.4. Using low phosphorus feed, where appropriate. 5. Maintaining all drinkers in a good working condition such that leaks are

prevented. If suitable for the type of birds, nipple and drip cups (or similar system) are preferable to hanging bowl drinkers, as they minimise water spillage.

6. Separate collection of all uncontaminated surface water run-off from roofs and clean paved areas within the proposed development and its direct disposal to field drains or soakpits according to S129: ‘Minimum specification for farmyard drainage, concrete yards and roads.’, (DAFF, 1993).

Minimisation of odour emissions by: Adequate cleaning of poultry houses between batches. Using adequate bedding in litter based poultry housing. Provision of adequate manure storage capacity. Stocking poultry units at design level. Designing ventilation system to facilitate efficient operation including

maintenance. Filling and emptying liquid manure storage tanks from below the surface of

the stored manure, where feasible. Minimising the agitation of manure.

Minimisation of carcass waste by reducing mortality rates on the unit.Minimisation of wash-water by:

Construction and maintenance of poultry houses to allow efficient cleaning. Use of dry cleaning and dry vacuum systems where feasible. Use of automatic cut-off trigger operated high pressure hoses for washing.

4.5 Containment of emissionsContainment of emissions for the poultry production sector is based on the following hierarchy although the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specific circumstances which apply to the individual site. Poultry manure should be managed in order to achieve approximate dry matter contents as detailed in .Poultry manure from litter based housing should be stored:

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In a manure pit structure constructed according to S108: ‘Minimum specification for manure pit’, (DAFF, 1987) and sited where the risk of both water pollution and spread of disease to other poultry houses is minimal. The manure pit should be provided with a roof and walls as necessary to protect the poultry manure from the elements.

Discrete quantities of manure may be stored for up to two weeks, on suitable landspreading areas as detailed in Section , prior to landspreading. Only the quantity required for spreading in a particular field should be stored in that field. Such short storage of manure, where practised should be in accordance with ‘Control of farmyard pollution: Guidelines and recommendations’, (DAFF, 1996).

Litter-free air dried poultry manure should be stored in either: A reinforced concrete structure constructed according to S123: ‘Minimum

specification: Slatted livestock units; Reinforced concrete tanks’, (DAFF, 1994) placed below the poultry house but with access for emptying and provision for adequate ventilating airflow to dry the manure in the ‘deep pit’.

In a manure pit structure constructed according to S108, (DAFF, 1987) and sited where the risk of both water pollution and infection of other poultry houses is minimal. The manure pit should be provided with a roof and walls as necessary to protect the air dried poultry manure from the elements

Litter-free poultry manure without air drying should be stored: In underground, partly underground or overground concrete structures

constructed according to S123: ‘Minimum specification: Slatted livestock units; Reinforced concrete tanks’, (DAFF, 1994).

In an overground steel structure constructed on an impermeable concrete base. Steel structures must be certified by the manufacturer as being water-tight and they must be guaranteed for a 10 year period. The design specification and subsequent construction for the concrete base must be certified by a chartered engineer.


The following applies to all poultry manure and wash-water storage structures whether or not on the site of the unit:

A minimum of six months storage capacity dedicated to the unit is required. All construction work should be certified by a chartered engineer as having

been constructed according to either S108 or S123 as appropriate, (DAFF, 1987 and 1994).

Where the poultry manure storage structures are constructed to another design specification, then both the design specification and the subsequent construction work should be certified by a chartered engineer as being suitable for the task and comparable to the Department of Agriculture, Food and Forestry specifications.

All storage tanks should be inspected by a chartered engineer and certified as structurally sound for the purpose they were intended subsequent to construction and at appropriate intervals thereafter.

Leak detection facilities based on inspection chambers and perimeter wall and under floor drains should be provided as appropriate.

Spreading or applying manure to landspreading areas should be carried out according to Section .Transport of poultry manure should be in suitably contained, leakproof vehicles.

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The septic tank drainage system should be constructed in accordance with SR6 ‘Septic tank systems: Recommendations for domestic effluent treatment and disposal from a single domestic dwelling’, (NSAI, 1991). Oil storage tanks on site should be placed on impervious bases and shall be located within oil tight bunds, capable of holding 110% of the volume of the largest tank within the bund. The fill and draw pipes shall be enclosed within the bund.Odour emissions should be contained by:

Reducing uncontrolled air movement. Filling and emptying liquid manure storage tanks from below the surface of

the stored manure, where feasible. Transporting manure in suitably contained, leakproof vehicles. Minimising the agitation of manure. Minimising the generation of odours during meteorological conditions which

favour the spread of odours. Landscaping poultry houses using shelter-belts.

Carcasses should be stored on site in covered containers and transported to a rendering facility in covered, leakproof containers as soon as practical and at least once per week.Wash-water from poultry houses should be stored:


In an overground steel structure constructed on an impermeable concrete base. Steel structures must be certified by the manufacturer as being leak-proof and they must be guaranteed for a 10 year period. The design specification and subsequent construction for the concrete base must be certified by a chartered engineer.


Packaging waste, contaminated drums, equipment and protective clothing should be collected and stored in suitably sealed leakproof containers, where practicable.

4.6 Spreading poultry manureThe owner of the poultry unit where the manure and wash-water is produced shall be responsible for its management.BATNEEC for spreading poultry manure is based on the following preferred hierarchy:

Suitable landspreading areas. Buffer-zones required. Time of application. Manner of application. Spreading rate.

Units where landspreading areas are obtained by agreement with other landowners, should have a reserve landspreading area available to them of at least 50% of the landspreading area obtained by agreement. (e.g.: Where a poultry farmer owns 80ha and requires 100ha of landspreading areas, then he/she should obtain 30ha by agreement.)Poultry manure and wash-water should be landspread or applied to the following landspreading areas based on the following hierarchy:

Tillage crop production. Conserved grassland.

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Grazed grassland.Poultry manure and wash-water should be spread parallel to ground contours.

Poultry manure and wash-water should not be landspread or applied to the following landspreading areas:

On land where the existing phosphorus (P) content is above 15 mg/l soil or such figure as may be determined by the Agency; soil phosphorus levels to be determined by Morgan’s P-Test in accordance with ‘A modified single solution method for the determination of phosphate in natural waters’, (Murphy and Riley, 1962) and (Peach and English, 1944).

On waterlogged land. On frozen or snow covered land. On exposed bedrock. Fields that are pipe or mole drained and the soil is cracked down to the drains

or backfill. Fields that have been pipe or mole drained in the last 12 months. Fields that have been subsoiled over a pipe or mole drainage system in the

last 12 months. Within 15 metres of exposed cavernous (karstified) limestone or karst

limestone features such as swallow holes and collapse features. Where permeable bedrock is overlain by shallow (i.e. less than 1 metre from

the surface) free draining subsoils, such as sands, gravels and sandy tills. Where the bedrock is highly permeable limestone or dolomite (these are usually classed as regionally important or major aquifers) a greater depth of subsoil (i.e. 2 metres) is desirable.

Where the water table is within 1 metre of the surface in free draining areas, at the time of application.

Where surface gradients are excessive; gradients should preferably be less than 20%.

Poultry manure and wash-water should be landspread or applied to land observing the following ‘buffer zones’:

Table 3: Buffer zones for landspreading poultry manure.

1Note: The above distances to be increased if the gradient is greater than 6%.2Note: The appropriate distance depends on vulnerability and groundwater flow direction.

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Area Buffer zone (m)

Sensitive buildings (hospitals, schools and churches) 200

Dwelling houses 100

Lakes and main river channels1 20

Small watercourses1 10

Public roads1 10

Domestic wells1 50

Public water supplies1,2 50 to 300

Unless good management practice otherwise dictates, the factors listed below must be taken into account and poultry manure and wash-water generally should not be landspread or applied to landspreading areas at the following times, to take account of nutrient uptake, slurry runoff and the generation of odour nuisance:

During the period November to February inclusive.(However in certain locations in particular years it may not be appropriate to adhere rigidly to these dates; depending on the weather Spring landspreading operations may well commence before the end of February but may also have to be deferred to a later date.)

Manure should not be spread late in the year on land which will be barren over the winter.

Manure should be spread earlier rather than later in the growing season. When heavy rain is forecast within 48 hours. Manure should only be spread during daylight hours. When the wind direction is towards population centres or neighbours houses. When the risk of causing odour nuisance to the public is greatest e.g.

Sundays or public holidays. Meteorological conditions which give rise to odour nuisance.

Poultry manure and wash-water should be landspread or applied in the following manner:

Manure/wash-water should be spread by an appropriate band-spreader, shallow injector or muck-spreader (for poultry litter only).

The rate of landspreading or application of poultry manure or wash-water should take account of:

The nutrient content of the manure. The nutrient requirements of the crop. The nutrient status of the soil. Other organic manures and chemical fertilisers being spread.

The rate of landspreading or application of poultry manure or wash-water should be in accordance with the provisions contained in either of the following sources:

‘Rural Environment Protection Scheme, Farm Development Service: Agri-environmental specifications’, (Current edition of DAFF Guidelines).

or, ‘Soil analysis and fertiliser, lime, animal manure and trace element

recommendations’, (Current edition of Teagasc Guidelines).Regardless of the dilution factor, the maximum hydraulic loading per single application should not exceed 25m3 per hectare on shallow limestone soils and in no case should exceed 50m3 per hectare.

4.7 Technologies for recovery and recyclingLoad minimisation for the poultry production sector is based on the following hierarchy although the appropriate selection in a particular case will depend on the specifics.A Nutrient Management Plan (NMP) should be established to optimise the re-use and recycling of available nutrients in the poultry manure - in particular nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium - and should also take account of the hydraulic load. (See also section 5.4).Carcasses should be stored on site in covered containers and transported to a rendering facility in covered, leakproof containers as soon as practical and at least once per week.The Nutrient Management Plan should incorporate the quantity of wash-water.

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Waste packaging materials should be recovered and recycled, where practicable.

4.8 Treatment of manureConsiderable research has been carried out in recent years in manure treatment. The objectives of manure treatment may include:

Reduction of odour. Production of biogas. Improvement in ease of handling. Reduction of pathogens.

Treatment of manure may include the following: Mechanical separation. Aeration. Composting. Anaerobic digestion. Drying. Pelletising. Incineration.

There are several large scale plants in Europe providing centralised manure treatment. To date, such facilities are rarely provided on individual farms. However, it may in certain circumstances be appropriate to provide treatment facilities on an individual farm. The type of treatment required and the technology employed will depend on the specific circumstances applying to the individual site.

4.9 Technologies for the treatment and disposal of wastesIn the event of the unit being de-stocked, due to an emergency, e.g. an outbreak of a Class A disease as identified in accordance with the current list of scheduled and notifiable diseases compiled by the Department of Agriculture, Food and Forestry under the provisions of the ‘Diseases of animals act’, 1966 - the Department of Agriculture’s Veterinary Inspectors should be contacted immediately.Packaging waste, contaminated drums, equipment and protective clothing which are not reused or recycled, should be disposed of at an authorised facility.

5 COMPLIANCE MONITORINGThe methods proposed for monitoring the emissions from this sector are set out below.

5.1 Air emissionsPeriodic monitoring of air quality with regard to odour nuisance at the boundary of the site and spreading areas as per licence.

5.2 Surface water quality monitoring schemePeriodic water quality monitoring of relevant parameters as per licence. Periodic water quality monitoring of relevant parameters as per licence.

5.3 Groundwater quality monitoring schemeEstablish the baseline conditions of groundwater quality in the neighbourhood of the site and all of its landspreading areas prior to start-up. Periodic water quality monitoring of relevant parameters as per licence. Where appropriate, test wells should be provided at the site of the poultry unit and on the landspreading areas used for spreading manure.

5.4 Nutrient Management Plan

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A Nutrient Management Plan (NMP) should be maintained on site for the management of poultry manure and wash-water arising at the unit and should include:

Calculation of the quantity of manure and the amount of nutrients available from manure including any manure or other wastes imported.

The results of soil fertility and drainage tests on existing or proposed landspreading areas.

A representative soil sample, to a depth of 10 cm, should normally be taken biennially from every 2 to 4 hectares and at least one per farm. However, where soil types are similar and cropping and treatment of the lands were the same during the previous 5 years or more, a composite sample from an area up to 12 hectares is acceptable.

An assessment of the relationships between manure application rates, cropping routine, crop nutrient requirements and existing soil nutrient status on all landspreading areas.

Ordinance Survey Maps to a scale of 1:10,560 showing the location of the said landspreading areas and all environmentally sensitive features on the lands or in their vicinity; including interalia dwellings houses and sensitive buildings, drains, streams, watercourses and other sources of water supply.

Agreements between ‘importers’ and ‘exporters’ of all animal manures or other wastes are required.

The Nutrient Management Plan should be up-dated and issued to the Agency for approval on an annual basis.

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