Faculty Referencing Guidelines 2009-10

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The Faculty Guide to Referencing and

Bibliographical Citation 2009/10

Faculty of Health & Human Sciences

August 2009


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Acknowledgements

Thank you to members of the Faculty Learning, Teaching and Assessment Group (FLTAG) who kindly

reviewed this edition and to all staff and Schools who contributed to former editions of the Faculty

Referencing Guidelines.

Every effort has been made to ensure the information within this document is correct; however, if you

notice any inaccuracies or have any questions or queries regarding the guidelines please do not hesitate

to contact me.

Sue Murray

Deputy Associate Dean (Learning and Teaching)

Faculty of Health and Human Sciences

August 2009


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The Faculty Guide to Referencing and Bibliographical Citation: Contents

Introduction 1

Plagiarism and Academic Integrity 1

Referencing 2

Section 1: Use of References in Text (Citations of References)

1.1 Citing sources in the text: examples 3

1.1.1 Correctly citing a reference in the text 3

1.1.2 Correctly citing a direct quotation 3

1.1.3 Example of plagiarism 3

1.2 Citation of one author 4

1.3 Citation of two authors 4

1.4 Citation of three or more authors 4

1.5 Citation of two or more publications 6

1.6 Citing two or more publications from the same author(s) in the same year 6

1.7 Citing two or more authors with the same surname in the same year 6

1.8 Citing authors with compound surnames 6

1.9 Citation from an edited book 61.10 Citations from a religious text 7

1.11 Direct quotations 7

1.12 Citations from individual work/pages on the World Wide Web 8

1.13 Citations from Government or other organisation publications 8

1.14 Citations from organisations or institutions as authors 9

1.15 Citations from dissertations and theses 9

1.16 Citations from conference material 9

1.17 Citations from company literature 9

1.18 Citations from unpublished work and personal communication 101.19 Citations from films, videos and broadcasts 10

1.20 Citations from newspaper articles 10

1.21 Citations from CD-ROMs 11

1.22 Citations from electronic mail 11

1.23 Citations from StudyNet 11

1.24 Citations from lecture notes 11

1.25 Citations from legal materials 11

1.26 Citations from dictionaries 12

1.27 Citations from pamphlets/advice sheets 121.28 Secondary references 12


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Section 2: Reference and Bibliography List

2.0 Presentation of the reference/bibliography list 13

2.1 Referencing a book 132.1.1 One author 132.1.2 Two authors 132.1.3 Three, four or five authors 132.1.4 Six or more authors 132.1.5 Referencing an edited book 14

2.1.6 Referencing two or more publications from the same author(s) in the

same year

142.1.7 Referencing two or more authors with the same surname and same

initial in the same year

142.1.8 Referencing an individual author and one by the same individual with

another co author14

2.2 Referencing a journal 15

2.2.1 Referencing two or more publications from one author in different

years

16

2.2.2 Referencing an author with a compound surname 16

2.3 Direct quotations 16

2.4 Referencing individual work/pages on the World Wide Web 16

2.5 Referencing discussion groups/e-mail lists 17

2.6 Referencing personal e-mails 172.7 Referencing StudyNet 172.8 Referencing Government publications 172.9 Referencing organisations or institutions as authors 19

2.10 Referencing religious texts 20

2.11 Referencing dissertations and theses 20

2.12 Referencing conference material 20

2.13 Referencing company literature 21

2.14 Referencing unpublished work and personal communication 21

2.15 Referencing films, videos and broadcasts 21

2.16 Referencing newspaper articles 22

2.17 Referencing CD-ROMs 22

2.18 Referencing legal materials 23

2.19 Referencing dictionaries 23

2.20 Referencing pamphlets/advice sheets 23

2.21 Referencing secondary references 24

Section 3: Endnote Web Guide

References


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Faculty HHS Referencing Guidelines 09-10

1

The Faculty Guide to Referencing and Bibliographical Citation

Introduction

This handbook provides information on writing and citing references; there are many versions of the

Harvard referencing system and this guide has been developed using the American Psychological

Association [APA] guidelines (American Psychological Association, 2001) and the British Standard

Recommendations for References to Published Materials (British Standards Institution [BSI] 2002).

It is important that you adopt this system for assignments, referencing material consistently and

accurately in the format required by all Programmes1

within the Faculty.

Referencing all sources of information within written work is an important part of academic

integrity as it tells the reader where you have found your information, how up to date it is, and the

extent, depth and appropriateness of your reading relevant to your assessment. It also helps the

reader to differentiate between your personal thoughts and experiences and those of others.

Failure to acknowledge the work of others results in the loss of academic integrity and can result in a

student being found guilty of academic misconduct.

Plagiarism and Academic Integrity

Plagiarism is a form of academic dishonesty and has no place in academic writing. The University

regulations define plagiarism as the representation by an individual, whether intentionally or

otherwise, of another persons work as their own or use of another persons work without

acknowledgement (University of Hertfordshire, 2008, p. 114). There are severe penalties for

plagiarism. Key aspects are summarised below:

All written work (prose or text) must be written by you in your own words followed by

acknowledgement of the source material (referenced), thus conveying your understanding of

the information.

The only exception to not using your own words would be when using an exact quotation

from another authors work. This must be recognised by using quotation marks.

Any figures, tables, or diagrams in your work should be devised and produced by you, except

where you give due acknowledgement to others.


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Academic staff marking your work will always watch for academic integrity and evidence of

plagiarism and collusion. If this is detected, your case will be reported to the Faculty Academic

Conduct Officer (FACO).

Referencing

In your writing, any reader should be able to follow an audit trail to the source of the information.

The reader needs to be able to verify the truth of what is being stated. Referencing requires you to

do two things: cite sources in your written text and, at the end of your work, provide a list of

references that were referred to in your text. Note, if you have consulted other relevant material

but NOT referred to it in the text, this must be listed in a separate Bibliography, which follows the

same rules for listing the references; note: the Bibliography is placed after the reference list.

These guidelines are divided into three sections. The first section demonstrates how to present your

references within the main body of your work. The second section shows how the reference list

(and separate bibliography if used) should be presented at the end of your work. The third section is

a guide to using EndNote Web. EndNote Web enables you to cite references in your coursework in

the correct format and will automatically draw up a reference list/bibliography for you. It also

enables you to store and manage your references appropriately. If you get used to using EndNote

Web for referencing it will save you a lot of time and will ensure you are referencing correctly.

1Note in special cases where students are undertaking modules administered by or associated with other Faculties or

Schools, there may be a requirement to adopt an alternative system, e.g. Oxford System for English Case Law as required bythe School of Law. Where this is the case, the module assessment guide will indicate this.


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Section 1: Citations in the Text

1.1 Citing sources in the Text

Examples of correct use of references can be found throughout this document; however this section

contains an example of; referencing material in the text, a direct quotation and plagiarism. Please

take time to read these examples carefully, if you still are unsure of the difference, please see yourpersonal tutor. Remember, if the members of staff marking your work are querying your academic

integrity, i.e. that you have copied work either from a published source or another student they

WILL investigate and if evidence confirms academic dishonesty you will be referred to the Faculty

Academic Conduct Officer.

Examples of how this text may be used within an assignment

The original text: (not from a published source but will be referred to as Fletcher, 2005)

Selection of equipment to prevent pressure ulcers is a complex task. Information about the

patients lifestyle and the environment in which they are to be cared for is as important as thedetermination of their level of risk. A wide variety of systems are available for both bed and chair

allowing for 24 hour provision of equipment. Any patient who is provided equipment for the bed

and spends part of the day sat out (whether in a chair or wheelchair) should also have the

relevant seating provided as in the sitting position the body weight is supported on a far smaller

surface area and is therefore at greater risk.

Most manufacturers suggest which level of risk their equipment is suitable for, but it is important

that the practitioner has a clear understanding of how the equipment works and why it is

suggested for that level of risk.

1.1.1 Correctly citing a reference in the text

Fletcher (2005) suggests that there are a variety of factors to consider when selectingequipment; amongst which are the patients lifestyle and care environment.

Or

It is important to address equipment provision in an holistic way, clinical, psychological and

environmental issues should be considered (Fletcher, 2005).

Tip: Remember to put the full stop after the bracketed reference (see above).

1.1.2 Correctly citing a direct quotation in the text (see also page 7)

Fletcher (2005) states that Information about the patients lifestyle and the environment in

which they are to be cared for is as important as the determination of their level of risk

(p.2). When caring for Mrs X the size of her bedroom and amount of additional furniture in

the room was the most difficult aspect of selecting her equipment.

1.1.3 Example of Plagiarism

Mrs X required specialist pressure ulcer prevention equipment. Selection of equipment to

prevent pressure ulcers is a complex task. Information about the patients lifestyle and the

environment in which they are to be cared for is as important as the determination of their

level of risk. A wide variety of systems are available for both bed and chair allowing for 24

hour provision of equipment. Most manufacturers suggest which level of risk their

equipment is suitable for, but it is important that the practitioner has a clear understanding

of how the equipment works and why it is suggested for that level of risk. The nurses caring


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for Mrs X had only limited experience of equipment selection and therefore requested help

from the Tissue Viability Nurse.

In this example you can see that sentences (as highlighted) have been copied directly from the

original text and more importantly no reference is made to the original source. If you fail to

acknowledge the source and/or fail to show by using appropriate presentation (see section 1.11 onpage 7) that this is a direct quotation, you are guilty of plagiarism; an unacceptable academic

misconduct offence.

1.2 Citation of sources in text: one author

Whenever reference is made to one author, the authors name and the year of the publication of

the document cited are given as follows: -

Examples:

A study used citation analysis to determine which core journals were used by physiotherapists

(Bohannon, 1999).

Thornes (1991) maintains that the starvation of patients can lead to physiological consequences,

which can exacerbate anxiety.

Three of the outbreaks involved dairy products, namely pasteurised milk (Fleming, 1985);

Mexican-style soft cheese (James, 1985) and a Swiss regional-type soft cheese (Billie, 1988).

1.3 Citation of two authors

Always cite both names every time the reference occurs in the text.

Examples:

Bale and Jones (1997) report that the assessment of a wound requires the nurse to have an

underlying knowledge of the factors that may affect the healing process.

The assessment of a wound requires the nurse to have an underlying knowledge of the factors

that may affect the healing process (Bale & Jones, 1997).

Tip: When citing references in running text, you should join multiple author citations by the word

and, whereas in the reference list or in bracketed citations, you should join the names by an

ampersand &.

1.4 Citation of work by multiple authors

For citations ofthree, four or five authors, cite all the authors the first time the reference occurs; in

subsequent citations of the same reference, include only the surname of the first author followed

by et al. and the year.

Example

(First citation):

Long, Jones, Peters and Brown (1995) report that there are a number of factors which may

influence health promoting behaviours and these include the individuals perception, cognitive

ability and demographic characteristics.


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(Subsequent citation of same reference)

Long et al. (1995) suggest that health promoting behaviours are the most significant factors.

Tip: Include a full stop after al as it is an abbreviation, i.e. et al.

Example:

(First citation):

Damage to the frontal cortex caused significant behavioural changes in patient RM (Myers, Baker

& Marshall, 1995).

(Subsequent citation of same reference)

RM performed at chance levels on short term memory tasks (Myers et al., 1995).

Tip: When citing the reference at the end of the sentence, remember to put a full stop after the al.

plus a comma before stating the year.

Exception: Iftwo references with the same years shorten to the same form (e.g.Martin, Butler and

Jamieson, 1994, and Martin, Jamieson, Butler and Penn, 1994, shorten to Martin et al., 1994), cite

the surnames of the first authors and as many of the subsequent authors as necessary to distinguish

the two references.

Example: Martin, Butler, et al. (1994) and Martin, Jamieson, et al. (1994)

For citations ofsix or more authors, cite only the surname of the first author followed by et al. and

the year for the first and subsequent citations. In the reference list, provide the initials and

surnames of the first six authors, and shorten any remaining authors to et al. (see page 13).

If two references with six or more authors shorten to the same form, cite the surnames of the first

authors and of as many subsequent authors as necessary to distinguish the two references.

Example:

If you had entries for the following references:

Rand, Marple, Mead, Ade, Pacey and Mangle (2005)

Rand, Marple, Mangle, Ade, Pacey and Jones (2005)

In the text you would cite them as such:

The role of the multi-disciplinary team has become increasingly important within the modern

health service (Rand, Marple, Mead et al., 2005).

Communication between members of the multi-disciplinary team is essential (Rand, Marple,

Mangle et al., 2005).

Examples:

As Baker and Ridley (1997) demonstrated, mistakes can be made when considering very small

numbers.

It is important to recognise the limitations of working with very small numbers (Baker & Ridley,

1997).


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1.5 Citation of two or more publications

If two or more documents support your statement, the citations are listed in alphabetical order by

the first authors surname and are separated with semicolons.

Example:

Damage to the perirhinal cortex can cause impairments on delayed non-matching to sampletasks (Brown et al., 1995; Gaffan & Buckley, 2001; Zola, 1998).

1.6 Citing two or more publications from the same author(s) in the same year

If two or more documents have the same author and year, they are distinguished by lower case

letters (a, b, c etc.), following the year within brackets. They are ordered by their appearance in the

text, i.e. the first article/book cited is a and so on.

Example:

Edwards (1997a, 1997b) states that health professionals must have a clear understanding of

physiological principles in order to accurately record both blood pressure and temperaturemeasurements.

In order to record blood and temperature measurements, health professionals must have a clear

understanding of physiological principles (Edwards, 1997a, 1997b).

1.7 Citing two or more authors with the same surname in the same year

If two or more authors have the same surname, they are distinguished by the authors forename

initial. Include the first authors initial in all text citations, even if the year of publication differs.

Examples:I. Edwards (1997) states that conformity to group norms brings psychological rewards through

the acceptance by and support of other members.

The presence of others may sometimes inhibit individual performance (F. Edwards, 1996).

1.8 Citing authors with compound surnames

Some authors have compound surnames e.g. von Toller or ter Riet, although the first part of the

surname may be presented in lower case it is an integral part of the surname and would be included

in the reference in the text.

Example:

In a systematic review of diagnostic and screening tests ter Riet (2001) simplified two main

issues.

1.9 Citation from an edited book

Only the author of the chapter is cited within the text; the editors are acknowledged within the

reference list. The page or chapter numbers are included in the citation.


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Examples:

Ruston and Wells (1999, p.45) describe the use of a change management team to introduce leg

ulcer management guidelines.

Isolation is essential to prevent the spread of disease (Jones, 1976, chap. 2).

1.10 Citation from a religious text

Most religious texts do not have a date as this can not be agreed upon, therefore a citation within

the text would reference the author of that chapter/book without giving a date.

Example:

It is arguable that light is one of the most critical sources of energy. Earliest history refers to the

sun (light) and in the first book of the Bible it says let there be light (Genesis 1:3)

1.11 Direct quotationsIf a direct quotation is used from another authors work, this should be placed in double quotation

marks and the authors name, publication date and the page number of the quote should be

included. Single page numbers are denoted by p., multiple pages by pp..

Examples:

Balaskas (1990) states many women underestimate the sheer hard work, dedication and

patience involved in caring for a baby (p. 13).

If the direct quotation extends over more than one page, the range of pages should be

acknowledged using pp..

... where full disclosure would inevitably lead to biased responses some de gree of covert data

collection is feasible, particularly when dealing with sensitive aspects of subje cts behaviour

(Clarke, 1996, pp. 434-435).

The three dots in the above example indicate the beginning of the sentence in the original has been

omitted from the quotation.

If you add anything to the direct quotation in order to improve the readers understanding, this

must be included within square brackets.

Many such defects [congenital] are not serious and may go unnoticed for a lifetime (Tortora &Derrickson,2008, p.752).

If the direct quotation exceeds more than 40 words the quotation should form a separate indented

paragraph, double spaced, without double quotation marks.

Example:

Redman (1976) found the following:

A major purpose of stating objectives specifically is to help the learner

understand them and become self-directive. Self-direction is also served by


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having the teacher explain the goals and provide a model of the correct

behaviour, as in demonstrating catheter care and indicating what the learner

should be able to do and when (p 90).

Tip: All types of direct quotations should be used SPARSELY; they should only be used to accentuate

significant points. It is not acceptable for your work to consist of a large number of direct

quotations.

1.12 Citations from individual work/pages on the World Wide Web

To cite material from the web the author or organisation, rather than the Uniform Resource Locator

(URL) needs to be cited.

Example:The Board, in responding to the Governments strategy relating to the resistance of antibiotics

and other antimicrobial agents continues to encourage all education providers to ensure that

infection control and the related issue of antibiotic use remain important themes through

education programmes (ENB, 1999).

Tip: Care must be taken when accessing information available on the World Wide Web (WWW)

through the Internet, as information is often not reviewed and may lack academic validity.

1.13 Citations from Government or other Organisation publications

There is a range of Government publications that you may wish to cite in your work. These include

Acts of Parliament, Command Papers, Statutory Instruments, Bills and Committee Reports. In citing

such material the country of origin, the name of the department who issues the publication and the

date should be cited.

Example Acts of Parliament:

Community care is now high on the agenda in the NHS (UK Department of Health, 1990).

Example of Command Papers:

An employer has a duty to ensure that the health and safety of the workforce is maintained at all

times (UK Committee for Health and Safety at Work, 1972).

Example of Statutory Instruments:

An accurate record of accidents and dangerous occurrences should be maintained in the

workplace (UK Statutory Instrument, 1980).

Example of Bills:

All members of a workforce are entitled to be become a Trade Union member (UK Parliament,

1984).

Example of Committee Reports:

Proposals for the restructuring of senior personnel within the NHS were published in 1980 (UK

Ministry of Health and Scottish Home and Health Department, 1980).


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Example of a Health Service Circular:

The single assessment process will lead to a more efficient assessment process and more

effective care services for older people (UK Department of Health HSC, 2002).

Example of Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency Bulletins (formerly theMedical Devices Agency):

Trusts should identify medical electrical systems, assess risks and take remedial action as is

required (UK Medical Devices Agency, 2003).

1.14 Citations from organisations or institutions as authors (corporate authorship)

Where the publication is not the work of individuals, the name of the organisation/institution

should be used with the year of publication.

Example:

Every community nurse should have training in child protection policies and procedures (HealthVisitors Association, 1994)

1.15 Citations from dissertations and theses

Material cited from theses and dissertations is treated in the same way as books, journals and

documents.

Example:

A study was undertaken to explore patients self-monitoring of postoperative pain (Fordham,

1985).

1.16 Citations from conference material

Material cited from published conference proceedings is treated in the same way as books or

journals.

Example 1:

Greenwood and Butcher (1997) describe how lasting change was achieved in a busy surgical

environment utilising the skills of existing nurse specialists.

Whenever unpublished conference material is cited reference should be made to the authors

surname and the phrase unpublished conference paper/poster.

Example 2:

Curriculum development requires systematic, advanced planning (Pendleton,1999, unpublished

conference paper).

1.17 Citations from company literature

References to company literature should be avoided where possible. However where necessary the

company name should be stated followed by the year of publication. If no date is available n.d.

should be used.


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Example:

This company producing pressure relieving equipment is becoming increasingly aware of the

diversity of their market, offering bespoke products tailored to meet individual patients needs

(Karomed, n.d.).

1.18 Citations from unpublished work and personal communication

Personal communication may be letters, memos, some electronic communications, personal

interviews and telephone conversations. References to unpublished material or personal

communication should be kept to a minimum, since they cannot be followed-up easily by anyone

reading the piece of work. Personal communications and unpublished material is not included in the

reference list so are cited within the text only. The initials and surname of the communicator should

be given along with an exact a date as possible.

Example 1:

Patient involvement in care is a concept which must be addressed by all members of the multi-

disciplinary team (I.T. Smith, unpublished work, May 4, 2005).

Example 2:

I have found that a skills laboratory provides a secure environment for the teaching of clinical

skills (J.M. Humphries, personal communication, August 1,2003).

1.19 Citations from films, videos and broadcasts (podcasts)

Most films, videos and broadcasts are normally produced by a group of individuals. When citing this

type of material the transmitting organisation with the date of production/transmission should be

used.

Examples:

The impact of undiagnosed post-natal depression can often have adverse effects on all family

members (British Broadcasting Corporation, 1995).

Breast feeding is recommended for at least the first four months of life, to enable the best

possible start, as it protects against respiratory diseases and gastro-enteritis (Royal College of

Midwives, 1990)

1.20 Citations from newspaper articles

To cite material from a newspaper article where the authors name is evident, the authors nameand year of the publication are given in the text.

Example 1:

... Journal publication is seen as a significant element in maintaining a research culture

(Prestwich, 1999).

To cite material from a newspaper where no author is indicated, the name of the newspaper and

year of publication is given in the text.


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Example 2:

The first full-time paramedic science degree course in the country was launched with a visit from

MP Baroness Helene Hayman (Welwyn and Hatfield Times, 1999).

1.21 Citations from CD-ROMThis refers to CD-ROMs, which are works in their own right and not bibliographic databases. The

author/editor should be given followed by the year and type of medium in brackets.

Example:

Hawking (1994, CD-ROM) describes his theory of the beginning of the universe.

1.22 Citations from electronic mail

Material from e-mail correspondence should be cited as personal communication (see section

1.18) and should not appear in the reference list.

Example:

You might like to consider making reference to relevant government policy in this assignment (P.

Brown, personal communication, May 29, 1999)

1.23 Citations from StudyNet

Where possible these should be avoided. However if it is necessary they should be cited giving the

author(s) of the work where it is known, the date either as stated on the information (for example

some lecturers will put a reference at the bottom of the document saying their name and the date

or date updated) .

Example:

Fletcher (2000) suggests a range of mechanisms by which the presence of necrotic tissue may

delay wound healing.

1.24 Citation from your own lecture notes

Citations from the notes you make from an oral presentation and/or lecture should not be used.

1.25 Citation from legal materials

References from legal materials should be treated like references with no authors. Materials such ascourt cases, statutes, and legislation should be cited by the first few words of the reference and the

year, thus enabling the reader to identify the reference within the reference list. Court decisions

should be cited by giving the name of the case in italics and the year of the decision. If two or more

years are given, cite those years as well.

Example 1: Court case

Leonard v. Smith (1985) set a precedent for the rights of individuals.

Example 2: Statute

Individuals that pose a risk to themselves or others may be sectioned (Mental Health

Systems Act,1988).


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Example 3: Resolutions

The bill which was initially passed by the House of Representatives was then resolved by

the senate (Senate Resolution 106, 1998).

1.26 Citation from dictionaries

Within the text, the title of the dictionary (or chapter if appropriate) should be given followed by

year of publication.

1.27 Citation from pamphlets/advice sheets

If there is a date of publication, follow the guidance in section 1.14 above; if there is no date, use

the guidance in section 1.17.

1.28 Secondary referencesThe use of secondary references is not encouraged. Where access to the primary source is available

the original material should be consulted. However, where a secondary reference is unavoidable, it

should be cited as follows in the text:

Examples:

Winter (1962, cited in Thomas, 1990) demonstrated that in pigs superficial acute wounds that

were kept moist healed more rapidly.

In pigs, superficial acute wounds that are kept moist heal more rapidly (Winter, 1962, cited in

Thomas, 1990)


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Section 2.0 Presentation of a Reference/Bibliography List

References are listed at the end of the text, followed by the Bibliography list (if used) BEFORE

appendices (if there are any). Important things to note are:

Lists should have a hanging indent;

Entries are arranged in alphabetical order of originator;

Chronological order is used if there is more than one reference by the same author.

2.1 Referencing a bookThe basic order of elements in normal references should be:

Author's surname and initials; they are separated by a comma and are followed by a full

stop e.g. Author, A. A.

Year (in brackets) followed by a full stop e.g. (1999).

Title (in italics and lower/sentence case, i.e. only the first word begins with a capital letter),

followed by a full stop e.g. Principles of drug action.

Edition (in brackets and abbreviated to ed.) followed by a full stop (only included when it is

a second or subsequent edition) E.g. (2nd

ed.). (N.B. Do not forget to put a full stop after

ed. within the bracket as it is an abbreviation and also do not forget to put a full stop

after the bracket.

Place of publication followed by a colon:

Production (publisher or equivalent) followed by a full stop.

2.1.1 Books with one author: examples

Hayward, J. (1975).A prescription against pain. London: Royal College of Nursing.

Mitchell, N. (1981). Social attribution: A primer in obvious psychology. (2nd

ed.). London:

MacMillan.

2.1.2 Book with two authors: example

Remember to use an ampersand (&) between the two names rather than and.

Bale, S. & Jones, V. (1997). Wound care nursing. A patient centred approach. London:

Baillire Tindall.

2.1.3 Book with three, four or five authors: example

Short, B. C., Smith, W. J. & Beaufort, V. L. (2000). Assessment: A structured approach.

London: Mosby.

2.1.4 Book with six or more authorsprovide the initials and surnames of the first six

authors, and shorten any remaining authors to et al.

Croft, H. M., Martin, P. L., Range, K. A., Peters, S. Z., Burton, L. R., Right, D. V., et al.

(1985). Physiology for beginners. (4

th

ed.). London: Baker.


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2.1.5 Referencing an edited book

An edited book is one where each chapter is written by different authors. If referencing the whole

book the basic order of elements is the same as the examples given above. When referencing a

single chapter this should be done using the author of the chapter. The title of the chapter needs to

be given alongside the book in which it is published. The author(s) and title of the chapter are

presented and followed by a full stop. Then the word In followed by the editor(s) and title of thebook. The page numbers of the chapter must be included followed by the place of publication and

the publisher.

Example 1:

Ruston, A. & Lawes, M. (1999). The management of leg ulcers in the community: A

multi-disciplinary experience in primary care. In D. Humphris, & P. Littlejohn (Eds.),

Implementing clinical guidelines: A practical guide. (pp. 63-75). Abingdon: Radcliffe Medical

Press.

Example 2:

Botham, I. T. & Argyle, M. (1972). Staring you in the face. In M. Thatcher (Ed.), If it hadteeth: Fifteen years of research into non-verbal communication. (pp. 315-337). New York:

Academic Press.

2.1.6 Referencing two or more publications from the same author(s) in the same year

The basic order of elements is the same as the examples given above; however the references are

presented in the alphabetical order of the lower case letters.

Examples:

Department of Health. (1989a). Caring for people. London: HMSO.

Department of Health. (1989b). Working for patients. London: HMSO.

2.1.7 Referencing two or more authors with the same surname and same initial in the same

year

The basic order of elements is the same as each of the examples given above; however the

references are presented in the alphabetical order of the lower case letters.

Examples:

Walsh, M., & Jones P. (1987a). The way forward. London: McKnight.

Walsh, M., & Jones P. (1987b). Processes explained. Glasgow: Abersham.

2.1.8 Referencing an individual author and one by the same individual with another co authorList the individual author first, then the reference with the co-author.

Examples:

Hoskin, P. J. (2006). Radiotherapy in practice. External beam therapy. Oxford: Oxford University

Press.

Hoskin, P.J. & Coyle, C. (2005). Radiotherapyin practice: brachytherapy. Oxford: Oxford

University Press.


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2.2 Referencing a journal

When a reference originates from a journal the basic order of elements should be:

Author's surname and initials (separated by a comma and followed by a full stop) e.g.

Brown, A. & Green, A.Year (in brackets) followed by a full stop e.g. (2006).

Title of article (in lower/sentence case) e.g. The effects of locus of control on causal

attributions.

Title of the journal (in italics and title case, i.e. each word begins with a capital letter) and

followed by a comma e.g. Trend in Microbiology,

Volume number (in italics this is separated from the title by a comma)

Issues number (where relevant in brackets) followed by a comma,

o If the issue number is included there is no punctuation between volume number

and issue number (N.B. remember that the volume number should be in italics but

the issue number should not).

Page numbers of the article (note that the page numbers a re not preceded by pp as theyare for book chapters) followed by a full stop.

Tip: when referring to electronic journal publications, you still must reference the article as a journal

article even though you have accessed it on line. You do not reference it as a Web reference

therefore you do not need to state retrieved on and do not need to provide the URL. Even though

the journal article is accessible online, it has been peer reviewed and published. T here may be

occasions where an article has been accepted for publication and is available via the electronic

journal but has not yet been allocated a volume, issue or page number. In place of the missing

information, use the term in press.

Examples with one author:

Edwards, S. L. (1998). Malnutrition in hospital patients: Where does it come from?

British Journal of Nursing, 7(16), 954-974.

Martin, P. (2007). Exercise fatigue in sport students.Journal of Physiology, In press.

Example with two authors:

Ridley, R. M. & Baker, H. F. (1999). Big decisions based on small numbers: Lessons

from BSE. The Veterinary Quarterly, 21(3), 86-92.

Example with three, four or five authors:

Cowley, S., Bergen, A., Young, K. & Kavanagh, A. (1996). Identifying a framework for

research: The example of health needs assessment.Journal of Clinical Nursing, 5(1), 53-62.

When referencing a journal article with six or more authors provide the initials and surnames of

the first six authors, and shorten any remaining authors to et al.

Example of a journal with six or more authors

Lee, A. C., Buckley, M. J., Pegman, S.J., Spiers, H., Scahill, V. L., Gaffan, D., et al.

(2005). Specialization in the medial temporal lobe for processing of objects and scenes.

Hippocampus. 15(6), 782-797.


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2.2.1 Referencing two or more publications from one author in different years

The basic order of elements is the same; references are placed in chronological order.

Example:

Moffatt, C. (1994). Tissue Viability Society. Auditing a leg ulcer service. Nursing

Standard, 8(48), 52.

Moffatt, C. (1997). Know how. Four-layer bandaging. Nursing Times, 93(16), 82-83.

Moffatt, C. (1998). The principles of assessment prior to compression therapy. Journal of

Wound Care, 7(7 suppl), S6-S9.

2.2.2 Referencing an author with a compound surname

The basic order of the elements is unchanged; the first part of the surname is presented in lower

case and the second part with usual capitalisation.

Example:

ter Riet, G., Kessels. A. G. & Bachmann, L. M. (2001). Systematic reviews of evaluations

of diagnostic and screening tests. Two issues were simplified. British Medical Journal,

323(7322), 1188, (letter).

2.3 Referencing direct quotations

If using a direct quotation in a text, the basic order is the same as each of the examples given for

books and journals. However, when quoting from a book the page number is omitted in the

reference list because it has been included in the text at the point of citation.

2.4 Referencing individual work/pages on the World Wide Web

Please note that most web pages are updated on a regular basis. The date of publication is the date

the pages were last updated. Where the date is not obvious click on View and page source to check

when last modified. If no publication date is given write n.d. for no date. Only mention an edition

if the document clearly states that the pages have been rewritten rather than just updated. The

accessed date is when the document was viewed/down loaded. This is necessary to allow for any

subsequent changes which may be made to the page or if the page is no longer available. A copy of

all potentially temporary sources should be kept in case it is needed to substantiate information

provided.

When the reference originates from the World Wide Web the basic order of elements is as follows:

Authors/editors surname, initial (separated by a comma and followed by a full stop).

Year (in brackets) followed by a full stop e.g. (1999).

Title of article (in lower/sentence case) e.g. The effects of locus of control on causal

attributions.

Title of source (in italics) followed by a full stop.

Edition (if appropriate) followed by a full stop.

State date of retrieval (Month, Day, Year) separated by commas e.g. Retrieved August 17,

2007

Place of publication (if appropriate)

Publisher (if appropriate) or URL address followed by a full stop.


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Examples:

English National Board. (1999). Educational Issues, Infection Control: Latest

Government Strategy. Retrieved June 28, 1999, from http://www.ENB.org.uk/32infect.htm.

Fletcher, J. (2001). A practical approach to dressing wounds in difficult positions In, S.Ashurst, M. Bradbury & J.P. Cruickshank (Eds.),Aspects of Skin and Wound Care Nursing.

London: Mark Allen. Retrieved June, 17, 2002, from http://www.quaybooks.com/ebooks.

2.5 Referencing discussion groups/e-mail lists

These discussion lists generate e-mail messages which are sent directly to the subscriber. Some, but

not all, archive the messages sent; for this reason a local copy should be kept by the recipient who is

giving the citation and a note added to this effect.

References to these messages should be treated in a similar way to journal references using the list

name in place of the journal title (but not in italics) and subject line of the message in place of thearticle title. These details together with the author will appear in the message header.

Examples:

Sandall, J. (2001, May 24). Midwifery-research. Message posted to Free web-based

virtual midwifery library, archived at http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/midwifery-

research.html.

Clarke, D. & Young, J. (2001, June 8). Substance misuse resource. Message posted to

UK.sci.med.nursing, archived at news:uksc.med.nursing.

2.6 Referencing personal e-mails

If reference is made to a personal e-mail it is cited in the text only and is not included in the

reference list. See section 1.22.

2.7 Referencing StudyNet

Where reference is made to work from StudyNet the author date and title of the document are

referenced as for a book, this should then be followed by StudyNet, the module name and code in

brackets with the semester and year.

Example:Fletcher, J. (2001). How necrosis delays healing. Retrieved August 21, 2007, from

StudyNet (Problem Wounds 3NMH 0025). Semester A 2004/2005.

2.8 Referencing Government Publications

When including Government publications in a reference list/bibliography, Acts of Parliament,

Command Papers, Statutory Instruments, Bills and Committee Reports should be cited as follows:

Act of Parliament

The basic order of elements should be:

Country of origin.
http://www.enb.org.uk/32infect.htmhttp://www.quaybooks.com/ebookshttp://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/midwifery-research.htmlhttp://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/midwifery-research.htmlhttp://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/midwifery-research.htmlhttp://www.jiscmail.ac.uk/lists/midwifery-research.htmlhttp://www.quaybooks.com/ebookshttp://www.enb.org.uk/32infect.htm


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Originating department.

Year (in brackets).

Title of Act (in italics and title case).

Place of publication:

Publisher.

Example:

United Kingdom. Department of Health. (1990). National Health Service and

Community Care Act. London: HMSO.

A Command Paper:


Country of origin.

Originating committee.

Year (in brackets).

Command paper title(in italics and title case).


Publisher.

Committee chairman (in brackets):

Command paper number (in brackets).

Example:

United Kingdom. Committee for Health and Safety at Work. (1972). Report 1970-1972.

London: HMSO. (Chairman Lord Robens): (Cmd.5034) .

A Statutory Instrument:


Country of origin.

Statutory Instrument.

Year (in brackets).

Title of the Statutory Instrument(in italics and title case).


Publisher.

Statutory Instrument number (in brackets).

Example:

United Kingdom. Statutory Instrument. (1980). Health and Safety: The Notification of

Accidents and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations. London: HMSO. (S.I. No.5081).

A Bill:


Country of origin.

Originating body.

Year (in brackets).

Title of Bill (in italics and title case)


Publisher.


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Example:

United Kingdom. Parliament. (1984). Trade Union Bill. London: HMSO.

A Committee Report:


Country of origin.Originating body.

Year (in brackets).

Title of Committee Report (in italics and title case).


Publisher.

Committee chairman (in brackets).

Example:

United Kingdom. Ministry of Health and Scottish Home and Health Department. (1980).

Report of the Committee on Senior Nursing Structure. London: HMSO. (Chairman B. Salmon).

A Health Service or Local Authority Circular:


Originating body.

Title of circular (in title case).

Circular Series Number (in brackets)

Example:

Department of Health. The Single Assessment Process for Older People. (HSC 2002/001).

A Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency Bulletin (Formerly the Medical Devices

Agency):


Agency name in full (in title case).

Reference number of bulletin (in brackets).

Title of bulletin (in lower/sentence case).

Example:

Medical Devices Agency. (MDA/2003/015). All medical electrical equipment.

2.9 Referencing organisations or institutions as authors (corporate authorship)

Where the publication relates to organisations/institutions as authors the basic order of elements is:

Organisation/institution.

Year (and month, if given)(in brackets).

Title of the published work (in lower/sentence case and italics).


Name of publisher.

Example:

Health Visitors Association. (1994). Protecting the child - an HVA guide to practice andprocedures. London: HVA.


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2.10 Referencing Religious Texts

If an editor/guide/translator is known then this should be given as the author. Where this is not

known no author is presented (do not write anonymous or unknown unless it is specifically stated in

the text that that is the correct way to acknowledge the author).

The basic order of the elements should be:Author (if known).

Title (in italics).

Author of Chapter/Book.

Number of Chapter/Book.

Verse.

Translation/Version.

Place of Publication:

Publisher.

Examples:

Text without a designated author:Holy Bible. Isaiah 55. 6-7. King James version.

Bhagavadgita. (1993). E. Arnold, (Trans.). New York: Dover Publications Inc.

Texts with a designated author:

Nooruddin, A. (Guide). (1990). The Holy Quran. Korea: New Foundation International

Inc.

2.11 Referencing dissertations and theses

These are treated like books, as far as possible, but as they are unpublished this needs to be stated,alongside the level of thesis and the name and place of the educational institution.

Example:

Fordham, M. (1985). Deconditioning and reconditioning following elective surgery.

Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of London, London.

2.12 Referencing conference material

Whenever published conference material is cited in the reference list/bibliography the following

basic order of elements should be used:

Author surname and initials.

Year (in brackets).

Title of conference material (in lower/sentence case).

In Editor(s) (Ed. Or Eds.),

Proceedings of ... Conference title (in italics and title case)

Pages (pp.).

Place of publication

Publisher

If no author or editor is given on the title page the name of the conference is cited first in italics


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Example:

Greenwood, D. & Butcher, M. (1997). Bringing the issue of documentation to the ward

staff. In D. Leaper, C. Dealey, P.J. Franks, D. Hofman & C. Moffatt (Eds.), Proceedings of the

7th

European Conference on Advances in Wound Management. (pp.134-136). Cambridge:

University Press.

Whenever printed but unpublished conference material (for example a poster) is cited in the

reference list/bibliography the following basic order of elements should be used:


Year and month (in brackets).

Title of conference material (in lower/sentence case).

Type of material.

Conference title (in italics and title case).

Place of conference.

Example:Walker, Z. (1998, March). Promoting teenage health in primary care. Poster session

presented at The 6th Annual Public Health Forum. Lancaster.

2.13 Referencing company literature

Most company literature has a title or is tied into a particular product campaign. As much detail as

possible should be given to allow the material to be identified in future. As the campaign may

change it is suggested that a copy of the material is held by the student. Where a date is given, this

should be included; where there is no apparent date (n.d.) should be stated. The company will

appear as both the author and publisher.The phrase company literature should appear at the end

of the citation.

Example:

Karomed. (n.d.). Support Services Bespoke Products. Karomed. Company

Literature.

2.14 Referencing unpublished work

If citations are from unpublished work the following basic order of elements should be used:


Year (in brackets) - if known.

Title of unpublished work (in italics and sentence case)

Include the phrase Unpublished manuscript.

Example:

Smith, M. (1999).A diary of a practice nurse. Unpublished manuscript.

2.15 Referencing films, videos and broadcasts (podcasts)

Most films, videos and broadcasts are normally produced by a group of individuals. When citing this

type of material the transmitting organisation with the date production should be used.


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If citations are from films, videos and broadcasts, the following basic order of elements should be

used:

Name of director/producer/production team.

Year (in brackets).

Title of production (in italics and title case).

In square brackets include as is appropriate the phrase [Video], [Motion Picture] or [detailsof the programmes transmission].

Place of production:

Name of production company

Examples:

British Broadcasting Corporation. (1995). Panorama: Baby Blues. [Television broadcast]

London: British Broadcasting Corporation.

Aaron Sorkin. (Writer). (2003). The West Wing [Television series]

New York: New York Broadcasting Company

Royal College of Midwives. (1990). Helping A Mother To Breastfeed: No Finer

Investment. [Video]. London: Healthcare Productions.

2.16 Referencing newspaper articles

If citations are from a newspaper article where the authors name is evident, the following basic

order of elements should be used:

Authors name and initials.

Year and date (in brackets).

Title of article (in lower/sentence case).

Title of newspaper (in italics and title case).

Page number

Example:

Prestwich, P. (1999, May 18). Researchers keep their heads in history. The Guardian, p.2.

If citations are from a newspaper where no author is indicated, the following basic order of

elements is used:

Title of the material or article (in lower/sentence case).

Year and date (in brackets).

Title of newspaper (in italics and title case).

Page number.

Example:

Baroness praises paramedic course. (1999, May 26). Welwyn and Hatfield Times, p.7.

2.17 Referencing CD-ROMs

The following order of basic elements should be used:

Author/Editor.

Year in brackets.

Title of the material (in lower/sentence case)


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[CD-ROM].


Publisher.

Example:

Hawking, S.W. (1994). A Brief History of Time. [CD-ROM]. London: Crunch Media.

2.18 Referencing legal materials

Legal periodicals cite references differently to the APA 5th

referencing system. Legal periodicals cite

references in footnotes, whereas the APA 5th

system locates all references, including reference to

legal materials, in the reference list.

The following order of basic elements should be used for statutes and other legislation

A title or name of the legislation,

Section number and source of the statute, (abbreviations for sources are acceptable e.g.

United States Code; U.S.C.)

Year in brackets (this is the publication date which may be different from the year in thename of the act).

Example:

Mental Health Systems Act, 42 U.S.C. 9401 (1988).

The following order of basic elements should be used for cases

The title or name of the case (usually one party versus another),

Volume, Source and Page of the reporter (books which record court decisions)

(abbreviations for sources are acceptable e.g. Federal Reporter; F.)

Jurisdictions of the court writing the decision plus the date of the decision in brackets.

(abbreviations for jurisdictions are acceptable e.g. Western District of New York; W.D.

N.Y. 1953)

Example:

Leonard v. Smith, 354 F. 189 (W.D. N.Y. 1953).

2.19 Referencing dictionaries

When listing the reference at the end, books without authors should list the

Title (in italics).

Author of Chapter/Book (if appropriate)

Translation/Version/Edition

Place of Publication:

Publisher.

2.20 Referencing pamphlets/advice sheets

If there is a date of publication, use the list suggested in section 2.9. When there is no date, use the

guidance in section 2.13.


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2.21 Referencing secondary references

Only the source of work accessed should be included in the reference list.

Example:

The citation in the text is Winter (1962, cited in Thomas, 1990).

However only the secondary source should appear in the reference list.

Thomas, S. (1990). Drugs and their actions. London: The Pharmaceutical Press.


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Section 3: End Note Web Guide:

What is EndNote Web?

EndNote Web is a reference management system. It helps you to reference material efficiently and

consistently and enables you to create your bibliography correctly.

How to create an EndNote Web Account

Connect towww.myendnoteweb.com and click the Sign Up for an account link.

To install the Toolbar for Word to enable Cite While You Write

You can cite references as you are typing your coursework using the EndNote Web toolbar within

Word. As you cite your references, EndNote Web will automatically create a bibliography based on

the references you are citing.

In order to use the EndNote Web toolbar in Word, you need to install the plugin available from the

Download Installers link at the bottom of the myendnoteweb.com screen once you are logged

in to your account.

Saving references in EndNote Web

In order to cite references and create a bibliography, you need to collect and store your references

in your EndNote Web account. You can add references to your account in a number of different

ways. The easiest of which, is to use an online search.

Add References using Online Search

Only free databases are available for searching via the Online Search feature such as PubMed, ISI

Web of Science and library catalogues (e.g. U of Hertfordshire). If the database requires a password,use the Import option below.

To make online searching easier, it is sensible to create a list of favourite databases:

1. Select Connection Files from the left hand menu.

2. Select one or more Connection Files in the All Connection Files list.

3. Click the Copy to Favourites button.

When you then go to Online Search, you will be able to collect references from the databases you

have selected.

Add References using Import (use this method when importing references from Scopus or if a

database requires a password (e.g. PsycINFO))

To select the databases you need to import from:

1. Select Import Filters from the left hand menu

2. Select one or more Import Files in the All Import Filters list.

3. Click the Copy to Favourites button.

When you are ready to search your chosen database, Log onto your chosen database through the

direct web site.
http://www.myendnoteweb.com/http://www.myendnoteweb.com/http://www.myendnoteweb.com/http://www.myendnoteweb.com/


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1. Find the references you want and save them to a file on your hard drive. (For database-

specific instructions about saving records, go to the EndNote Web Help link and select the

"Import Formats" link under "Managing References").

2. From the EndNote Web Collect References section on the left menu, select Import.

3. Browse your files to locate the downloaded file containing the references.

4. Select the type of file (i.e., select the import filter that corresponds to the database youused to obtain the citation records).

5. Click the Import button.

Add References using Direct Export

You can import references directly into your EndNote Web account from databases on that are part

of Web of Knowledge. These include: Web of Science, BIOSIS, Medline, and Zoological Record.

You can access these databases atwww.isiknowledge.com.

1. Perform a search in the database.

2. Select the records you want to keep.

3.

Select the Save to My EndNote Web button on the right hand column.

Entering reference information manually

1. Select New Reference from the left hand menu.

2. Select the reference type from the drop down menu (i.e., journal article).

3. Enter the reference information and click Save.

Managing and organising your references

You can organise your references into folders. To create a new folder, select that option from the

left menu.

To add references to a folder:

1. Select View all of my references from the left menu.

2. Check the boxes next to the references you want to put in the folder.

3. From the Move to drop down menu at the top of the window, select the folder name.

Using your references in your coursework

Reference lists and bibliographies must be written in the APA 5th

style. To select this bibliographic

style in your EndNote Web:

1. Select Output styles from the left hand menu in EndNote Web.

2. Select APA 5th

from the list of bibliographic styles and select copy to favourites.

Open a document in Word and start writing your coursework assignment. When you need to citereferences in the text, go to the EndNote Web toolbar, and log in to your EndNote Web account.

1. Check that the Style in the toolbar is APA 5th

2. Place the cursor where you want to insert the citation and select Find Citations

from the tool bar and search for the reference from your EndNote Web folder.

3. Select the reference and click Insert Search for the reference you want to cite.

4. You will note that the reference is inserted using the APA 5th

style and a reference

list is automatically created in the style.

5. If you need to insert a specific page number, select Edit Citation from the EndNote

Web toolbar. Select the relevant cited reference and add the page number. Click the

OK button.
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If you require further help using EndNote Web you can watch a training guide via the following web

site.

http://scientific.thomson.com/support/recorded-training/endnoteweb/

Alternatively, there are a number of tutorials available from the EndNote Web site:

http://endnoteweb.com/training/tutorials/endnoteweb/
http://scientific.thomson.com/support/recorded-training/endnoteweb/http://scientific.thomson.com/support/recorded-training/endnoteweb/http://endnoteweb.com/training/tutorials/endnoteweb/http://endnoteweb.com/training/tutorials/endnoteweb/http://endnoteweb.com/training/tutorials/endnoteweb/http://scientific.thomson.com/support/recorded-training/endnoteweb/


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References

American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American

psychological association (5th

ed.). Washington: American Psychological Association.

British Standards Institution. (2002). British standard recommendations for references topublished material - BS 1629. London: British Standards Institution.

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Faculty Referencing Guidelines 2009-10

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